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International audience ; For more than 20 years, French animal scientists studying livestock farming systems have been interested in the question of work organization in livestock farms and they developed the Work Assessment method to characterize and assess it. Widely used since then in France, and in other countries too, this method quantifies work related to the management of herds and land areas, and evaluates the farmer's room for maneuver in terms of time to carry out other activities on the farm and to have free time. The purpose of this paper is to show the interest of the Work Assessment method, illustrating with examples from the application of the method in 6 countries in the North and South (France, Belgium, Vietnam, Morocco, Uruguay and Brazil), how it characterizes and assesses work organization; how it identifies the main determinants of organization, produces references in working times by major types of production system and provides analyses for the advice and guidance of livestock farmers. By identifying forms of work organization, the method shows that the farmers' strategies are not only technical and economic but also integrate parameters relative to work (productivity, working together, freeing up time for other activities, including private activities…). Its use in very different contexts in France where it was developed, underlines its ability to adapt to different livestock farming contexts, and to different contexts of use too, such as research and advice. ; Prendre en compte le volet social de la durabilité des exploitations d'élevage : l'expérience du projet Sociel Le concept de développement durable, largement diffusé dans le secteur agricole, a suscité de nombreuses méthodes d'évaluation (Rosnoblet et al., 2006 ; Bockstaller et al., 2009) traitant surtout des dimensions économiques et environnementales. La dimension sociale de la durabilité des exploitations reste nettement moins documentée, que ce soit dans les opérations de recherche, dans les démarches de conseil, dans ...

International audience ; For more than 20 years, French animal scientists studying livestock farming systems have been interested in the question of work organization in livestock farms and they developed the Work Assessment method to characterize and assess it. Widely used since then in France, and in other countries too, this method quantifies work related to the management of herds and land areas, and evaluates the farmer's room for maneuver in terms of time to carry out other activities on the farm and to have free time. The purpose of this paper is to show the interest of the Work Assessment method, illustrating with examples from the application of the method in 6 countries in the North and South (France, Belgium, Vietnam, Morocco, Uruguay and Brazil), how it characterizes and assesses work organization; how it identifies the main determinants of organization, produces references in working times by major types of production system and provides analyses for the advice and guidance of livestock farmers. By identifying forms of work organization, the method shows that the farmers' strategies are not only technical and economic but also integrate parameters relative to work (productivity, working together, freeing up time for other activities, including private activities…). Its use in very different contexts in France where it was developed, underlines its ability to adapt to different livestock farming contexts, and to different contexts of use too, such as research and advice. ; Prendre en compte le volet social de la durabilité des exploitations d'élevage : l'expérience du projet Sociel Le concept de développement durable, largement diffusé dans le secteur agricole, a suscité de nombreuses méthodes d'évaluation (Rosnoblet et al., 2006 ; Bockstaller et al., 2009) traitant surtout des dimensions économiques et environnementales. La dimension sociale de la durabilité des exploitations reste nettement moins documentée, que ce soit dans les opérations de recherche, dans les démarches de conseil, dans l'enseignement ou les méthodes et outils d'évaluation (Guillaumin et al., 2007 ; Lebacq et al., 2013 ; Vilain et al., 2008). C'est pourtant une dimension essentielle pour comprendre le fonctionnement des exploitations d'élevage, les transformations en cours et réfléchir les avenirs possibles (Dedieu et Servière, 2012 ; Bernués et al., 2011). La demande est forte de la part de différents acteurs en lien avec l'élevage de disposer d'outils et méthodes pour mieux appréhender le volet social dans les approches globales et territoriales des exploitations. Des propositions en ce sens contribueraient également au renouvellement de l'argumentaire socio-technique sur les différentes facettes du métier d'éleveur, sur les façons "durables" de l'exercer et sur la contribution de l'élevage à la durabilité du territoire dans lequel il est inséré.

International audience ; For more than 20 years, French animal scientists studying livestock farming systems have been interested in the question of work organization in livestock farms and they developed the Work Assessment method to characterize and assess it. Widely used since then in France, and in other countries too, this method quantifies work related to the management of herds and land areas, and evaluates the farmer's room for maneuver in terms of time to carry out other activities on the farm and to have free time. The purpose of this paper is to show the interest of the Work Assessment method, illustrating with examples from the application of the method in 6 countries in the North and South (France, Belgium, Vietnam, Morocco, Uruguay and Brazil), how it characterizes and assesses work organization; how it identifies the main determinants of organization, produces references in working times by major types of production system and provides analyses for the advice and guidance of livestock farmers. By identifying forms of work organization, the method shows that the farmers' strategies are not only technical and economic but also integrate parameters relative to work (productivity, working together, freeing up time for other activities, including private activities…). Its use in very different contexts in France where it was developed, underlines its ability to adapt to different livestock farming contexts, and to different contexts of use too, such as research and advice. ; Prendre en compte le volet social de la durabilité des exploitations d'élevage : l'expérience du projet Sociel Le concept de développement durable, largement diffusé dans le secteur agricole, a suscité de nombreuses méthodes d'évaluation (Rosnoblet et al., 2006 ; Bockstaller et al., 2009) traitant surtout des dimensions économiques et environnementales. La dimension sociale de la durabilité des exploitations reste nettement moins documentée, que ce soit dans les opérations de recherche, dans les démarches de conseil, dans l'enseignement ou les méthodes et outils d'évaluation (Guillaumin et al., 2007 ; Lebacq et al., 2013 ; Vilain et al., 2008). C'est pourtant une dimension essentielle pour comprendre le fonctionnement des exploitations d'élevage, les transformations en cours et réfléchir les avenirs possibles (Dedieu et Servière, 2012 ; Bernués et al., 2011). La demande est forte de la part de différents acteurs en lien avec l'élevage de disposer d'outils et méthodes pour mieux appréhender le volet social dans les approches globales et territoriales des exploitations. Des propositions en ce sens contribueraient également au renouvellement de l'argumentaire socio-technique sur les différentes facettes du métier d'éleveur, sur les façons "durables" de l'exercer et sur la contribution de l'élevage à la durabilité du territoire dans lequel il est inséré.

International audience ; For more than 20 years, French animal scientists studying livestock farming systems have been interested in the question of work organization in livestock farms and they developed the Work Assessment method to characterize and assess it. Widely used since then in France, and in other countries too, this method quantifies work related to the management of herds and land areas, and evaluates the farmer's room for maneuver in terms of time to carry out other activities on the farm and to have free time. The purpose of this paper is to show the interest of the Work Assessment method, illustrating with examples from the application of the method in 6 countries in the North and South (France, Belgium, Vietnam, Morocco, Uruguay and Brazil), how it characterizes and assesses work organization; how it identifies the main determinants of organization, produces references in working times by major types of production system and provides analyses for the advice and guidance of livestock farmers. By identifying forms of work organization, the method shows that the farmers' strategies are not only technical and economic but also integrate parameters relative to work (productivity, working together, freeing up time for other activities, including private activities…). Its use in very different contexts in France where it was developed, underlines its ability to adapt to different livestock farming contexts, and to different contexts of use too, such as research and advice. ; Prendre en compte le volet social de la durabilité des exploitations d'élevage : l'expérience du projet Sociel Le concept de développement durable, largement diffusé dans le secteur agricole, a suscité de nombreuses méthodes d'évaluation (Rosnoblet et al., 2006 ; Bockstaller et al., 2009) traitant surtout des dimensions économiques et environnementales. La dimension sociale de la durabilité des exploitations reste nettement moins documentée, que ce soit dans les opérations de recherche, dans les démarches de conseil, dans l'enseignement ou les méthodes et outils d'évaluation (Guillaumin et al., 2007 ; Lebacq et al., 2013 ; Vilain et al., 2008). C'est pourtant une dimension essentielle pour comprendre le fonctionnement des exploitations d'élevage, les transformations en cours et réfléchir les avenirs possibles (Dedieu et Servière, 2012 ; Bernués et al., 2011). La demande est forte de la part de différents acteurs en lien avec l'élevage de disposer d'outils et méthodes pour mieux appréhender le volet social dans les approches globales et territoriales des exploitations. Des propositions en ce sens contribueraient également au renouvellement de l'argumentaire socio-technique sur les différentes facettes du métier d'éleveur, sur les façons "durables" de l'exercer et sur la contribution de l'élevage à la durabilité du territoire dans lequel il est inséré.

Ce volume regroupe les textes issus du programme Casdar "Innovation et Partenariat" et "Recherche finalisée et innovation" de 2013. Le colloque de restitution s'est déroulé le 6 février 2019 sous l'égide du GIS Relance Agronomique ; The social dimension of farm sustainability is significantly less well documented than the economic andenvironmental ones. We propose a framework to analyze it, built on the words and feelings of thirtybreeders and as many other actors from four contrasting small regions to take into account its subjectiveand context dependent nature. Organized around seven major intertwined sections, facts are crossedwith the feelings of the interviewees. By this way, such framework makes it possible to address thesocial sustainability of farms in their territory by enlightening its complexity. This dimension ofsustainability concerns the individual, the family but also broader collectives. It deals also withprofessional and private life, farms involvement in territorial vitality and farms transfer to other partnersor generation. Discussions with breeders, advisors, teachers and local actors confirm the importance ofthis social dimension to draw the future of livestock. ; La dimension sociale des exploitations d'élevage est nettement moins documentée que les dimensionséconomique et environnementale. Nous proposons, à travers le projet Sociel, un cadre pour analyser ladurabilité sociale construit à partir des propos d'une trentaine d'éleveurs et d'autant d'acteurs provenantde quatre petites régions contrastées (montagne, pastorale, polyculture–élevage périurbaine), pour tenircompte de sa nature subjective et située. Ce projet, en s'organisant autour de sept grands voletsimbriqués les uns aux autres et en croisant des faits avec les ressentis des interviewés, permetd'aborder la durabilité sociale des exploitations dans leur territoire en éclairant sa complexité. Ladimension sociale concerne l'individu, la famille mais aussi des collectifs plus larges. Elle s'intéresse àla vie professionnelle mais aussi à la vie privée, à la participation des exploitations à la vitalitéterritoriale, et à leur transmissibilité. Les débats auprès d'éleveurs, de conseillers, d'enseignants etd'acteurs locaux confirment l'importance de cette dimension pour dessiner les avenirs de l'élevage.

Ce volume regroupe les textes issus du programme Casdar "Innovation et Partenariat" et "Recherche finalisée et innovation" de 2013. Le colloque de restitution s'est déroulé le 6 février 2019 sous l'égide du GIS Relance Agronomique ; The social dimension of farm sustainability is significantly less well documented than the economic andenvironmental ones. We propose a framework to analyze it, built on the words and feelings of thirtybreeders and as many other actors from four contrasting small regions to take into account its subjectiveand context dependent nature. Organized around seven major intertwined sections, facts are crossedwith the feelings of the interviewees. By this way, such framework makes it possible to address thesocial sustainability of farms in their territory by enlightening its complexity. This dimension ofsustainability concerns the individual, the family but also broader collectives. It deals also withprofessional and private life, farms involvement in territorial vitality and farms transfer to other partnersor generation. Discussions with breeders, advisors, teachers and local actors confirm the importance ofthis social dimension to draw the future of livestock. ; La dimension sociale des exploitations d'élevage est nettement moins documentée que les dimensionséconomique et environnementale. Nous proposons, à travers le projet Sociel, un cadre pour analyser ladurabilité sociale construit à partir des propos d'une trentaine d'éleveurs et d'autant d'acteurs provenantde quatre petites régions contrastées (montagne, pastorale, polyculture–élevage périurbaine), pour tenircompte de sa nature subjective et située. Ce projet, en s'organisant autour de sept grands voletsimbriqués les uns aux autres et en croisant des faits avec les ressentis des interviewés, permetd'aborder la durabilité sociale des exploitations dans leur territoire en éclairant sa complexité. Ladimension sociale concerne l'individu, la famille mais aussi des collectifs plus larges. Elle s'intéresse àla vie professionnelle mais ...

Ce volume regroupe les textes issus du programme Casdar "Innovation et Partenariat" et "Recherche finalisée et innovation" de 2013. Le colloque de restitution s'est déroulé le 6 février 2019 sous l'égide du GIS Relance Agronomique ; The social dimension of farm sustainability is significantly less well documented than the economic andenvironmental ones. We propose a framework to analyze it, built on the words and feelings of thirtybreeders and as many other actors from four contrasting small regions to take into account its subjectiveand context dependent nature. Organized around seven major intertwined sections, facts are crossedwith the feelings of the interviewees. By this way, such framework makes it possible to address thesocial sustainability of farms in their territory by enlightening its complexity. This dimension ofsustainability concerns the individual, the family but also broader collectives. It deals also withprofessional and private life, farms involvement in territorial vitality and farms transfer to other partnersor generation. Discussions with breeders, advisors, teachers and local actors confirm the importance ofthis social dimension to draw the future of livestock. ; La dimension sociale des exploitations d'élevage est nettement moins documentée que les dimensionséconomique et environnementale. Nous proposons, à travers le projet Sociel, un cadre pour analyser ladurabilité sociale construit à partir des propos d'une trentaine d'éleveurs et d'autant d'acteurs provenantde quatre petites régions contrastées (montagne, pastorale, polyculture–élevage périurbaine), pour tenircompte de sa nature subjective et située. Ce projet, en s'organisant autour de sept grands voletsimbriqués les uns aux autres et en croisant des faits avec les ressentis des interviewés, permetd'aborder la durabilité sociale des exploitations dans leur territoire en éclairant sa complexité. Ladimension sociale concerne l'individu, la famille mais aussi des collectifs plus larges. Elle s'intéresse àla vie professionnelle mais aussi à la vie privée, à la participation des exploitations à la vitalitéterritoriale, et à leur transmissibilité. Les débats auprès d'éleveurs, de conseillers, d'enseignants etd'acteurs locaux confirment l'importance de cette dimension pour dessiner les avenirs de l'élevage.

Ce volume regroupe les textes issus du programme Casdar "Innovation et Partenariat" et "Recherche finalisée et innovation" de 2013. Le colloque de restitution s'est déroulé le 6 février 2019 sous l'égide du GIS Relance Agronomique ; The social dimension of farm sustainability is significantly less well documented than the economic andenvironmental ones. We propose a framework to analyze it, built on the words and feelings of thirtybreeders and as many other actors from four contrasting small regions to take into account its subjectiveand context dependent nature. Organized around seven major intertwined sections, facts are crossedwith the feelings of the interviewees. By this way, such framework makes it possible to address thesocial sustainability of farms in their territory by enlightening its complexity. This dimension ofsustainability concerns the individual, the family but also broader collectives. It deals also withprofessional and private life, farms involvement in territorial vitality and farms transfer to other partnersor generation. Discussions with breeders, advisors, teachers and local actors confirm the importance ofthis social dimension to draw the future of livestock. ; La dimension sociale des exploitations d'élevage est nettement moins documentée que les dimensionséconomique et environnementale. Nous proposons, à travers le projet Sociel, un cadre pour analyser ladurabilité sociale construit à partir des propos d'une trentaine d'éleveurs et d'autant d'acteurs provenantde quatre petites régions contrastées (montagne, pastorale, polyculture–élevage périurbaine), pour tenircompte de sa nature subjective et située. Ce projet, en s'organisant autour de sept grands voletsimbriqués les uns aux autres et en croisant des faits avec les ressentis des interviewés, permetd'aborder la durabilité sociale des exploitations dans leur territoire en éclairant sa complexité. Ladimension sociale concerne l'individu, la famille mais aussi des collectifs plus larges. Elle s'intéresse àla vie professionnelle mais aussi à la vie privée, à la participation des exploitations à la vitalitéterritoriale, et à leur transmissibilité. Les débats auprès d'éleveurs, de conseillers, d'enseignants etd'acteurs locaux confirment l'importance de cette dimension pour dessiner les avenirs de l'élevage.

Taking into account the meaning, the organization and the productivity of work, to better advise farmers. Breeding work is both a factor of economic performance, a succession of tasks and projects to organize and activity that built a personal and professional identity. Taking into account all these three dimensions is necessary to understand the complexity of farmers work and to contribute to their improvement. A guide designed by a multidisciplinary group (sociology, economy, and animal science) and of different activities (researchers, teachers and advisors), was used to analyze 56 French farms covering a wide diversity of production (seven agricultural sectors were represented), size of groups of work (from 1 to 42 workers), composition (associates, employees, volunteers.) and production basin (six regions). Comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach highlighted five profiles of farmers with some who preferred the quality of life in farms of reasonable dimensions which can also ensure a satisfactory economic viability. In Northern Europe, survey of 19 large sized-farms showed the importance of streamlining the process, outsourcing projects and widespread use of wage-earning that strongly modifies the workload of farmers. In each situation, the sense given by the farmer to his job and his motivations illuminate techno-economic and work-organization choices. The method and its co-construction with field advisors, are a solid 'on the ground' basis to create requests, offer services S. Chauvat et al. 70 Innovations Agronomiques 49 (2016), 69-82 adapted to the key phases of the farm and also to change postures and to create cooperative support systems. ; Le travail en élevage est à la fois un facteur de production économique, une succession de tâches et de chantiers à organiser ainsi qu'une activité qui construit son identité personnelle et professionnelle. Prendre en compte conjointement ces trois dimensions est nécessaire pour comprendre la complexité des situations de travail des éleveurs et contribuer à ...

International audience ; Taking into account the meaning, the organization and the productivity of work, to better advise farmers. Breeding work is both a factor of economic performance, a succession of tasks and projects to organize and activity that built a personal and professional identity. Taking into account all these three dimensions is necessary to understand the complexity of farmers work and to contribute to their improvement. A guide designed by a multidisciplinary group (sociology, economy, and animal science) and of different activities (researchers, teachers and advisors), was used to analyze 56 French farms covering a wide diversity of production (seven agricultural sectors were represented), size of groups of work (from 1 to 42 workers), composition (associates, employees, volunteers.) and production basin (six regions). Comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach highlighted five profiles of farmers with some who preferred the quality of life in farms of reasonable dimensions which can also ensure a satisfactory economic viability. In Northern Europe, survey of 19 large sized-farms showed the importance of streamlining the process, outsourcing projects and widespread use of wage-earning that strongly modifies the workload of farmers. In each situation, the sense given by the farmer to his job and his motivations illuminate techno-economic and work-organization choices. The method and its co-construction with field advisors, are a solid 'on the ground' basis to create requests, offer services S. Chauvat et al. 70 Innovations Agronomiques 49 (2016), 69-82 adapted to the key phases of the farm and also to change postures and to create cooperative support systems. ; Le travail en élevage est à la fois un facteur de production économique, une succession de tâches et de chantiers à organiser ainsi qu'une activité qui construit son identité personnelle et professionnelle. Prendre en compte conjointement ces trois dimensions est nécessaire pour comprendre la complexité des situations de travail des ...

Taking into account the meaning, the organization and the productivity of work, to better advise farmers. Breeding work is both a factor of economic performance, a succession of tasks and projects to organize and activity that built a personal and professional identity. Taking into account all these three dimensions is necessary to understand the complexity of farmers work and to contribute to their improvement. A guide designed by a multidisciplinary group (sociology, economy, and animal science) and of different activities (researchers, teachers and advisors), was used to analyze 56 French farms covering a wide diversity of production (seven agricultural sectors were represented), size of groups of work (from 1 to 42 workers), composition (associates, employees, volunteers.) and production basin (six regions). Comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach highlighted five profiles of farmers with some who preferred the quality of life in farms of reasonable dimensions which can also ensure a satisfactory economic viability. In Northern Europe, survey of 19 large sized-farms showed the importance of streamlining the process, outsourcing projects and widespread use of wage-earning that strongly modifies the workload of farmers. In each situation, the sense given by the farmer to his job and his motivations illuminate techno-economic and work-organization choices. The method and its co-construction with field advisors, are a solid 'on the ground' basis to create requests, offer services S. Chauvat et al. 70 Innovations Agronomiques 49 (2016), 69-82 adapted to the key phases of the farm and also to change postures and to create cooperative support systems. ; Le travail en élevage est à la fois un facteur de production économique, une succession de tâches et de chantiers à organiser ainsi qu'une activité qui construit son identité personnelle et professionnelle. Prendre en compte conjointement ces trois dimensions est nécessaire pour comprendre la complexité des situations de travail des éleveurs et contribuer à ...

Taking into account the meaning, the organization and the productivity of work, to better advise farmers. Breeding work is both a factor of economic performance, a succession of tasks and projects to organize and activity that built a personal and professional identity. Taking into account all these three dimensions is necessary to understand the complexity of farmers work and to contribute to their improvement. A guide designed by a multidisciplinary group (sociology, economy, and animal science) and of different activities (researchers, teachers and advisors), was used to analyze 56 French farms covering a wide diversity of production (seven agricultural sectors were represented), size of groups of work (from 1 to 42 workers), composition (associates, employees, volunteers.) and production basin (six regions). Comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach highlighted five profiles of farmers with some who preferred the quality of life in farms of reasonable dimensions which can also ensure a satisfactory economic viability. In Northern Europe, survey of 19 large sized-farms showed the importance of streamlining the process, outsourcing projects and widespread use of wage-earning that strongly modifies the workload of farmers. In each situation, the sense given by the farmer to his job and his motivations illuminate techno-economic and work-organization choices. The method and its co-construction with field advisors, are a solid 'on the ground' basis to create requests, offer services S. Chauvat et al. 70 Innovations Agronomiques 49 (2016), 69-82 adapted to the key phases of the farm and also to change postures and to create cooperative support systems. ; Le travail en élevage est à la fois un facteur de production économique, une succession de tâches et de chantiers à organiser ainsi qu'une activité qui construit son identité personnelle et professionnelle. Prendre en compte conjointement ces trois dimensions est nécessaire pour comprendre la complexité des situations de travail des éleveurs et contribuer à ...

Interest in the future of family livestock farms fully justifies the study of work organisation on such farms, as a particular contextualisation of interactions between the composition of the farming family, the combination and dimensioning of economic activities (agricultural and non-agricultural) and the technical operation of the farm. Our study is based on a comparative analysis of 19 farms spread over four regions of the world (Pampas of Argentina and Uruguay; Brazilian Amazonia; French Segala; the mountains of North Vietnam), and chosen along with our local research and development partners. It aims at describing the diversity of forms of work organisation and at giving more food for thought about the future of livestock farming. The framework of our work analysis combines variables relating to the structural and productive characteristics of the livestock farms and others describing the configuration of the work unit, the arrangement of buildings and equipment, herd management and surface areas, and the adjustment of non-agricultural activities. Three work organization profiles are identified. The discriminating variables of the profiles are the recourse to permanent wage-earning, mutual aid, and the degree of sophistication/simplification of the management. The profiles, which are not closely related to the terrains or the structural and productive characteristics of the farms, underline points of coherence which replace technology in the farmers' work activity systems

Interest in the future of family livestock farms fully justifies the study of work organisation on such farms, as a particular contextualisation of interactions between the composition of the farming family, the combination and dimensioning of economic activities (agricultural and non-agricultural) and the technical operation of the farm. Our study is based on a comparative analysis of 19 farms spread over four regions of the world (Pampas of Argentina and Uruguay; Brazilian Amazonia; French Segala; the mountains of North Vietnam), and chosen along with our local research and development partners. It aims at describing the diversity of forms of work organisation and at giving more food for thought about the future of livestock farming. The framework of our work analysis combines variables relating to the structural and productive characteristics of the livestock farms and others describing the configuration of the work unit, the arrangement of buildings and equipment, herd management and surface areas, and the adjustment of non-agricultural activities. Three work organization profiles are identified. The discriminating variables of the profiles are the recourse to permanent wage-earning, mutual aid, and the degree of sophistication/simplification of the management. The profiles, which are not closely related to the terrains or the structural and productive characteristics of the farms, underline points of coherence which replace technology in the farmers' work activity systems

Interest in the future of family livestock farms fully justifies the study of work organisation on such farms, as a particular contextualisation of interactions between the composition of the farming family, the combination and dimensioning of economic activities (agricultural and non-agricultural) and the technical operation of the farm. Our study is based on a comparative analysis of 19 farms spread over four regions of the world (Pampas of Argentina and Uruguay; Brazilian Amazonia; French Segala; the mountains of North Vietnam), and chosen along with our local research and development partners. It aims at describing the diversity of forms of work organisation and at giving more food for thought about the future of livestock farming. The framework of our work analysis combines variables relating to the structural and productive characteristics of the livestock farms and others describing the configuration of the work unit, the arrangement of buildings and equipment, herd management and surface areas, and the adjustment of non-agricultural activities. Three work organization profiles are identified. The discriminating variables of the profiles are the recourse to permanent wage-earning, mutual aid, and the degree of sophistication/simplification of the management. The profiles, which are not closely related to the terrains or the structural and productive characteristics of the farms, underline points of coherence which replace technology in the farmers' work activity systems