Suchergebnisse

Most cities enjoy some autonomy over how they tax their residents, and that autonomy is typically exercised by multiple municipal governments within a given city. In this chapter, we document patterns of city-level taxation across countries, and we review the literature on a number of salient features affecting local tax setting in an urban context. Urban local governments on average raise some ten percent of total tax revenue in OECD countries and around half that share in non-OECD countries. We show that most cities are highly fragmented: urban areas with more than 500,000 inhabitants are divided into 74 local jurisdictions on average. The vast majority of these cities are characterized by a central municipality that strongly dominates the remaining jurisdictions in terms of population. These empirical regularities imply that an analysis of urban taxation needs to take account of three particular features: interdependence among tax-setting authorities (horizontally and vertically), jurisdictional size asymmetries, and the potential for agglomeration economies. We survey the relevant theoretical and empirical literatures, focusing in particular on models of asymmetric tax competition, of taxation and income sorting and of taxation in the presence of agglomeration rents.

Instead, the book applies certain systems-theoretical concepts-cycles, stocks and flows, leverage points, dynamics and feedback loops-to cities and communities (these two are consistently conflated throughout) in an attempt to show how city planning and local governance can produce sustainable urban development.

Once it was difficult to see end of life care beyond conventional medical intervention, but hospice and palliative care introduced a more holistic approach, providing quality of life for the dying and their families. This ground-breaking work takes end-of-life care beyond these palliative boundaries, describing a public health vision that involves whole communities adopting a compassionate approach to dying, death and loss. Written by a leading academic in the field of death and bereavement, this text outlines the historical, political and conceptual basis of compassionate cities, providing a

"Building on the second volume of Univer-Cities: Strategic View of the Future — From Berkeley and Cambridge to Singapore and Rising Asia edited by Anthony SC Teo and published in 2015, this third edition presents 12 chapters weaving the dilemmas of strategy and leadership in one of humanity's beloved institutions, the university (with a long view strategy) and the city (a relatively shorter one). Based on the 2016 Univer-Cities conference hosted by the University of Newcastle, contributors of this volume reflect on the deliberations made by the conference participants, including academic leaders from University of Cambridge and University of California, Berkeley, urban architects, policy planners, and public office holders. The book hopes to engage the universities' top leadership in addressing accusations of elitism by re-societalisation of the varsities with their eco-system. Often criticised for being unresponsive to the pressing and accumulating problems faced by cities and societies, more can be done for universities to exert their socio-economic benefits and contribute to the progress of humankind. It is a call for academic elites to integrate basic research with the universities' strengths in medical disciplines for community advancement, urban planning, innovation systems and regional economic growth."--

Rationale for ethical cities -- The right to the city -- Ethics and the city -- Who shapes the ethical city? -- Assessment of the ethical city -- Competitive, liveable and fragile cities -- Relentless disruption -- Building ethical cities -- Transitioning to ethical cities.

Sanctuary policies first emerged in the 1980s as a response to the Reagan administration's denial of asylum claims for refugees from Guatemala and El Salvador. In response to a growing refugee crisis, and the fear that many of those who were being denied asylum faced persecution and death in their country of origin, churches and synagogues began offering "sanctuary" to refugees from these countries, based on ancient religious tradition. The Sanctuary Movement, as it came to be known, led a number of cities to adopt city resolutions in solidarity beginning in 1983, marking the birth of the sanctuary city. These policies forbade local officials from inquiring into the immigration status of residents and often criticized the Reagan administration's refugee policies. Today, the scope of sanctuary policies has expanded, and they may not only bar local officials from collecting information on immigration status, but also include a refusal to honor immigration detainers from Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), which are issued by ICE to request that local authorities hold immigrants until they can be taken into federal custody for deportation proceedings. Most sanctuary policies in the United States were passed during three periods. The first ran from 1983 to 1989, with the policies passed in response to the Central American refugee crisis. The September 11 attacks and the subsequent immigration crackdown and passage of policies like Secure Communities would lead to more policies being passed between 2001 and 2012. Lastly, the presidency of Donald Trump led to more declarations based on the administration's crackdown on undocumented immigration. At the same time, an anti-sanctuary movement materialized for the first time at both the federal and state level that sought to either prevent further declarations or to attach penalties to sanctuary policies. One example is Texas's SB 4, which in 2017 introduced state-wide bans on these policies and allows for fines and removal from office for officials who do not comply with federal immigration policy. The Trump administration itself sought to deny federal grants to sanctuary jurisdictions, something that had been floated in the past by Republican presidential candidates like Fred Thompson but had never been attempted by previous administrations. The rhetoric of the Trump administration on sanctuary policies, as well as the media coverage of the 2015 accidental shooting of Kathryn Steinle in San Francisco by an undocumented immigrant led to more coverage of the topic than at any other point in history. This in turn led to increased scholarship, which continues, as researchers look to connect the Sanctuary Movement to modern sanctuary cities; to examine the effects of media framing of these policies; to analyze the causes of public support or opposition; to explore the legality of sanctuary and anti-sanctuary legislation; and to document the effects these policies have on the incorporation of immigrant communities and crime rates in sanctuary cities.

The promise of competitiveness and economic growth in so-called smart cities is widely advertised in Europe and the US. The promise is focussed on global talent and knowledge economies and not on learning and innovation. But to really achieve smart cities - that is to create the conditions of continuous learning and innovation - this book argues that there is a need to understand what is below the surface and to examine the mechanisms which affect the way cities learn and then connect together. This book draws on quantitative and qualitative data with concrete case studies to show how networks already operating in cities are used to foster and strengthen connections in order to achieve breakthroughs in learning and innovation. Going beyond smart cities means understanding how cities construct, convert and manipulate relationships that grow in urban environments. Cities discussed in this book - Amman, Barcelona, Bilbao, Charlotte,Curitiba, Juarez, Portland, Seattle and Turin - illuminate a blind spot in the literature. Each of these cities has achieved important transformations, and learning has played a key role, one that has been largely ignored in academic circles and practice concerning competitiveness and innovation.

In this article, we analyze different approaches to the term global city and reveal the process of formationof this phenomenon in social sciences. We consider the specifics of such concepts as a global city, aworld city, town information, a creative city. The global city is seen as a factor of influence on the socioeconomicprocesses of the modern world, which determines the impact depending not only on the size ofthe city. The modern urban development goal - to become visible on the world map of politics, economy,allowing the city to develop, involving active and creative actors in their own space. This article discussesthe methods and mechanisms that contribute to changes in the urban space by different examples. Theinstability, volatility of urban space, the dependence on a huge number of factors and side effects ofdecisions are the main problems of the modern management of urban space. For the world city, as asystem that defines and forms these processes, the author introduces the concept of a control point, whichis a landmark, setting the direction of development and changing the dynamics of socio-cultural space.

"Combining elements of sustainable and resilient cities agendas, together with those from social justice studies, and incorporating concerns about good governance, transparency and accountability, the book presents a coherent conceptual framework for the ethical city, in which to embed existing and new activities to guide local action. Readers from across physical and social sciences, humanities and arts, as well as across policy, business and civil society will find that the application of ethical principles is key to the pursuit of socially inclusive urban futures and the potential for cities and their communities to emerge from national and global challenges"--

The right‐sizing concept in planning practice is a relatively new concept in contrast to previous orientations of planned growth. Right‐sizing recognizes that some shrinking cities will continue to shrink and it would be advantageous for these cities to plan for this shrinkage. One of the key indicators of success of a planned effort, such as right‐sizing, is city fiscal health. This article includes a multiple case analysis of five cities which are shrinking and right‐sizing. The purpose of the cases is to highlight the right‐sizing conception of planning and any possible linkages right‐sizing has with fiscal health.

This chapter presents readers with an opportunity to engage with the concept of uncertainty through the lens of cities and urbanism. Operating within an environment of profound uncertainty relating to the future of humanity, contemporary cities present divergent narratives of hope and despair. They are chronically underfunded and over-burdened, home to deeply divided communities and decrepit infrastructure, and struggling with chaotic unplanned growth and chronic pollution. Yet they have the capacity to assemble social, material and technical actors and relations in novel, experimental and collaborative ways so as to respond to these emergent challenges. These insights lead us to the question, what can we learn from cities about living with, planning and governing uncertainty? The contributing authors answer this question by presenting five perspectives on urban uncertainties. Ranging from looking at the street level and ordinary uncertainty to looking at the governing of uncertain technological futures, to discussing the ethical outcomes of governmental solutions to climate change, the authors excavate the varying ways in which uncertainty stimulates experimental forms of urban development and governance, and with what social and political implications. They conclude with optimism: if a progressive, equitable and ethical socio-political milieu is fostered in cities, it is possible to effectively tackle urban challenges in uncertain cities.