The problem of the definition of terrorism is controversial and relevant to international law. The universal definition is not yet reached in international treaties; thus the discussion of the question is important in distinguishing this phenomenon from other so called "regular" crimes. The aim of the article is to reveal the elements of the definition of terrorism, paying particular attention to the situations of armed conflict. The object of the research - norms of international law defining terrorism, enshrined in the provisions of international agreements concluded within the framework of various regional international organizations and the United Nations.
The article deals with the provisions and implementation of Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks. The publication outlines the stages of setting up of flood risk management plans. The first state of flood risk management system is the preliminary flood risk assessment, where the states assessed the previous floods and indicated the possible flood risk territories in their river basin districts. The second state was the setting up of the flood hazard and flood risk maps, which contain various information pieces about the different territories susceptible to flood risks and hazards. These two steps, besides being the basis of subsequently prepared flood risk management plans, raised the awareness of the society regarding the possible floods and their consequences. The third stage – the compiling of flood risk management plans – is under preparation. During this stage the European Union Member states should indicate particular objectives of flood risk management and measures to implement them. This stage is almost completed in Lithuania, because the prepared project of flood risk management plan already contains most of the information and measures indicated in the Flood directive. ; Straipsnyje analizuojami Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos Direktyvos Nr. 2007/60/EC dėl potvynių rizikos vertinimo ir valdymo nustatyti potvynių rizikos valdymo sistemos sukūrimo etapai bei jų įgyvendinimas Lietuvos Respublikos teisėje. Potvynių direktyva įgyvendinama susietai su Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos direktyva Nr. 2000/60/EB, nustatančia Bendrijos veiksmų vandens politikos srityje pagrindus. Pastaroji direktyva nustato, kad vandens politika įgyvendinama upių baseinų rajonų pagrindu, pagal šiuos rajonus įgyvendinamas ir potvynių rizikos planavimo procesas. Lietuvoje yra keturi upių baseinų rajonai – Dauguvos, Lielupės, Nemuno ir Ventos, kurie visi yra tarptautiniai, tai yra, tik dalis jų yra Lietuvos Respublikos teritorijoje. Pirmojo etapo metu valstybės atliko preliminarius potvynių rizikos vertinimą, įvertindamos nuo 1810 metų šalyje vykusius potvynius. Šio etapo pagrindinis tikslas yra nustatyti, kurioms teritorijoms yra aktualus potvynių rizikos valdymo procesas. Tolimesnis direktyvos įgyvendinimo etapas – potvynių grėsmės ir potvynių rizikos žemėlapių parengimas. Juose nurodoma, kurioms teritorijoms gali grėsti potvyniai ir kokios pasekmės galėtų kilti tų teritorijų gyventojams ir ekonominei veiklai. Paskutinis Direktyvos įgyvendinimo etapas – potvynių rizikos valdymo planų parengimas – vyksta šiuo momentu. Europos Komisija pabrėžė, jog veiksmingiausias požiūris turi apimti kelis elementus. Visų pirma, planai apima prevenciją, nustatant draudimus statyti namus ir pramoninius pastatus galimai užliejamose teritorijose, siekiant išvengti žalos. Antra, imtis apsauginių priemonių, tiek struktūrinių, tiek nestruktūrinių, kurios būtų skirtos sumažinti potvynių galimybę konkrečioje vietovėje. Trečia, tai priemonės, skirtos gyventojų informavimui apie potvynių grėsmę ir ką daryti potvynio atveju. Ketvirta, turi būti išvystytos gelbėjimo priemonės potvynių atveju. Galiausiai šiuose planuose turi būti priemonės, kaip grįžti į įprastines sąlygas. Šis planas Lietuvoje užpildys teisinio reguliavimo trūkumus, nes dabartinis teisinis reguliavimas buvo labiau skirtas konkrečioms savivaldybėms, o bendro valstybės mastu galiojančio potvynių rizikos valdymo priemonių plano parengta nebuvo.
In the last decade the fight against terrorism was carried out not only by measures indicated in national criminal procedure laws or international treaties outlining measures in the fight against terrorism, but also using military forces and carrying out military measures. Thus the dissertation aims to establish when and to what extent is the international humanitarian law (hereinafter – IHL) applied in the fight against terrorism, that is, to analyze in what cases the fight against terrorism amounts to armed conflict, what is the status of terrorists taking part in the armed conflict according to IHL, and to evaluate in the light of IHL principles and rules the specific measures taken against terrorists. Firstly the dissertation analyses the question of the definition of terrorism and proposes a possible definition of this phenomenon. Further on the dissertation analyzes the instances when the IHL rules are applied in the fight against terrorism, that is, when such situation amounts to an armed conflict, and evaluates the main criteria of armed conflict – intensity and organization – and their application in the fight against terrorism. The dissertation also explores the questions of the status of terrorists taking part in an armed conflict, distinguishing those taking part in international and non-international armed conflicts, and exploring the criteria for the direct participation in hostilities for such persons. Finally, the dissertation analyzes the specific measure of fight against terrorists – that is, targeted killings, especially by the means of unmanned airplanes, in the context of the norms and principles of IHL.
In the last decade the fight against terrorism was carried out not only by measures indicated in national criminal procedure laws or international treaties outlining measures in the fight against terrorism, but also using military forces and carrying out military measures. Thus the dissertation aims to establish when and to what extent is the international humanitarian law (hereinafter – IHL) applied in the fight against terrorism, that is, to analyze in what cases the fight against terrorism amounts to armed conflict, what is the status of terrorists taking part in the armed conflict according to IHL, and to evaluate in the light of IHL principles and rules the specific measures taken against terrorists. Firstly the dissertation analyses the question of the definition of terrorism and proposes a possible definition of this phenomenon. Further on the dissertation analyzes the instances when the IHL rules are applied in the fight against terrorism, that is, when such situation amounts to an armed conflict, and evaluates the main criteria of armed conflict – intensity and organization – and their application in the fight against terrorism. The dissertation also explores the questions of the status of terrorists taking part in an armed conflict, distinguishing those taking part in international and non-international armed conflicts, and exploring the criteria for the direct participation in hostilities for such persons. Finally, the dissertation analyzes the specific measure of fight against terrorists – that is, targeted killings, especially by the means of unmanned airplanes, in the context of the norms and principles of IHL.
In the last decade the fight against terrorism was carried out not only by measures indicated in national criminal procedure laws or international treaties outlining measures in the fight against terrorism, but also using military forces and carrying out military measures. Thus the dissertation aims to establish when and to what extent is the international humanitarian law (hereinafter – IHL) applied in the fight against terrorism, that is, to analyze in what cases the fight against terrorism amounts to armed conflict, what is the status of terrorists taking part in the armed conflict according to IHL, and to evaluate in the light of IHL principles and rules the specific measures taken against terrorists. Firstly the dissertation analyses the question of the definition of terrorism and proposes a possible definition of this phenomenon. Further on the dissertation analyzes the instances when the IHL rules are applied in the fight against terrorism, that is, when such situation amounts to an armed conflict, and evaluates the main criteria of armed conflict – intensity and organization – and their application in the fight against terrorism. The dissertation also explores the questions of the status of terrorists taking part in an armed conflict, distinguishing those taking part in international and non-international armed conflicts, and exploring the criteria for the direct participation in hostilities for such persons. Finally, the dissertation analyzes the specific measure of fight against terrorists – that is, targeted killings, especially by the means of unmanned airplanes, in the context of the norms and principles of IHL.
In the last decade the fight against terrorism was carried out not only by measures indicated in national criminal procedure laws or international treaties outlining measures in the fight against terrorism, but also using military forces and carrying out military measures. Thus the dissertation aims to establish when and to what extent is the international humanitarian law (hereinafter – IHL) applied in the fight against terrorism, that is, to analyze in what cases the fight against terrorism amounts to armed conflict, what is the status of terrorists taking part in the armed conflict according to IHL, and to evaluate in the light of IHL principles and rules the specific measures taken against terrorists. Firstly the dissertation analyses the question of the definition of terrorism and proposes a possible definition of this phenomenon. Further on the dissertation analyzes the instances when the IHL rules are applied in the fight against terrorism, that is, when such situation amounts to an armed conflict, and evaluates the main criteria of armed conflict – intensity and organization – and their application in the fight against terrorism. The dissertation also explores the questions of the status of terrorists taking part in an armed conflict, distinguishing those taking part in international and non-international armed conflicts, and exploring the criteria for the direct participation in hostilities for such persons. Finally, the dissertation analyzes the specific measure of fight against terrorists – that is, targeted killings, especially by the means of unmanned airplanes, in the context of the norms and principles of IHL.
The concept of the family is of paramount importance both at the legislative level and in society. There are different definitions of family in the laws of the Republic of Lithuania. The traditional concept of the family, resulting from the historical development of different legal traditions, is based on the institution of marriage. Regardless of the religious tradition that exists in the state, marriage, as the institution that establishes the family, has historically been perceived as a union between a man and a woman. It is argued that the development of modern legal systems in this area is undergoing two important changes. First, the institution of marriage is no longer the only exclusive basis on which the recognition of the family as a legal person is based in the legal system. Second, the very concept of marriage is changing and evolving to include a union of two people of the same sex. The aim of this article will be to reveal the normative concept of the family and to investigate how it is disclosed in the legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania. ; Šeimos sąvoka yra itin svarbi tiek teisėkūros lygmeniu, tiek visuomenėje. Lietuvos Respublikos teisėje egzistuoja skirtingi šeimos apibrėžimai. Tradicinė teisinės šeimos samprata, atsiradusi dėl skirtingų teisės tradicijų istorinės raidos, remiasi santuokos institutu. Nepriklausomai nuo valstybėje egzistuojančios religinės tradicijos, santuoka, kaip šeimą steigianti institucija, istoriškai yra suvokiama kaip sąjunga tarp vyro ir moters. Teigiama, jog plėtojant šiuolaikines šios srities teisės sistemas vyksta du svarbūs pokyčiai. Pirma, santuokos institutas nebėra vienintelis išimtinis pagrindas, kuriuo teisinėje sistemoje grindžiamas šeimos kaip juridinio asmens pripažinimas. Antra, pati santuokos samprata keičiasi ir vystosi taip, kad apima dviejų tos pačios lyties asmenų sąjungą. Šiuo straipsniu bus siekiama atskleisti norminę šeimos sampratą ir ištirti, kaip ji atskleidžiama Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktuose.
The article dwells on the problem of the definition of terrorism. This term, though usually commonly understandable, is a legal term, the definition of which is not yet universally adopted. The threat of terrorism, taking upon different forms, is always relevant and the efforts to contain it continue. Thus the definition of the phenomenon and its elements is crucial in such efforts. The analysis is relevant as internationally this term is still not defined in one universal legally binding document and there are questions on its exact scope. The article explains two elements that are usually considered essential in defining terrorism. Furthermore, the article dwells on the EU efforts to contain the threat and in particular on its efforts to prevent terrorism – that is, actions taken to counter terrorist radicalisation.
The article analyses the concept of the security of state and its components and one particular area of energy security. Firstly, the security theories of different authors are analysed, which usually focus on military, political, economic, social and environmental threats. Furthermore, the nature of threats to energy sector which is becoming more and more important for any state's proper functioning is explored. Lastly, the main international documents containing both political declarations and legal obligations are analysed, that is, the European Energy Charter, Energy Charter Treaty and International Energy Charter are analysed. The important facets of energy security are diversification of energy sources, security of transit, liberalisation of energy markets, which in turn help ensure continuous and uninterrupted flow of affordable energy.
The article discusses the problem of prevention of radicalisation in religious schools in Europe. In this publication the authors of the publication aim to present a systematic analysis of the legal framework of religious education and its relationship and limitations in the aim to prevent radicalization. In order to achieve the aim of the research the following tasks will be carried out: revealing of the essence of the freedom of right of thought, religion and conscience and their relation to religious education; analysing documents, strategies and policies addressing the prevention of radicalization in Europe; evaluating the intersection of right to religious education and the need to prevent radicalisation. The question is relevant due to the ever-increasing number of terrorist acts performed by persons who have been born in European states (so called home-grown terrorists). The publication discusses the right to religion and the right to religious education and its limitations. The development of EU policy in the field of counter-terrorism and counter-radicalisation is extensively discussed. Finally, the guidelines are drawn for the conciliation of the freedom to religion and beliefs and the pressing need to prevent persons from radicalisation.
The article discusses the problem of prevention of radicalisation in religious schools in Europe. In this publication the authors of the publication aim to present a systematic analysis of the legal framework of religious education and its relationship and limitations in the aim to prevent radicalization. In order to achieve the aim of the research the following tasks will be carried out: revealing of the essence of the freedom of right of thought, religion and conscience and their relation to religious education; analysing documents, strategies and policies addressing the prevention of radicalization in Europe; evaluating the intersection of right to religious education and the need to prevent radicalisation. The question is relevant due to the ever-increasing number of terrorist acts performed by persons who have been born in European states (so called home-grown terrorists). The publication discusses the right to religion and the right to religious education and its limitations. The development of EU policy in the field of counter-terrorism and counter-radicalisation is extensively discussed. Finally, the guidelines are drawn for the conciliation of the freedom to religion and beliefs and the pressing need to prevent persons from radicalisation.
The article analyses the concept of the security of state and its components and one particular area of energy security. Firstly, the security theories of different authors are analysed, which usually focus on military, political, economic, social and environmental threats. Furthermore, the nature of threats to energy sector which is becoming more and more important for any state's proper functioning is explored. Lastly, the main international documents containing both political declarations and legal obligations are analysed, that is, the European Energy Charter, Energy Charter Treaty and International Energy Charter are analysed. The important facets of energy security are diversification of energy sources, security of transit, liberalisation of energy markets, which in turn help ensure continuous and uninterrupted flow of affordable energy.
The article discusses the problem of prevention of radicalisation in religious schools in Europe. In this publication the authors of the publication aim to present a systematic analysis of the legal framework of religious education and its relationship and limitations in the aim to prevent radicalization. In order to achieve the aim of the research the following tasks will be carried out: revealing of the essence of the freedom of right of thought, religion and conscience and their relation to religious education; analysing documents, strategies and policies addressing the prevention of radicalization in Europe; evaluating the intersection of right to religious education and the need to prevent radicalisation. The question is relevant due to the ever-increasing number of terrorist acts performed by persons who have been born in European states (so called home-grown terrorists). The publication discusses the right to religion and the right to religious education and its limitations. The development of EU policy in the field of counter-terrorism and counter-radicalisation is extensively discussed. Finally, the guidelines are drawn for the conciliation of the freedom to religion and beliefs and the pressing need to prevent persons from radicalisation.
The autonomy of the HEIs and its limits is an object of constant discussions and inquiries. The question that is also researched and accentuated is the relationship between the autonomy of HEIs and the accountability to the society according to certain criteria. The financing aspect of higher education is also one of the most problematic aspects in the system of higher education. None of the models applied for the financing of higher education and measures chosen in Lithuania was able to ensure the accessibility of studies, quality, nor could attract qualified pedagogical personnel. It is stated that insufficient financing of higher education has direct influence on other dimensions of higher education system. If the universities are not granted autonomy of universities, they cannot be innovative and react effectively to social and economic changes, they are not able correspond social and economic needs of the state that cannot fulfil expectation of the students to achieve the better quality of life. The aim of the paper is to analyse the impact of chosen by the state financing method of higher education institutions on economic activities of the HEIs and their financial autonomy. In the first part of the paper the trends of the financing of the system of Lithuanian higher education are analysed. The second part of the paper analyses the impact of state financing on institutional autonomy of HEIs. The third part reveals the significance of financial autonomy of HEIs and its impact on economics of higher education.
The autonomy of the HEIs and its limits is an object of constant discussions and inquiries. The question that is also researched and accentuated is the relationship between the autonomy of HEIs and the accountability to the society according to certain criteria. The financing aspect of higher education is also one of the most problematic aspects in the system of higher education. None of the models applied for the financing of higher education and measures chosen in Lithuania was able to ensure the accessibility of studies, quality, nor could attract qualified pedagogical personnel. It is stated that insufficient financing of higher education has direct influence on other dimensions of higher education system. If the universities are not granted autonomy of universities, they cannot be innovative and react effectively to social and economic changes, they are not able correspond social and economic needs of the state that cannot fulfil expectation of the students to achieve the better quality of life. The aim of the paper is to analyse the impact of chosen by the state financing method of higher education institutions on economic activities of the HEIs and their financial autonomy. In the first part of the paper the trends of the financing of the system of Lithuanian higher education are analysed. The second part of the paper analyses the impact of state financing on institutional autonomy of HEIs. The third part reveals the significance of financial autonomy of HEIs and its impact on economics of higher education. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.28.5.17899
