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Our study is based on the methodology suggested by Faulkender and Wang (2006) in the Indian context, to discuss the various aspects of cash holding policy with respect to financially constrained (FC) and unconstrained firms. Primary goal of the study is to understand shareholders' perception on the level of cash holdings in constrained and unconstrained firms, and how much value they give to excess cash holdings with respect to cash level and capital structure of a firm. This study also analyzes the shareholders' perception, which is measured by stock return, and market value of asset, by determining the variation, in excess return and Tobin's Q over the last 10 years. The result shows less or no effect of excess cash holding either in average firms or in constrained firms. Findings also suggests that shareholders, prefer large firms to maintain excess cash for investment, or to fulfil their liabilities on time. Overall the findings determine the importance of cash level but also indicate the presence of other determinants of the firms, to enhance market return and build shareholders perception.

In this article, Matlab & Simulation software is used for analysis and comparison of 8(Eight) different MPPT. Different MPPT techniques that have been considered in this article are PWM-based, Perturb and Observation (P&O), Incremental Conductance (InC), and Modified InC (MIC) that comes under the Conventional Method. In the Artificial Intelligence, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is chosen and in Hybrid method Neuro-Fuzzy Network (NFN) and Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) has been considered. PV module of 852.2 Watt is designed with the Boost Converter which can boost the voltage up to 185 Volt for all MPPT. A set of data has been taken for FLC, ANN, NFN, and ANFIS. After implementation, the result has been analyzed for standard test conditions and for the different environmental conditions. In this article, both irradiation and the temperature have been varied together for all MPPT rest are kept constant.

One of the most pressing issues in India today is medical malpractice. As a result of our own experience, we believe that medicine is one of the most honourable professions. We expect doctors to treat their patients with care, since they are the ones who will ultimately cure and heal them of whatever ailment or health condition they may have, and patients often see them as gods. A medical malpractice case is one in which a doctor, dentist, nurse or other health care practitioner mistreats a patient in a manner that is incompetent, incompetent, or negligent. The Supreme Court of India's ruling in Indian Medical Association v. V.P. Shanta& Ors1 in 1995 expanded the definition of "service" under the 1986 Consumer Protection Act to include medical services. By enabling contractual patients to sue physicians in 'procedure-free' consumer protection courts for payment if they were harmed during treatment, this created a relationship between patients and medical providers. In India, the frequency of medical malpractice claims has increased while the quality of treatment has decreased. Examining individual instances of medical negligence may reveal the elements that lead to medical carelessness, as well as the role of the doctor-patient interaction.

PurposeAlong with technology-based ecosystems, healthcare start-ups are expanding multi-fold. On the other hand, underlying uncertainties pose several challenges for these health-tech enterprises at macro-meso-micro level, influencing their business circumstances and profitability. The current study aims to comprehend the macro-, meso- and micro-level barriers that make it difficult for enterprises to set up healthcare technology start-ups. The study also observed the perceived effect of these challenges on firms' performance and cost structure over time. Using the theory of behaviour under uncertainty, the study revealed multiple systemic, sector-related, human and implementation barriers that hinder business growth and lead to uncertainties for health-tech start-ups.Design/methodology/approachUsing a grounded theory approach, the study collected the views of 51 health tech start-ups in the UK using an online participants pool. The data was collected using qualitative data techniques in the form of open-ended essays, and a content analysis using thematic coding process was conducted. The questions centered around the different institutional uncertainties or barriers while setting up or running a healthcare start-up.FindingsThe study revealed several macro-, meso- and micro-level barriers these technology-based enterprises perceive in the healthcare industry. These are recognised as systemic barriers, such as lack of funding and procedural issues; sector-related barriers, such as market-related impediments; human barriers, including psychological barriers and resistance to new technology; and implementation barriers, such as operational and personnel issues.Research limitations/implicationsThe study used qualitative, open-ended essay techniques to collect the data. Future studies may use a mixed-methods approach to provide holistic insights. The study is conducted in a single developed country, the UK. Future work may expand these findings by comparing developed market challenges with those of emerging markets and by assessing the viewpoints of healthcare start-ups.Practical implicationsThis research will assist the healthcare sector and government understand health tech start-up hurdles and uncertainty. Policymakers must assist start-ups and encourage entrepreneurial innovation. Regulating and enabling policies will help. The paper examines start-ups' macro, meso and micro uncertainties. Policymakers promoting sector entrepreneurship must consider these barriers while designing policy guidelines.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the existing literature on technology start-ups, particularly in the healthcare industry, and identifies significant barriers these start-ups face. The study synthesizes research on health-tech start-up uncertainty and bridges the gap between theory and practice by applying empirical findings.