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This study empirically examines the relationship and causality between technological change and employment by comparing youth and total employment. It covers data from 16 OECD economies from 1985 to 2018 and uses multifactor productivity (MFP) as a proxy for technological change. The findings from the general method of moments panel vector autoregression (GMM Panel-VAR) approach indicate significant and positive effects of MFP on youth and total employment, and a significant yet negative impact of youth employment on MFP. According to Panel-VAR-Granger-Causality analysis results, there is a two-way causality between MFP and youth employment and a one-way causality from MFP to total employment. Thus, this study empirically confirms the job-creation effect of technology and finds out that the technological change and employment nexus differs for youth employment compared to that for total employment.

AbstractThe Yunnan–Indochina railway, built by France across the China–Vietnam border between 1898–1910, never realized the expansionist dreams of French colonialists in Indochina and therefore has been studied as a failure of French imperialism. Taking a labor perspective, this article examines the labor conflicts along the Yunnan railway against the backdrop of the emergence of a global labor market where different colonial powers competed for cheap Chinese labor after the emancipation of black slaves. At the time of the railway's construction, access to cheap labor was so central to colonial competition that the metropolitan, colonial, and business agents of the French empire found themselves in a dire conflict over labor shortages in Yunnan. To the extent that France failed to restrain the railway company agents from abusing the labor force, other European colonial powers used worker misery to dispute French claims to conducting a "civilizing mission." At the same time, both Qing imperial officials and Chinese nationalists advanced their arguments for national sovereignty in the name of protecting their national subjects, i.e., the railway workers. As a result, French recruiters had to reconsider the terms of Chinese coolie employment, increase wages, improve worker contracts, and invest in welfare systems. In sum, worker resistance during the construction of the Yunnan railway not only delayed the railway's completion and diminished French colonial prestige in the region but also empowered the workers, giving them leverage to increase the value of their labor in a market extending beyond Chinese national borders.

Bu çalışma, Yargı Gücünün Eleştirisi'nde estetik beğenide, hayalgücü (Einbildungskraft) ve "özgüroyun" tanımı temelinde, hayalgücü ve anlama yetisi (Verstand) arasındaki ilişki sorununu elealmaktadır. Kant transendental felsefeyle hayalgücüne kendinden önceki filozoflardan ayrı birsaygınlık kazandırmış, bu yetiyi hem bilişin hem estetik deneyimin temel yetileri arasınayerleştirmiştir. Saf Aklın Eleştirisi'nde (A basımı) duyusallık (Sinnlichkeit) ve anlama yetisiyletransendental üç yetiden biri olan hayalgücü, üçüncü Kritik'te reflektif yargı ve estetik deneyiminzeminini oluşturmada önemli bir konumdadır. Üçüncü Kritik'in hemen her bölümünde bir işlevi haizolan hayalgücü ile anlama yetisinin girdiği özgür ve kavramlara dayanmayan oyun transendentalfelsefeye ilişkin pek çok meseleyi de açığa çıkaran özelliklere sahiptir. Bu oyunda, birinci Kritik'tenesnenin kavramsal belirlenimine yönelik olan anlama yetisinin kavramlarıyla devrede olmamasıtartışmanın önemli ögelerinden biridir. Bu bakımdan özgür oyun tanımı, yetilerin konumlarına ilişkinbirinci Kritik'teki iddialara uzanan kapsam ve içeriktedir. Bu çalışmada bu iddialara açıklıkkazandırılarak, hayalgücü merkezinde yetiler ve yetilerle bağlantılı tartışmalara ışık tutulacaktır.

Secret sharing has been a subject of study since 1979. In the secret sharing schemes there are some participants and a dealer. The dealer chooses a secret. The main principle is to distribute a secret amongst a group of participants. Each of whom is called a share of the secret. The secret can be retrieved by participants. Clearly the participants combine their shares to reach the secret. One of the secret sharing schemes is threshold secret sharing scheme. A threshold secret sharing scheme is a method of distribution of information among participants such that can recover the secret but cannot. The coding theory has been an important role in the constructing of the secret sharing schemes. Since the code of a symmetric design is a linear code, this study is about the multisecret-sharing schemes based on the dual code of code of a symmetric design. We construct a multisecret-sharing scheme Blakley's construction of secret sharing schemes using the binary codes of the symmetric design. Our scheme is a threshold secret sharing scheme. The access structure of the scheme has been described and shows its connection to the dual code. Furthermore, the number of minimal access elements has been formulated under certain conditions. We explain the security of this scheme.

Since its emergence in the 1960s, the field of research in language planning and policy has been reserved by definitions and by typologies, for the actions of government bodies on languages (Haugen, 1959; Nahir, 1984; Hornberger, 2006). However, interventions on language(s) issues are no longer limited to state actions. Local governments, non-governmental organizations and language communities are the main actors involved in the defence, revitalization and / or transmission of their languages (Boyer, 2010; Davis, 2014).Therefore, this research aims to study the involvement of speakers in the future of their own language in the diaspora through an analysis based on the actors, their production and their impact. To do this, we will base on the works of the Séminaire Kurmancî, created in 1987 by Kurdish activists in the diaspora, based in Paris, France, and affiliated with the Kurdish Institute of Paris. The Séminaire Kurmancî dedicates its work to the Kurmancî variety of the Kurdish language, which has not been able to benefit from institutional support for the elaboration of a language policy and the application of this policy. Since its creation in 1987, the Séminaire Kurmancî has published the results of its work in their review entitled Kurmancî.Our observation of the profile of permanent members (11), former members (11) and occasional participants (17) of the Séminaire shows that they are all speakers committed to the promotion and maintenance of the kurmancî. Our study of their production, i.e. the review Kurmancî(63 issues in total) shows that the fields of action of the Séminaire Kurmancî concern the internal aspects of Kurmancî. These actions fall into two categories: 1) collecting of words from multiple oral and written sources and 2) neological propositions in the fields of scientific and technical vocabulary. With regard to the first category of Séminaire's actions, our corpus of 155 lexical entries drawn from two sources (local speeches and literary classics of Kurmancî) has shown that the language ...

The interaction between work and poverty has been examined for many years by emphasizing the necessity of being employed as a way out of poverty. However, the experiences of the last decades clearly show that it is not sufficient only to find a job to avoid poverty. Today, many people are classified as poor, even though they are currently working. This issue, called as in work poverty, combines poverty and labor market together, and it is analyzed within the context of inequality in many countries. However, the problem is crucial particularly in developing and emerging countries. As an EU candidate emerging country, Turkey had 13.5% of in work poverty rate in 2016; whereas it was 9.6% in EU-28, according to Eurostat. These rates clarify that in work poverty is a crucial issue in Turkey. Despite its significance, the literature is not rich in studies that focus on the issue for Turkey. İnan attempt to contribute to the literature, this study explains the concept of in work poverty and how it results in inequality in an economy. After that, it points out necessary policies that can be used to reduce in work poverty. The ultimate aim of this study is to examine relevant policies in Turkey, and make an evaluation on the success of these policies. The findings of the research indicate that, the policies in Turkey do not focus solely on in work poverty, instead the problem is generally addressed within the context of poverty, labor market or social policy issues. As a natural consequence of this situation, the issue remains as a crucial problem for both the economy and the society. Thus, this study's another contribution lies in its effort to point out the importance of recognizing the issue specifically for working poor, and then to offer various policies to alleviate in work poverty in Turkey.