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The aim of this dissertation is to contribute to the discussion on the effects of public inputs, goods and services (PIGS) on households' and firms' location decision. This work contributes to the debate providing greater insights on the empirical effects of PIGS on spatial mobility using detailed data for Germany. Chapter 2 assesses the short and long run impact of local grammar schools on employment in East German municipalities and finds evidence in favor of a 9% decrease in residential employment (those who work where they live) in locations with a low share of out-commuters and a reduction of house prices by 7% to 11% for all locations types if the only grammar school was closed. For the long-run since 1990, the empirical strategy estimates a 110% higher population and 70% higher house prices in municipalities with a grammar school in 2008 and high commuting costs. The effects in municipalities with low-commuting costs are 60% and 20% respectively. These results suggest that e.g. grammar schools, and thus public goods can play a substantial role for the spatial distribution of people and employment. More importantly, it demonstrates that increasing centralization of public goods in rural areas fortifies the trend in urbanization. Chapter 3 determines the effect of PIGS provision on firm foundation and location choices. Using data for West Germany it tests the implications of a theoretical model for firms' location choice and identifies a negative effect of taxation and a positive effect of PIGS provision in the considered municipality. On top, the effect of an increase in neighbors tax rate and PIGS spending is positive supporting the notion of tax competition and spillover effects for PIGS between neighboring municipalities. Chapter 4 contributes to the previous chapter analyzing the sensitivity of firm foundations to changes in local taxation and PIGS provision when firms benefit from localization economies. While the former chapter depicts increasing attractiveness of locations with increasing provision of PIGS, an empirical setup shows that localization economies reduce the sensitivity of firm foundations to changes in location characteristics. The last chapter analyzes the impact of partisan politics on the local level in West Germany. Using three different estimation frameworks (Fixed Effects Regression, Regression Discontinuity Design and Instrumental Variable Regression) it does find evidence for mild partisan politics at best.

Using indicators to further implementation of Responsible Research and Innovation is a cornerstone in EC policymaking and generally seen as a good practice. The RRI-Practice project provides evidence that using indicators is far from unproblematic. Where indicators may have advantages, we provide evidence that indicators may cause outright resistance to RRI and may be seen as curbing learning. Indicator use vary considerably along national norms, and organizational cultures. It is important to use indicators that facilitate learning processes, use measurements that further, rather than curb, RRI, and take up as few resources as possible with respect to reporting. We further show that evaluations, which include users, are a viable alternative to indicators with respect to implementation of responsible research and innovation. Additionally, if national funding providers are to employ indicators, indicators need to be sanctioned by higher level governance actors. We finish with practical advice on working with indicators. ; publishedVersion

This article explores the diffusion of trust-based management (TBM) and how trust-based management affects trust between managers and employees, as well as organizational results. The idea of trust-based management stems from reforms in Copenhagen municipality in 2012 and has since spread to the public sector in Norway and Sweden. Trust-based management is perceived by many as an innovation and as different from traditional governance and control. There have recently been some studies of trust-based management in Denmark and Sweden, but so far there are few empirically based studies of trust-based management beyond case studies. This analysis uses survey data from 143 managers and employees in public sector organizations in Norway and the article is the first analysis of the diffusion of trust-based management and its impact on organizational performance in Norway. The results indicate that there has been little change in trust-based management in recent years, and municipalities seem to have more trust-based management than central government organizations. Multivariate analyses with PLS-SEM show that increased trust-based management is positively related to organizational performance directly as well as positively related to organizational performance via trust, as expected from theory. ; Denne artikkelen utforsker utbredelsen av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse (TBSL) og hvordan tillitsbasert styring og ledelse påvirker tillit mellom ledere og ansatte og organisasjoners resultater i offentlig sektor i Norge. Idéen om tillitsbasert styring og ledelse springer ut fra reformer i København kommune i 2012 og har siden spredd seg til den offentlige sektoren i Norge og Sverige. Tillitsbasert styring og ledelse blir av mange oppfattet som en innovasjon og forskjellig fra tradisjonell styring og kontroll. Det er nå kommet en del studier av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse i Danmark og Sverige, men det er så langt få empirisk baserte studier av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse utover case-studier. Analysen bruker spørreskjemadata fra 143 ledere og ansatte i offentlig virksomhet, og dette er den første analysen av utbredelsen av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse og dens virkninger i Norge. Resultatene viser at det har vært lite endring i tillitsbasert styring og ledelse de siste årene, og kommunene hadde mer tillitsbasert styring og ledelse enn statlige organisasjoner. Multivariate analyser med PLS-SEM viser at økt tillitsbasert styring og ledelse har en direkte positiv sammenheng med organisasjonsresultater så vel som en positiv indirekte sammenheng med organisasjonsresultater gjennom tillit, som forventet fra teorien.

The paper aims to test whether partisanship affects policy outcomes at the local level. While the literature has presented comprehensive evidence for partisan effects on policy outcomes at the state and federal level, recent findings suggest that partisan effects may be absent at the city and municipality level. Using detailed data on public goods and service spending, we assess the link between the partisanship of local councils and the composition of public good spending of German localities. Firstly, we estimate panel data models assessing whether changes in partisanship impact per-capita-spending in different spending-categories. Secondly, we investigate whether left-wing or right-wing communities differ in their spending response to exogenous revenue shocks during their legislative term (among others induced by changes of the personal income tax base assigned to communities). Using propensity score matching and weighting, the approach compares responses in comparable municipalities, which differ in the partisan composition of their local council. Based on both strategies, we find moderate partisan effects only.

1. About this report -- 2. General introduction to the RRI-Practice Study. - 3. Organizational Drivers for Responsible Research and Innovation -- 4. Organizational Barriers for Responsible Research and Innovation -- 5. Discussion of key findings in the organisational study -- 6. Overview of national discourse by country -- 7. How national contexts affect the RRI keys and dimensions -- 8. The who, why and how questions and the AIRR dimensions -- 9. Discussion and conclusion on the national comparison. .

This open access book offers a unique and practically oriented study of organisational and national conditions for implementing Responsible Research Innovation (RRI) policies and practices. It gives the reader a thorough understanding of the different aspects of RRI, and of barriers and drivers of implementation of RRI related policies. It shows how different organisational and national contexts provide unique challenges and opportunities for bringing RRI into practice. The book provides concrete examples and offers the reader both a theory-based understanding of the topic, as well as guidance for action. The target audience encompasses, in addition to RRI students and scholars in particular, all students and scholars in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). The book is also of interest to students and scholars in the fields of research ethics, philosophy of science, organisational governance in the research system and organisational theory more generally. Finally, the book is of use to practitioners in research conducting and funding organisations working to implement RRI.