Data accessibility. This article does not contain any additional data. Funding Information:The input of P.S. contributes to Soils-R-GRREAT (NE/ P019455/1) and the input of P.S. and S.D.K. contributes to the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through project CIRCASA (grant agreement no. 774378). Acknowledgements. T.K.A. acknowledges the support of 'Towards Integrated Nitrogen Management System (INMS)' funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), executed through the UK's Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). ; Peer reviewed ; Postprint
Intro -- Series Editor's Preface -- Contents -- 1 An Introduction to Biogeochemistry of the Critical Zone -- References -- 2 Hot Spots and Hot Moments in the Critical Zone: Identification of and Incorporation into Reactive Transport Models -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Definition of Terms -- 2.1.2 Scope and Overall Impact -- 2.2 Capturing Scales and Complexity Using Models -- 2.2.1 Hot Spots Within the Hyporheic Zone-The Redox Microzone Concept -- 2.2.2 HSHMs at the Floodplain Scale -- 2.2.3 HSHMs Along River Corridors -- 2.3 Current Understanding and the Path Forward -- 2.3.1 A Conceptual Take on HSHMs Using a Trait-Based Framework -- 2.3.2 Improvements in Field-Scale Characterization of Hyporheic Zones -- 2.3.3 Recent Developments in Observation and Modeling of Hot Spots Featuring the Sediment Water Interface -- 2.4 How Can Models Contribute? -- 2.4.1 Scale Aware Modeling/Parameterization -- 2.4.2 A Preemptive Prioritization of HSHMs -- 2.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Constraints of Climate and Age on Soil Development in Hawai'i -- 3.1 Understanding Critical Zone Functioning Through State Factor Analysis -- 3.2 Physiographic Setting -- 3.3 Analytical Approach -- 3.4 Development of Critical Zone Properties Across the Hawaiian Islands -- 3.4.1 Weathering Depth and Chemical Denudation -- 3.4.2 Conditioning Lava Flows for Critical Zone Development -- 3.5 Biogeochemical Properties of Hawaiian Critical Zone -- 3.5.1 Weathering and Soil Properties -- 3.6 Soil Process Domains and Pedogenic Thresholds in Hawai'i -- 3.6.1 Process Domains -- 3.6.2 Transitions Among Process Domains -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Biofilms in the Critical Zone: Distribution and Mediation of Processes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Documenting Environmental Biofilms Using the Scanning Electron Microscope -- 4.3 Biofilms in the Critical Zone.
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Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to M. Scholes, D. Plaza-Bonilla, S. Menendez, P. Merino, S.C. Maris, H. Heller, D. Savvas, C. K. Kontopoulou, who were contacted and kindly supplied any missing information necessary for the meta-analysis. Special thanks to J.P.C. Eekhout for preparing Fig. 1 and F. Estellés for providing the basic data for the calculation of the fertilization in Spain. Also thanks to two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. M. L. Cayuela was supported by a 'Ramon y Cajal' research contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Thanks to Fundación Séneca, Agencia Regional de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia for support (grant number 19281/PI/14). Australian studies included in the meta-analysis were funded by the Australian Government, the Grains Research and Development Corporation, and the Department of Agriculture and Food WA. ; Peer reviewed ; Postprint ; Postprint ; Postprint ; Postprint ; Postprint
Acknowledgments The input of PS contributes to Soils-R-GRREAT (NE/P019455/1) and the input of PS and SK contributes to the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through project CIRCASA (grant agreement no. 774378). PR acknowledges funding from UK Greenhouse Gas Removal Programme (NE/P01982X/2). GB De Deyn acknowledges FoodShot Global for its support. TKA acknowledges the support of "Towards Integrated Nitrogen Management System (INMS) funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), executed through the UK's Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The input of DG was supported by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) strategic science investment fund (SSIF). PMS acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (Project FT140100610). PM's work on ecosystem services is supported by a National Science Foundation grant #1853759, "Understanding the Use of Ecosystem Services Concepts in Environmental Policy". LGC is funded by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil – grants 421668/2018-0 and 305157/2018-3) and by Lisboa2020 FCT/EU (project 028360). BS acknowledges support from the Lancaster Environment Centre Project. ; Peer reviewed ; Postprint
Climate change is an urgent problem. Because it is causing new weather extremes and fatal catastrophes, climate change is better termed climate disruption. Bending the curve to flatten the upward trajectory of pollution emissions responsible for climate disruption is essential in order to protect billions of people from this global threat. Education is a key part of the solution.This textbook book lays out ten solutions that together can bend the curve of climate warming below dangerous levels. These solutions fall into six categories: science, societal transformation, governance, economics, technology, and ecosystem management. Four themes emerge from the book: * There is still time to bend the curve. The time to act was yesterday, but if proper actions are taken now, there is still time to avoid disastrous changes. We have to pull on three levers: The carbon lever to achieve zero net emissions of carbon dioxide before 2050; the short-lived climate pollutants lever to drastically reduce concentrations of other major climate pollutants; and the atmospheric carbon extraction lever to remove massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.* Bending the curve will require interdisciplinary solutions. Climate change requires integrating approaches from the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, so this textbook—unlike most on climate change solutions—does just that, with chapters written by experts in climate science, social justice, economics, environmental policy, political science, energy technologies, ecology, and religion. Bending the curve also requires preservation and restoration of ecological systems.* Bending the curve requires a radical shift in attitude. This shift requires change in behavior, change in our attitudes towards each other, and change in our attitude towards nature. Climate justice has to be an integral part of the solution.* Technology, market mechanism and policy need to be a part of the solution. New market mechanisms and other policies are required to spur technological innovations and to scale clean technologies globally.
Climate change is an urgent problem. Because it is causing new weather extremes and fatal catastrophes, climate change is better termed climate disruption. Bending the curve to flatten the upward trajectory of pollution emissions responsible for climate disruption is essential in order to protect billions of people from this global threat. Education is a key part of the solution. This textbook book lays out ten solutions that together can bend the curve of climate warming below dangerous levels. These solutions fall into six categories: science, societal transformation, governance, economics, technology, and ecosystem management. Four themes emerge from the book: * There is still time to bend the curve. The time to act was yesterday, but if proper actions are taken now, there is still time to avoid disastrous changes. We have to pull on three levers: The carbon lever to achieve zero net emissions of carbon dioxide before 2050; the short-lived climate pollutants lever to drastically reduce concentrations of other major climate pollutants; and the atmospheric carbon extraction lever to remove massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. * Bending the curve will require interdisciplinary solutions. Climate change requires integrating approaches from the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, so this textbook—unlike most on climate change solutions—does just that, with chapters written by experts in climate science, social justice, economics, environmental policy, political science, energy technologies, ecology, and religion. Bending the curve also requires preservation and restoration of ecological systems. * Bending the curve requires a radical shift in attitude. This shift requires change in behavior, change in our attitudes towards each other, and change in our attitude towards nature. Climate justice has to be an integral part of the solution. * Technology, market mechanism and policy need to be a part of the solution. New market mechanisms and other policies are required to spur technological innovations and to scale clean technologies globally.
