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This paper illustrates how the Analytic Guiding Frame (AGF) and the Overall Guiding Frame (OGF) are applied when analytic shifts occur in qualitative data analysis. Analytic shifts mainly occur when a proposed analytical method is found to be not fully amenable for analysis because of the contextually-bound nature of qualitative data. In this paper, the illustration located in the field of literacy education revolves around how a methodological and analytical problem was confronted during the fieldwork/analysis stage of research and how analytic negotiations were made with the help of the AGF/OGF framework. From here, it is proposed that much more consideration on matters of epistemology, methodology, research objective and research questions in qualitative research must be made when the iterative process of qualitative data analysis takes place.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- Editors' Acknowledgments -- Editors' Introduction -- Introduction -- PART I -- CHAPTER 1 The Constitution of the Territory and Politics of a Large State -- CHAPTER 2 Ancient China's Cultural Constitution: A Unified Script and Mandarin Chinese -- CHAPTER 3 Scholar-Officials -- PART II -- CHAPTER 4 The Mixed Han-Tang-Song Structure and Its Moral Ideal: A Reply to Professor Su Li's Account of the Chinese Constitution -- CHAPTER 5 The Symbolic and the Functional: Su Li on the Constitution of Ancient China -- CHAPTER 6 The Ideal of Civilization and Formation of Institutions in Ancient China: A Reply to Su Li -- CHAPTER 7 History, Culture, Revolution, and Chinese Constitutionalism -- PART III -- CHAPTER 8 Response to My Critics -- Glossary of Key Terms -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Contributors -- Index

AbstractWe study the problem of designing vaccine distribution strategies that maximally mitigate the negative impact of an infectious disease outbreak. This is achieved through a multiperiod optimization‐based framework that embeds important subject‐specific risk and contact information into the decision‐making process. By analyzing the structure of the resulting optimization problem, we identify key structural properties which we use to construct a globally convergent solution scheme (suitable for smaller problem instances) and two, more scalable, heuristic schemes. We demonstrate the benefits of the considered framework through a case study on COVID‐19 in Texas. Our results highlight the importance of considering risk and contact information as doing so substantially reduces the total expected number of fatalities over conventional compartmental‐based approaches. These findings indicate that customization can have a significant benefit, particularly for community‐scale planning.

INTRODUCTION: In the primary care setting, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) overutilisation often stems from the failure to discontinue prophylaxis treatment prior to tertiary care discharge and consider step-down therapy following discharge. Long-term PPI use can result in potential drug-related problems and unnecessary drug expenditure. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacist-structured review in reducing inappropriate PPI prescriptions and estimate the potential cost saving. METHODS: This non-randomised controlled study was conducted for 16 weeks at 17 government health clinics in Selangor, Malaysia. Eligible patients attending the outpatient pharmacies of intervention clinics were recruited consecutively and their consent was obtained. A structured review of PPIs was performed in which pharmacists identified patient demographics, indications and the length of PPI therapy using a PPI intervention form. Recommendations were discussed with physicians before prescription changes were made and documented. Moreover, standard management was conducted in the control clinics. RESULTS: A total of 568 patients with prescriptions containing PPIs were sampled, with a total of 284 patients being placed into the control and intervention groups, respectively. Compared to the control group, inappropriate PPI utilisation in the intervention group significantly decreased from 79.9 to 30.4% (p<0.05). The changes to PPI prescriptions observed in the intervention group included: stop PPI therapy (30.8%), step-down therapy (22.9%), start substitution therapy (15.9%) and no change (30.4%). The physicians' acceptance rate for pharmacist intervention was 67.8%. A 66.1% reduction in monthly PPI pill count and a 72.0% reduction in monthly medication expenditure (RM44.85/patient/year) were observed. CONCLUSION: The pharmacist-structured review was effective in increasing appropriate PPI utilisation and led to substantial cost savings.