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Today the competition among states to promote their international legal policy is intensifying and there is evident need for convincing interpretation of the core notions provided in the UN Charter and other universal treaties, yet not defined in these instruments. In light of this political and legal background, the present article explores the international law scope of the terms "nation" and "people" and whether all states are considered as "nations" under the terms of the UN Charter. The authors also investigate the concept of "mankind" from the standpoint of the law of treaties concluding that such a concept is not legally identical to the term "international community of states".

This seminal book results from a NATO Advanced Research Workshop at the University of Cambridge with Russian co-directorship, enabling the first formal dialogue between NATO and Russia about security issues in the Arctic Ocean. Involving interdisciplinary participation with experts from 17 nations, including all of the Arctic states, this workshop itself reflects progress in Arctic cooperation and collaboration. Interests now are awakening globally to take advantage of extensive energy, shipping, fishing and tourism opportunities in the Arctic Ocean as it is being transformed from a permanent sea-ice cap to a seasonally ice-free sea. This environmental state-change is introducing inherent risks of political, economic and cultural instabilities that are centralized among the Arctic states and indigenous peoples with repercussions globally. Responding with urgency, environmental security is presented as an "integrated approach for assessing and responding to the risks as well as the opportunities generated by an environmental state-change." In this book - diverse perspectives on environmental security in the Arctic Ocean are shared in chapters from high-level diplomats, parliamentarians and government officials of Arctic and non-Arctic states; leaders of Arctic indigenous peoples organizations; international law advisors from Arctic states as well as the United Nations; directors of inter-governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations; managers of multi-national corporations; political scientists, historians and economists; along with Earth system scientists and oceanographers. Building on the "common arctic issues" of "sustainable development and environmental protection" established by the Arctic Council - environmental security offers an holistic approach to assess opportunities and risks as well as develop infrastructure responses with law of the sea as the key "international legal framework" to "promote the peaceful uses" of the Arctic Ocean. With vision for future generations, environmental security is a path to balance national interests and common interests in the Arctic Ocean for the lasting benefit of all.

Foreword by Paul Arthur Berkman, Alexander N. Vylegzhanin and Oran R. Young -- Preface by Alexander N. Vylegzhanin -- Part 1: Treaties (selected provisions) -- Regional Treaty Law -- Bilateral Treaties of Arctic States -- Bilateral Treaties with Russia -- Bilateral Treaties of other Arctic States -- Part 2: Subsidiary Means for the Determination of Rules of International Law (selected provisions) -- Part 3: Relevant Laws and Other Legal Acts of Russia (selected provisions) -- Part 4: Legislative Fundamentals of Arctic Policies of Foreign States and of the European Union (selected provisions) -- Index

Intro -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Contributors -- Acronyms -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: (Research): Introduction: Building Common Interests with Informed Decisionmaking for Sustainability -- 1.1 Building Common Interests -- 1.1.1 Science as the `Study of Change´ -- 1.1.2 Operating Across a `Continuum of Urgencies´ -- 1.1.3 Science Diplomacy to Negotiate Transformation -- 1.2 The Arctic Ocean -- 1.2.1 Interconnected Home Systems -- 1.2.2 Interconnected Governance Systems -- 1.3 With Global Inclusion -- 1.3.1 Local-Global Considerations -- 1.3.2 Precaution Across Generations -- Appendix -- The Precautionary Principle or Approach -- References -- Chapter 2: (Action): Welcome to Arctic Frontiers 2020, Plenary Introductory Remarks, Opening Speech -- Chapter 3: (Action): Welcome to Arctic Frontiers 2020, Plenary Introductory Remarks -- Chapter 4: (Action): Welcome to Arctic Frontiers 2020, Plenary Introductory Remarks -- Part II: The Arctic Ocean: Evolving Ecological and Sustainability Challenges -- Chapter 5: (Research): Preventing Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Navigation in Arctic Seas -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate Change in the Arctic: New Possibilities for Navigation and New Risks Due to Piracy and Other Unlawful Acts Against... -- 5.3 A Review of Piracy in Other Regions and What It May mean for the Arctic Shipping -- 5.4 Is Piracy a Threat to the Growing Economic Activities in the Arctic Ocean? -- 5.5 The Northern Sea Route: Towards an Initial ``Precautionary Anti-piracy Approach´´? -- 5.6 Towards a Regional Maritime Security Regime in the Arctic? -- 5.7 The Content of the Regional Arctic Anti-criminal Agreement: Further Options -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: (Research): Microplastics in the Arctic Benthic Fauna: A Case Study of the Snow Crab in the Pechora Sea, Russia.