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AbstractThe main aim of the article is to identify the development paths of creative cities in Poland. The authors made an attempt to define development potentials, and then to define their role in building a creative city. The research also took into account the role of instability as an additional factor which, in conjunction with the role of city authorities, becomes important for the emergence of a creative city. The first section of the article highlights the concept of territorial capital—which we consider to be fundamental for the discussion of creative cities and city development factors which follows in the second section. The review of literature on the creative city concept allowed us to identify several factors which we regard as required for the emergence of a creative city. They were further operationalized into three development potentials, based on culture, education and innovations in the third section. Case studies of three Polish cities labelled by UNESCO as creative cities are available in the fourth section. Discussion of case studies is presented in the fifth section and the conclusions are available in the sixth section. The result of the conducted research is the identification of two different paths of development of a creative city. We conclude that a balanced mix of development potentials based on culture, education and innovation is essential for the emergence of a creative city, which does not mean that these potentials are needed in equal doses. Each of them is necessary, but neither is sufficient in itself. In some of the cases studied, the process of creating creative cities would not start without the stimulus of instability.

The sectoral approach to shaping processes of development has recently started to lose ground to a territorial-based approach. The territorial approach has already become the leading paradigm for creating development policies on the EU level as well as on national and/or regional levels. This results from the growing role of territorial capital in the globalizing world – even though globalization is an undisputed fact, the development policies are increasingly emphasizing the need to adapt development plans to the existing, specific conditions characterizing each territory. Endogenic resources which in their entirety create territorial capital are typically located within the administrative borders of several, functionally inter-dependent territorial units. That is why individual communes (or other territorial units, i.e. districts or even regions) should not become the leading subjects of development policies as this role is best performed by entire functional areas. A functional area may cover the territory of anywhere from several to over a dozen communes and/ or districts located in not just one administrative region and as such requires that an integrative approach to steering development processes is applied. The article aims at analyzing the changes in perception of the 'territorial capital' concept as well as at highlighting its growing importance with regards to development processes. The authors will also indicate the possible dimensions in which integration of the approach to steering development processes is possible.

The sectoral approach to shaping processes of development has recently started to lose ground to a territorial-based approach. The territorial approach has already become the leading paradigm for creating development policies on the EU level as well as on national and/or regional levels. This results from the growing role of territorial capital in the globalizing world – even though globalization is an undisputed fact, the development policies are increasingly emphasizing the need to adapt development plans to the existing, specific conditions characterizing each territory. Endogenic resources which in their entirety create territorial capital are typically located within the administrative borders of several, functionally inter-dependent territorial units. That is why individual communes (or other territorial units, i.e. districts or even regions) should not become the leading subjects of development policies as this role is best performed by entire functional areas. A functional area may cover the territory of anywhere from several to over a dozen communes and/ or districts located in not just one administrative region and as such requires that an integrative approach to steering development processes is applied. The article aims at analyzing the changes in perception of the 'territorial capital' concept as well as at highlighting its growing importance with regards to development processes. The authors will also indicate the possible dimensions in which integration of the approach to steering development processes is possible. ; W podejściu do kształtowania procesów rozwojowych zaczęto odchodzić od podejścia sektorowego na rzecz podejścia terytorialnego. Jest ono głównym paradygmatem w tworzeniu polityki rozwoju zarówno na szczeblu Unii Europejskiej, jak też na szczeblu krajowym czy regionalnym. Przyczynił się do tego obserwowany wzrost roli kapitału terytorialnego w globalizującym się świecie, który wymaga takiego ukierunkowania polityki rozwoju, które pozwoli na wykorzystanie specyficznych uwarunkowań występujących na poszczególnych obszarach. Ze względu na fakt, iż walory endogeniczne składające się na całość kapitału terytorialnego zazwyczaj zlokalizowane są w obrębie kilku jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, które wykazują ze sobą silne powiązania funkcjonalne, przedmiotem polityk rozwojowych nie powinny być pojedyncze gminy lecz obszary funkcjonalne. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie różnych podejść do koncepcji kapitału terytorialnego oraz wskazanie roli, jaką odgrywa ten kapitał w procesach rozwojowych. Autorzy pragną też podkreślić potrzebę integracji planowania i interwencji realizowanych w obszarach funkcjonalnych.

The monograph is scientifically valuable, innovative and brings the high potential for application. The discussed topics are up to date and significant for both theory and economic practice. The literature review presented herein is of high academic quality, as is the rich empirical part which covers the stages of development of loan and guarantee funds, provides a comparison of their functioning in different countries and analyses their financial standing in the context of regional development. The monograph may be addressed to representatives of the economic practice as well as academics, in particular those specialising in public finance, local government finance, accounting and management of corporate finance. All in all, it is a valuable publication, not only on the Polish publishing market. ; The book is financed by the National Science Centre in Poland and is part of a project entitled "Financing the development of loan and guarantee funds" – grant number 2016/23/B/HS4/00348