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Abstract
This article examines how individual police officers in China interpret and justify the use of excessive force on social media through their WeChat Subscription Accounts (WSAs). Existing research examines how the police department uses social media to justify deadly force, but overlooks individual officers' online justifications. Adopting a critical discourse analysis approach, this study analyses 211 articles commenting on a prominent case of police violence in China. The findings shed light on the online voice of Chinese frontline officers, revealing an ideology that defends the use of excessive force. The articles published in WSAs displayed strong empathy towards the involved officer; contested the characterization of the incident as police brutality by police officials, the public, and the media; and employed various strategies to justify the officer's actions. The discussion section expands on these findings by drawing comparisons to justifications in the United States, emphasizing the distinctive dynamic between individual officers' online expression and official police discourse in China, and offering insights for scholars examining online expression and digital nationalism in the Chinese context.

Although the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China has provided procedures for pre-trial preparation, such procedures have serious defects based on current legislative and judicial situations. Therefore, they are unable to perform appropriate functions. We therefore analyzed the defects pretrial procedures and discussed a possible reformation of pre-trial procedures based on the successful experiences in other countries and actual conditions in China. Key words: Pre-trial procedure; Time limit for the burden of proof; The exchange of evidence Résumé le code de la procédure civile chinoise a défini les préparations de la procédure civile avant l'audiance au tribunal. Cependant, vu les conditions actuelles en matière de la législation et de la juridicition, cette procédure demeure gravement défaillante sans pouvoir fonctionner correctement. Le présent document anaylyse les défauts existants dans les préparations de la procédure civile préalable chinoise. Compte tenu des conditions actuelles de la Chine et avec les expériences utiles étrangères, le présent document met en avant la discussion sur les préparations préalable de la procédure civile de la Chine. Mots-clés: Procédure civile préaable; Délai pour l'échange de preuves provisoire des procédures d'une preuv; Echange d'épreuves

With the escalation of the science and technology war against China, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) continues to expand its powers with the support of Congressional legislation, and plays an increasingly important role in the science and technology war against China. The committee strictly restricts Chinese technology companies' investment in the United States by means of routine review, case tracing, whitelisting, and long-arm jurisdiction, preventing China from acquiring advanced American technology through investment channels in the United States, so as to curb China's high-tech development and maintain American technological hegemony. The goal of CFIUS's review of Chinese companies' investment in the United States has shown trends such as generalization of security, joint action, focus on emerging fields, and strengthening of law enforcement capabilities China should pay attention to the scope of CFIUS expansion and behavioral trends, and take corresponding countermeasures to avoid and reduce investment risks in the United States.

This article first classifies the characteristic language in Chinese "scar literature" as character-specific vocabulary, object-specific vocabulary, behavior-specific vocabulary, and characteristic slogans, then summarizes their characteristics: the use of numbers, color words, exaggeration, and abbreviations. On the material of several Chinese works of art and translated texts in Russian.

Local institutions have long been regarded as key drivers of economic development. However, little is known about the role of institutions in preparing places to cope with public health crises and pandemics. This paper sheds light on how the nature of a local institution, city autonomy, influenced variations in the incidence of the Black Death —possibly the worst pandemic ever recorded— across cities in Western Europe between 1347 and 1352. We examine urban autonomy not only because it represented a major political shift in medieval times, but because, more importantly, it also represents a key prototype of modern political institution. By exploiting data on the spatial variation of Black Death's mortality rates and duration using OLS and 2SLS methods, we uncover that city autonomy reduced mortality rates by, on average, almost 10 percent. Autonomous cities were in a better position to adopt swift and efficient measures against the pandemic than those governed by remote kings and emperors. This relationship has been confirmed by a series of placebo tests and robustness checks. In contrast, there is no evidence to suggest that city autonomy was a factor in reducing the duration of the pandemic in European cities.

AbstractWe consider the policy mixes of three categories of energy regulation policies in China: renewable energy law (mandatory policy), low‐carbon city pilot (voluntary policy), and carbon emissions trading system (market‐based policy). The mix of mandatory, voluntary, and market‐based policies mitigates 4.359 million metric tons of carbon emissions. Voluntary and market‐based energy policies work, while mandatory policy fails due to rent‐seeking by local officials. Policy mixes are more effective in undeveloped and politically average regions than in developed and politically rich ones. Government attention, industrial structure, and green innovation are the economic mechanisms; consistency, coherence, credibility, and comprehensiveness are the policy mechanisms. Our study highlights that policy category, rather than policy quantity, matters more in determining policy effect.

AbstractCollaboration is a commonly prescribed method of public service improvement. If collaboration fails, blame is typically ascribed to transaction costs, organizational inertia, or premature evaluation. However, drawing on a notable case of collaborative failure in England, we show that misdiagnosing public service problems as being of a type likely to be cured by joint working can also generate poor results, and belongs conceptually prior to many "go‐to" explanations of failure. Using stacked difference‐in‐difference estimators on 11 years of performance data relating to subnational tax administration, we show that inter‐municipal cooperation produced no cost or quality improvements in the administration of this public service, contrary to reformer expectations. Supplementary testing attributes this failure less to governance problems, inertia, or precipitate evaluation than to a basic lack of interdependence—the specific "problem" to which collaboration is the "solution"—between partnering councils. Having already exhausted scale economies internally, partners experienced no mutual reliance warranting their attempt to further economize through collaborative tax administration.

AbstractAt present, many studies have used social survey methods to explore UK water citizens' perceptions of the water sector's water services, but there are few more targeted and systematic studies. This paper mainly displays the perceptions of UK water citizens on water services in the water sector in recent years and analyses the main reasons for different perceptions and possible strategies. We conduct extensive research from four aspects that are highly related to water services: water citizens' perceptions of the water supply services and technology application (infrastructure construction) provided by the water sector; the state of communication between the water sector and water citizens and their perceptions of water supply management; water citizens' perceptions of the comprehensive utilisation of water resources in the water sector; water citizens' perceptions of the water prices set by the water sector. These discussions aim to discover citizens' perceptions of the water sector and the effects on the public participation mechanism. These insights help attract the water sector's attention so that the public's opinions can genuinely support water policymakers and provide sure support for the water sector to formulate corresponding solutions.