Suchergebnisse

Acknowledgements -- List of illustrations -- Note on the editor -- Notes on the contributors -- Introduction / Cornel Zwierlein -- In parte d'infedeli: a papal informant in Istanbul (1607-1608) / Edoardo Angione -- The album Amicorum of the Athonite monk Theoklitos Polyeidis and the agency of perambulating Greek alms collectors in the Holy Roman Empire (18th Century) / Stefano Saracino -- The great imposture: Eastern Christian rogues and counterfeiters in Rome, c. 17th-19th centuries / Cesare Santus -- Nomads in the early modern republic of letters: the transient correspondents of Henry Oldenburg and the Early Royal Society of London / Iordan Avramov -- Travelling scholastics: the emergence of an empirical normative authority in early modern Spanish America / José Luis Egío -- Johann Heinrich Callenberg's Orient / Simon Mills -- Solomon Negri: the self-fashioning of an Arab Christian in early modern Europe / Paula Manstetten -- From erstwhile captive to cultural erudite: the career of Korean-born Samurai, Wakita Kyūbei / David Nelson -- Stories of Spanish captivity in Istanbul: from trauma to empowerment / Ana M. Rodríguez-Rodríguez -- Between America and the Maghrib: the Marquis of Varinas and the weapons of the exile / Adolfo Polo y La Borda -- In the blind spot of the state: Trieste in the 18th-century trans-imperial Adriatic Society / David Do Paço -- Religious feeling and the construction of a merchant's identity in the Greek trade networks of the late eighteenth century / Maria-Tsampika Lampitsi -- From Bern with love: the spy with a taste for the exquisite in early modern Istanbul / Marloes Cornelissen -- Dispersed things: European merchant households in the Levant / Cornel Zwierlein -- Index.

Over 8,200 large city fires broke out between 1000 and 1939 CE in Central Europe. Prometheus Tamed inquires into the long-term history of that fire ecology, its local and regional frequencies, its relationship to climate history. It asks for the visual and narrative representation of that threat in every-day life. Institutional forms of fire insurance emerged in the form of private joint stock companies (the British model, starting in 1681) or in the form of cameralist fire insurances (the German model, starting in 1676) They contributed to shape and change society, transforming old communities of charitable solidarity into risk communities, finally supplemented by networks of cosmopolite aid. After 1830, insurance agencies expanded tremendously quickly all over the globe: Cultural clashes of Western and native perceptions of fire risk and of what is insurance can be studied as part of a critical archaeology of world risk society and the plurality of modernities

Large city fires were a huge threat in premodern Central European every-day life; only quite late, institutional forms of fire insurances emerged as a post-disaster instrument of damage recovery. During the nineteenth century, insurance agencies spread through the World forming a plurality of modernities, safe or unsafe.

Die Frühe Neuzeit ist die Zeit der Umgestaltung Europas, der Transformation politischer Herrschaft, von Wirtschaft, Kultur und Wissenschaft und der globalen Vernetzung. Politische Theorie, von Machiavelli, über Bodin, Hobbes und Locke bis zu namenlosen Autoren von handschriftlichen Gutachten, Kameralismus-Kompendien und merkantilistischen Kleinschriften prägten diese Prozesse. Das Buch führt Studierende vom Bachelor- bis zum Master-Niveau anspruchsvoll und zugleich verständlich in diese faszinierende frühneuzeitliche Welt ein.

2 Religion: Empires Ignoring, Learning, Forgetting ReligionsEntangling Powers of Non-Knowledge between West and East (Greek Church, Samaritans, Phoenicians); English Chaplains versus French State Catholicism: Conditions and Functions of Non-Knowledge Communication; Comparison and Conclusion; 3 History: How to Cope with Unconscious Ignorance; The Forgotten Arabic Middle Ages; Growing Awareness; Structure Replaces Content; Standardization and Spatialization; Conclusion; 4 Science: Mediterranean Empires and Scientific Unknowns; From Avicenna to the Queries of the Royal Society (1692).

Die Studie untersucht Umfang und Wahrnehmung grosser Brandkatastrophen der Vormoderne sowie die Entwicklung des Versicherungsprinzips und der Feuerversicherung vom 15. bis ins 19. Jahrhundert. In der Vormoderne stellten Stadtbrände eine der grösstmöglichen Katastrophen überhaupt dar: Sie vernichteten alles Hab und Gut, brannten Städte bis auf den Grund nieder und markierten zugleich die Grenzen der Beherrschbarkeit der Natur. Feuerversicherungen waren seit dem 17. Jahrhundert als Vorläufer heutiger Versicherungsgiganten die frühesten Formen institutioneller serieller Katastrophenbeobachtung. Cornel Zwierlein verfolgt Umfang, Charakter und Wahrnehmung grosser Brandkatastophen der Vormoderne, die Entwicklung des Versicherungsprinzips und der Feuerversicherung in Deutschland und England von der Frühzeit im 15. bis in die Hochzeit der Globalisierung im 19. Jahrhundert, von Istanbul über Kalkutta/Bombay bis in die USA. Die Studie liefert damit einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Katastrophen- und Sicherheitsgeschichte.

"Over 8,200 large city fires broke out between 1000 and 1939 CE in Central Europe. Prometheus Tamed inquires into the long-term history of that fire ecology, its local and regional frequencies, its relationship to climate history. It asks for the visual and narrative representation of that threat in every-day life. Institutional forms of fire insurance emerged in the form of private joint stock companies (the British model, starting in 1681) or in the form of cameralist fire insurances (the German model, starting in 1676). They contributed to shape and change society, transforming old communities of charitable solidarity into risk communities, finally supplemented by networks of cosmopolite aid. After 1830, insurance agencies expanded tremendously quickly all over the globe: Cultural clashes of Western and native perceptions of fire risk and of what is insurance can be studied as part of a critical archaeology of world risk society and the plurality of modernities"--

European merchants in their factories ('nations') in the Eastern Mediterranean under Ottoman rule were not really colonizers; in early modern times, they were somehow privileged guests. However, they deserve an important part in a long-term history of types of 'close distance' and forms of segregational coexistence. Different from recent studies that stress a strong overall interaction, understanding, sharing, and exchange between Europeans and Ottoman subjects, it is proposed to distinguish three levels: (1) The daily commercial interaction of Western Europeans with their Ottoman counterparts; (2) the stronger involvement in some politico-religious struggles (the 1724 schism in the patriarchate of Antioch serves as example): also here, one has still to distinguish between real interest in the religious cause and other activities as credit lending; (3) the care for and maintenance by the Europeans of their own Western national culture abroad: these cultural activities served more to (eventually unconsciously) perform 'boundary work' and to close up the 'nation'. These early modern forms of close distance and segregation were only isomorphic but not homologous with later highly conscious colonial and modern imperial forms of contact between 'West' and 'East' as in the nineteenth-century European settlements in Istanbul.

L'ambito della storia della sicurezza è cresciuto rapidamente negli anni recenti – nonostante appaia ancora quello meno indagato all'interno dell'ampio contesto interdisciplinare degli studi sulla sicurezza. L'articolo cerca di disegnare un schizzo dello stato dell'arte, sottolineando tre aspetti: in primo luogo, una (tuttora assente) storia della sicurezza di età rinascimentale – la storia dell'iniziale concetto di sicurezza collettiva transterritoriale sviluppato nell'ambito del sistema degli Stati italiani del Quattrocento; in secondo luogo, lo sviluppo della sicurezza come principio guida dell'amministrazione interna allo Stato soprattutto nell'Europa continentale nei secoli XVII e XVIII; in terzo luogo, le sfide di una storia della sicurezza ambientale come storia delle relazioni transterritoriali e transnazionali tra economie politiche, natura e volontà di fornire sicurezza (a esseri umani, Stati, imperi).

A l'edat moderna, les relacions dels estats europeus amb l'Imperi otomà i el món mediterrani es caracteritzaven per una complexa xarxa de consolats que gaudien de privilegis atorgats mitjançant capitulacions pel sultà o els deys i beys nord-africans. La qüestió de la «seguretat» era sobretot entesa com a tranquil·litat en la pràctica lliure dels negocis i del comerç. La transformació d'aquesta situació entre finals del segle XVIII i fins aproximadament 1840 es caracteritza per una complexa superposició de continuïtat i ruptura entre les realitats de l'època moderna i les de la contemporània: la infraestructura del sistema consular va persistir durant molt de temps, mentre que la invasió d'Egipte (1797), les guerres napoleòniques, la guerra d'independència grega (iniciada el 1822) i la invasió d'Algèria (1830) van canviar profundament la regió. «Seguretat», de la manera que la van concebre polítics liberals com Chateaubriand, Benjamin Constant i Jeremy Bentham, es va convertir en un terme central per ordenar les noves realitats emergents en termes de política nacional i internacional. Al mateix temps, mentre la invasió de Grècia pels aliats europeus podria ser concebuda com la primera intervenció humanitària moderna, un tipus d'intervenció militar semblant a Algèria es concep com el primer acte modern de colonització amb ús de forces militars per part de França. Aquesta dialèctica entre les dues cares de l'intervencionisme sota diferents etiquetes com a excepció en les regles del sistema de relacions internacionals posteriors al Congrés de Viena produïa noves concepcions sobre la seguretat dins i fora del Mediterrani. ; In early modern times, European international relationships with the Ottoman Empire and in the Mediterranean were characterized by a complex system of consular networks privileged by the sultan or the North-African deys and beys by way of capitulations. Security was mostly addressed in terms of safety for the free practice of trade and commerce. The transformation of this situation between the late eighteenth century until around 1840 is characterized by complex entanglements of continuity and rupture between early modern and modern realities: the infrastructure of the consular system persisted for a long time, while the invasion of Egypt (1797), the continental Napoleonic Wars, the Greek War of Independence (starting 1822) and the invasion of Algeria (1830) were profoundly changing the region. «Security», as conceived by liberal men of politics like Chateaubriand, Benjamin Constant and Jeremy Bentham, became a central term to order the emerging new realities in terms of state and international politics. At the same time, while one conceives of the European allies' invasion of Greece as perhaps the first modern humanitarian intervention, more or less the same type of military intervention in Algeria is conceived of as France's first modern act of colonization by military forces. This dialectic of the two-sided face of interventionism under different labels as an exception from the rules of the post-Vienna system of international relations was producing new conceptions of security in and of the Mediterranean. ; En la Edad Moderna las relaciones de los Estados europeos con el Imperio otomano y el mundo mediterráneo se caracterizaron por una compleja red de consulados que gozaron de privilegios otorgados mediante capitulaciones del sultán o de los deys y beys del norte de África. La cuestión de la «seguridad» era entendida sobre todo como tranquilidad en la práctica libre de los nego- cios y del comercio. La transformación de esta situación entre principios del siglo XVIII hasta aproximadamente 1840 se caracterizó por un complejo entre- lazamiento de continuidad y ruptura entre las realidades de la época moderna y las de la contemporánea: la infraestructura del sistema consular persistió durante un largo tiempo, mientras que la invasión de Egipto (1797), las guerras napoleónicas, la guerra de independencia griega (iniciada en 1822) y la invasión de Argelia (1830) cambiaron profundamente la región. «Seguridad», tal como la concibieron hombres de política liberales como Chateaubriand, Benjamin Constant y Jeremy Bentham, se convirtió en un término central para ordenar las nuevas realidades emergentes en términos de política nacional e internacional. Al mismo tiempo, mientras que la invasión de Grecia por los aliados europeos podría ser concebida como la primera intervención humanitaria, una intervención militar parecida en Argelia se concibe como el primer acto de colonización con uso de fuerzas militares por parte de Francia. Esta dialéctica entre las dos caras del intervencionismo bajo diferentes etique- tas —como excepción en las reglas del sistema de relaciones internacionales posteriores al Congreso de Viena— produjo nuevas concepciones de la seguridad dentro y fuera del Mediterráneo.