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Article gives a review of studies devoted to the political culture of Ukraine. Author presents main theoretical and methodological principles of political culture research, describes its structure and main typologies of key structural elements. The diachronic analysis of political culture in Ukraine was performed on the basis of several Ukrainian and international sociological surveys. Political culture of Ukraine is presented in a comparative perspective with other European countries.The diachronic analysis of the political culture of Ukraine demonstrated that parameters described by a pioneering research in 1991 stayed practically unchanged during the next two decades. The comparison with other European countries reveals that according to the measures of the main structural components of political culture Ukraine holds the last place out of 26 countries. One may conclude that Ukraine demonstrates a fi rmly low level of political culture.The only shortly lasting exception was the period of 2004–2005 (Orange revolution), when due to the active political mobilization and protest activities, a temporary positive dynamic in all basic elements of political culture of Ukraine became visible. But even at this short period of time Ukraine did not reach to the mean level of European parameters of political culture. As our research demonstrated, in 2013 at the background of further deterioration of all parameters of political culture in Ukraine, we observe a rise of protest moods and readiness of Ukrainian citizens to fi ght for their rights in all possible forms. Which can be described as a fi xation of prerevolutionary situation, which exploded a few months later. Keywords: political culture, element of political culture, classifi cation. ; Наведено огляд основних досліджень особливостей політичної культури в Україні. Обґрунтовано теоретико-методологічні засади дослідження політичної культури, розкрито її зміст і здійснено типологію основних складових політичної культури. З використанням матеріалів українських та міжнародних соціологічних досліджень проведено діахронний аналіз політичної культури українського соціуму. Виконано порівняльний аналіз проявів політичної культури в Україні та в інших європейських країнах. Ключові слова: політична культура, складові політичної культури, класифікація.

Article gives a review of studies devoted to the political culture of Ukraine. Author presents main theoretical and methodological principles of political culture research, describes its structure and main typologies of key structural elements. The diachronic analysis of political culture in Ukraine was performed on the basis of several Ukrainian and international sociological surveys. Political culture of Ukraine is presented in a comparative perspective with other European countries.The diachronic analysis of the political culture of Ukraine demonstrated that parameters described by a pioneering research in 1991 stayed practically unchanged during the next two decades. The comparison with other European countries reveals that according to the measures of the main structural components of political culture Ukraine holds the last place out of 26 countries. One may conclude that Ukraine demonstrates a fi rmly low level of political culture.The only shortly lasting exception was the period of 2004-2005 (Orange revolution), when due to the active political mobilization and protest activities, a temporary positive dynamic in all basic elements of political culture of Ukraine became visible. But even at this short period of time Ukraine did not reach to the mean level of European parameters of political culture. As our research demonstrated, in 2013 at the background of furtherdeterioration of all parameters of political culture in Ukraine, we observe a rise of protest moods and readiness of Ukrainian citizens to fi ght for their rights in all possible forms. Which can be described as a fi xation of prerevolutionary situation, which exploded a few months later. Keywords: political culture, element of political culture, classifi cation. ; У статті наведено огляд основних досліджень особливостей політичної культури в Україні. Обґрунтовано теоретико-методологічні засади дослідження політичної культури, розкрито її зміст і здійснено типологію основних складових політичної культури. З використанням матеріалів українських та міжнародних соціологічних досліджень проведено діахронний аналіз політичної культури українського соціуму. Виконано порівняльний аналіз проявів політичної культури в Україні та в інших європейських країнах. Ключові слова: політична культура, складові політичної культури, класифікація.

The Federal Republic of Germany is the fourth largest economy in the world (after the USA, China and Japan). The economic system of modern Germany is a social market economy, which development began immediately after the end of the Second World War.The modern model of the social market economy in Germany is a compromise between economic growth and a uniform distribution of wealth. The center of the system is the business activity of the state, which provides more or less equal distribution of social benefits to all members of society.In terms of GDP, industrial output and the average GDP, Germany is among the top ten countries in the world. It has the second place in the world export after the US, although its economic potential is three times lower. In the European Union, Germany is an absolute leader in all fields.

Restrictive measures, or so-called "sanctions", were introduced by the countries of the European Union against the Russian Federation, its citizens, and legal entities in 2014. The introduction of restrictive measures was initially seen as a threat to Russia's economic security and sovereignty, so the Russian authorities were forced to respond by introducing retaliatory measures, or counter-sanctions. The subject of this article is the various possibilities for defending or challenging the imposed restrictive measures provided for by the legislation of the European Union and its member States, as well as the most famous and significant cases of appealing against these sanctions. The aim of the study is to systematize various ways of challenging restrictive measures in the bodies of the European Union, to develop a mechanism for such a challenge, as well as to collect statistical information on completed cases in which sanctions against certain persons were successfully challenged, or the lifting of restrictive measures was refused. The relevance of the topic is expressed in the unrelenting pressure of foreign states on the sovereignty and economic security of Russia. The scientific novelty is due to the lack of systematic research on the mechanisms for challenging sanctions. The authors apply descriptive, historical, and comparative analysis methods. The authors identified a certain mechanism of opportunities and tools for challenging restrictive measures in the bodies of the European Union, as well as defined a chain of actions to launch an appeal mechanism for certain restrictive measures. The authors conclude that stakeholders should initiate and participate in sanctions appeal procedures as there is good practice in lifting restrictive measures. ; Ограничительные меры, или так называемые санкции, были введены странами Европейского союза в отношении Российской Федерации, ее отдельных граждан и юридических лиц в 2014 г. Введение ограничительных мер изначально рассматривалось как угроза экономической безопасности и суверенитету России, поэтому российские власти были вынуждены отреагировать введением ответных мер, или контрсанкций. Предмет настоящей статьи — различные возможности по защите или оспариванию введенных ограничительных мер, которые предоставляются законодательством Европейского союза и его государств-членов, а также наиболее известные и знаковые случаи обжалования указанных санкций. Цель исследования — систематизация различных способов оспаривания ограничительных мер в органах Европейского союза, выработка механизма такого оспаривания, а также сбор статистической информации по уже завершенным делам, в рамках которых санкции в отношении определенных лиц были успешно оспорены, либо в отмене ограничительных мер было отказано. Актуальность темы выражается в неослабевающем давлении иностранных государств на суверенитет и финансовую безопасность России. Научная новизна обусловлена отсутствием системных исследований механизмов оспаривания санкций. Авторы использовали следующие методы: описательный, сравнительного анализа и исторический. Выявлен определенный механизм возможностей и инструментов по оспариванию ограничительных мер в органах Европейского союза, а также определена цепочка действий по запуску механизма обжалования определенных ограничительных мер. Авторы делают вывод, что заинтересованные лица должны инициировать процедуры по обжалованию санкций и участвовать в них, поскольку существует положительная практика по отмене ограничительных мер.