Kiai is the Javanese term of ulama in the traditional Muslim community. It generally refers to a person who has a deep understanding of Islam and leads the institution of traditional Islamic education called pondok pesantren or Islamic boarding school. Indeed, the strength of a Kiai is based on his leadership at the pesantren that has functioned as a space for cultural-social reproduction. While the attention of many researchers focused on the shifting of Islamic authority in the digital age, not much of them paid special attention to the survival of Kiai's authority. This study aims to examine the role of pesantren in preserving the authority of the Kiai in the digital age. This study employed qualitative method and utilized the cultural reproduction theory of Pierre Bourdieu. This study found that Kiai's authority continues to survive because pesantren functioned as a space for transmitting cultural values, including the recognition of Kiai's high position. As a social and cultural reproduction space, pesantren becomes a field that forms habitus through the transmission of its cultural values which is naturally formed in the daily practices of the santri.
Islamic populism in Indonesia is perceived as an alliance of the people on behalf of the ummah in urban areas, against the ruling elites who enjoy the promises of peace and prosperity more than capitalism, modernism and democracy. This paper though intends to disclose the Islamic populism in rural areas through the power of capital and symbols as part of the cultural heterogenity between alliances in rural areas and large cities that simply focuses on political power. This research embraces the socio-cultural approach by applying the theory of generative structuralism penned by Pierre Bourdieu in order to analyze the resistance of cultural heterogenity by invigorating the cultural reproduction and symbols dominance to thwart the ummah alliance in urban areas. The results of this research show that the Islamic populism in rural areas upholds the belief in salvation, peace and unity, by reinforcing the cultural heterogenity among the congregations on various bases. In spite of domestication process in Islamic populism by the ruling elite, the ummah alliance in rural areas cannot be triggered due to their firm belief in salvation, which differs from the Islamic populism in large cities where a symbol of injustice of the bourgeoisie and the ruling elites prevails. The Islamic populism in rural areas has caused the failure of Islamic populism in large cities since their main discourse solely considers the middle class, in contrast to the Islamic populism in rural areas that might may welcome both the middle class and the lower class.
Identitas kolektif sebagai warga desa adat Bali telah berperan penting dalam memperkuat dan menjaga konsistensi gerakan menolak reklamasi Teluk Benoa. Untuk pertama kali dalam sejarah desa adat di Bali, identitas kolektif warga dari gabungan desa adat ini telah masuk dalam arena gerakan sosial. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memahami konstruksi identitas kolektif warga desa adat di Bali yang teraktivasi dalam bentuk gerakan menolak reklamasi Teluk Benoa. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi, studi ini mengkaji struktur kesadaran dari subyek dalam relasinya dengan fenomena gerakan menolak reklamasi Teluk Benoa. Studi ini menemukan bahwa identitas kolektif warga desa adat di Bali dalam menentang reklamasi Teluk Benoa terjadi melalui proses konstruksi di kalangan pelaku gerakan baik dalam dimensi laten (aktivitas keseharian) mereka maupun dimensi visible melalui aksi-aksi kolektif. Konstruksi identitas kolektif warga adat tersebut melibat unsur kognisi, afeksi atau emosi, serta relasi sosial baik di internal kelompok gerakan, maupun dengan pihak eksternal.
Kata Kunci: identitas kolektif, desa adat, gerakan sosial, Teluk Benoa.
Apart from having a socio-economic dimension, agrarian conflicts in Bongkoran, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia, also have a legal dimension. There is a dualism of law that is conflictual in terms of land tenure and use claims. One party, the government, and corporations rely on legalistic-positivistic state laws, while local people rely on folk law, namely informal laws that have existed, lived, and developed in communal society for generations. This research focuses on how the sociological perspective of law analyzes the legal conflicts that occur in Bongkoran agrarian conflict, particularly between state law and folk law. This research used a qualitative method with a legal sociology perspective. The research subjects were farmers/people of Bongkoran, Community Legal Advisors (CLA), Government (Local Government, National Land Agency, and Police), and corporate elements (PT Wongsorejo). Informants were selected using a purposive sampling technique, based on certain considerations that can be recognized beforehand, namely recognizing and understanding the problem under this research. Data collection was conducted through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively by referring to the perspectives that have been presented. The results indicated that the resolution of agrarian conflicts in Bongkoran requires the implementation of laws that are more just for local communities. The implementation of the laws is not only based on rigid articles in the law, but it needs attention to the socio-cultural and historical context of the community. The dominance of state law over folk law in agrarian conflicts results in the practice of subjugation of state law to folk law, both persuasively and repressively. Therefore, to minimize the tension and conflict between state law and folk law in agrarian conflicts, it is necessary to have a new understanding of the relationship between the two laws. The existence and enforcement of folk law are used as a complementary element in normative aspects that have not been regulated in state law.
Selain memiliki dimensi sosial ekonomi, konflik agraria di Bongkoran, Kabupaten Banyuwangi, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Indonesia, juga memiliki dimensi hukum. Terdapat dualisme hukum yang konfliktual dalam hal penguasaan tanah dan klaim penggunaan. Satu pihak, pemerintah, dan korporasi mengandalkan hukum negara yang legalistik-positivistik, sedangkan masyarakat lokal mengandalkan hukum rakyat yaitu hukum informal yang sudah ada, hidup, dan berkembang dalam masyarakat komunal secara turun-temurun. Penelitian ini berfokus pada bagaimana perspektif sosiologis hukum menganalisis konflik hukum yang terjadi dalam konflik agraria Bongkoran, khususnya antara hukum negara dan hukum rakyat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan perspektif sosiologi hukum. Subjek penelitian adalah petani/masyarakat Bongkoran, Penasehat Hukum Masyarakat, Pemerintah (Pemerintah Daerah, Badan Pertanahan Nasional, dan Kepolisian), dan unsur korporasi (PT Wongsorejo). Informan dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, berdasarkan pertimbangan tertentu yang dapat dikenali terlebih dahulu yaitu mengenali dan memahami masalah yang diteliti. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan mengacu pada perspektif yang telah disajikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyelesaian konflik agraria di Bongkoran memerlukan implementasi hukum yang lebih berkeadilan bagi masyarakat lokal. Implementasi hukum tidak hanya berdasarkan pasal-pasal yang rigid dalam undang-undang, tetapi perlu memperhatikan konteks sosial budaya dan historis dari masyarakat. Dominasi hukum negara atas hukum rakyat dalam konflik agraria mengakibatkan praktik penundukan hukum negara ke hukum rakyat, baik secara persuasif maupun represif. Oleh karena itu, untuk meminimalisir ketegangan dan konflik antara hukum negara dan hukum rakyat dalam konflik agraria, diperlukan pemahaman baru tentang hubungan kedua hukum tersebut. Keberadaan dan penegakan hukum rakyat dijadikan sebagai elemen yang saling melengkapi dalam aspek normatif yang belum diatur dalam hukum negara. ; Apart from having a socio-economic dimension, agrarian conflicts in Bongkoran, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia, also have a legal dimension. There is a dualism of law that is conflictual in terms of land tenure and use claims. One party, the government, and corporations rely on legalistic-positivistic state laws, while local people rely on folk law, namely informal laws that have existed, lived, and developed in communal society for generations. This research focuses on how the sociological perspective of law analyzes the legal conflicts that occur in Bongkoran agrarian conflict, particularly between state law and folk law. This research used a qualitative method with a legal sociology perspective. The research subjects were farmers/people of Bongkoran, Community Legal Advisors (CLA), Government (Local Government, National Land Agency, and Police), and corporate elements (PT Wongsorejo). Informants were selected using a purposive sampling technique, based on certain considerations that can be recognized beforehand, namely recognizing and understanding the problem under this research. Data collection was conducted through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively by referring to the perspectives that have been presented. The results indicated that the resolution of agrarian conflicts in Bongkoran requires the implementation of laws that are more just for local communities. The implementation of the laws is not only based on rigid articles in the law, but it needs attention to the socio-cultural and historical context of the community. The dominance of state law over folk law in agrarian conflicts results in the practice of subjugation of state law to folk law, both persuasively and repressively. Therefore, to minimize the tension and conflict between state law and folk law in agrarian conflicts, it is necessary to have a new understanding of the relationship between the two laws. The existence and enforcement of folk law are used as a complementary element in normative aspects that have not been regulated in state law.
