Suchergebnisse

U radu se analizira životno i književno djelovanje slavonskog preporoditelja Matije Antuna Relkovića (1732.-1798.) i analizira njegov Satyr iliti divji čovik u kontekstu preporodnih kretanja u Slavoniji toga vremena. Donose se ključni podatci iz Relkovićeva životopisa i posebno obrađuju slovopisna rješenja u Satyru u odnosu na standardizacijske procese u hrvatskom književnom jeziku. Osobito se obraća pažnja na vojne termine koje je Relković posebno obradio i nastojao iz njemačkih izvornika pronaći odgovarajuće hrvatske riječi za njih. ; The paper analyses the life and literary work of Slavonian reformer Matija Antun Relković (1732–1798) and his poem Satyr or the wild man in the context of the reforming movements in Slavonia of that time. The key data from Relković's resume is presented, and Satyr's spelling choices are specially analysed, in relation to standardization processes in the Croatian literary language. Particularly the military terms used, that originated in German expressions for which Relković tried to find the corresponding Croatian words, were specially addressed.

Izrada civilnih topografskih karata tradicionalno nije bila u nadležnosti institucija u Bosni i Hercegovini. Takve karte izrađivane su u Vojno geografskom institutu u Beogradu – vojnoj instituciji Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije. Međutim proizvodnja tzv. osnovnih državnih karata bila je u nadležnosti državnih geodetskih (kartografskih) instituta. Osnovne topografske karte (u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine - FBiH) nisu ažurirane više od 20 godina. Stoga je odlučeno da je umjesto ažuriranja postojećih karata, potrebno izraditi nove topografske karte uz pomoć dostupnih izvora i novih tehnologija. U radu se daje prijedlog za stvaranje nove metodologije izrade osnovne topografske karte u mjerilu 1: 5000 i 1: 10000. Potrebno je naglasiti da je Federalna uprava za geodetske i imovinsko-pravne poslove Bosne i Hercegovine (FGU) inicirala stvaranje osnovnih pretpostavki suvremenog razvoja u području katastra i kartografije donošenjem strategije razvoja katastra i topografskih modela, modela podataka katastra nekretnina i distribucija podataka putem geoportala FGU itd. ; Production of civilian topographic maps is, traditionally, not common in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Such maps were produced by the Military Geographical Institute in Belgrade – military institution of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (ex-YU). However, production of the so-called basic state maps was reserved for civil surveying (cartographic) institutes. Basic topographic maps (in Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina - FB&H) have not been updated for more than 20 years. Due to that fact, it has been concluded that, instead of updating the existing maps, it is necessary to develop new metrology for creating topographic maps by using the available sources and new technologies. This paper provides a proposal for creating a new methodology for developing basic topographic maps at 1:5000 and 1:10000 scales. It is also necessary to emphasise that the Federal Administration for Geodetic and Property Affairs (FGA) initiated the creation of fundamental assumptions for contemporary development in the fields of cadastre and cartography. So, the FGA adopted the development strategies, cadastre and topographic models, established the real estate cadastre database and geoportals, etc.

The 11th Annual Assembly of the Croatian Cartographic Society (CCS) took place at the Hall of the Faculty of Architecture, Geodesy and Civil Engineering, Kačićeva 26 in Zagreb on March 15, 2013. The assembly was led by Prof. Dr. Miljenko Lapaine, the president of CCS.At the beginning Assist. Prof. Dr. Dražen Tutić, the Vice-Dean for education and students greeted everyone in behalf of the Faculty of Geodesy. Afterwards, in the first unofficial part, Colonel Dr. Mladen Pahernik held keynote lecture Military Cartography at Croatian Military Academy.After the lecture there was a discussion during which Dr. Pahernik gladly answered to all given questions. Afterwards, the president of CCS awarded the colonel a monograph Topographic maps on the territory of Cro­atia. Then the president of CCS started the official part of the Assembly with a proposal of agenda:1. Approval of agenda2. Approval of the previous assembly minutes3. President's report about work in 20124. Financial report for 20125. Report of the Supervisory Board6. Work plan for 20137. Financial plan for 20138. Awarding CCS acknowledgments9. Miscellaneous ; Jedanaesta godišnja skupština Hrvatskoga kartografskog društva (HKD) održana je 15. ožujka 2013. s početkom u 12 sati u Vijećnici AGG fakulteta, Kačićeva 26 u Zagrebu. Skupštinu je vodio prof. dr. sc. Miljenko Lapaine, predsjednik HKD-a.Najprije je doc. dr. sc. Dražen Tutić, prodekan za nastavu i studente u ime Geodetskog fakulteta pozdravio sve nazočne. Zatim je u prvom, neslužbenom dijelu, pukovnik dr. sc. Mladen Pahernik održao pozvano predavanje Vojna kartografija na Hrvatskom vojnom učilištu.Nakon predavanja razvila se rasprava u kojoj je dr. Pahernik rado odgovarao na postavljena pitanja. Nakon rasprave predsjednik HKD-a je u znak zahvalnosti pukovniku uručio monografiju Topografske karte na području Hrvatske. Zatim je predsjednik HKD-a otvorio službeni dio godišnje skupštine prijedlogom dnevnog reda:1. Utvrđivanje dnevnoga reda2. Ovjera zapisnika s prethodne Skup­­štine3. Izvještaj predsjednika o radu u 2012. godini4. Financijski izvještaj za 2012. godinu5. Izvještaj Nadzornog odbora6. Plan rada za 2013. godinu7. Financijski plan za 2013. godinu8. Dodjela Zahvalnica HKD-a9. Različito

Osnutak Sbora liečnika kr. Hrvatske i Slavonije sa sjedištem u Zagrebu i Družtva slavonskih liečnika sa sjedištem u Osijeku 874. godine rezultat je složenih društveno - političkih procesa, ali i zamaha na razini hrvatske kulturne integracije. Oblikovanje strukovnoga identiteta podrazumijevalo je sazrijevanje liječnika u kontekstu društvene uloge bez obzira na njihovu regionalnu raspoređenost. Osijek u to vrijeme jača, ne samo kao kao civilno i vojno središte već i kao zdravstveni centar Slavonije. Borba za oživotvorenje samostalnoga strukovnoga udruženja pozicionirala gaje stoga kao ravnopravnoga partnera Zagrebu i kao sredinu sa snažnim potencijalom borbe za reformu zdravstva uvjetovanu angažiranom ulogom liječničke profesije. ; Establishing of Sbor liečnika kr. Hrvatske i Slavonije (The Medical Association of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia) with headquarters in Zagreb and Družtvo slavonskih liečnika (Slavonian Medical Association) with headquarters in Osijek in 1874 was a result of complex social and political processes, but also efforts taken for Croatian cultural integration. Forming a professional identity included maturing of medical doctors in the context of their social role, regardless of their regional position. Osijek was becoming stronger at the time, not only as a civil and military centre, but also as a health centre of Slavonia. With efforts for establishing an independent professional association, Osijek became an equal partner to Zagreb and a place with a strong potential for fighting for a health reform, which mostly depended on doctors' efforts.

Odlikovanja Velike Britanije u Zbirci odlikovanja Hrvatskoga povijesnog muzeja nisu reprezentativna ni brojna. Razumljivo je da nedostaju ordeni starih viteških redova jer su se nakon smrti nositelja ordena dodijeljeni primjerci vraćali kancelarijama redova. Eventualni duplikati tih ordena rijetko se pojavljuju u prodaji, a neprocjenjive su vrijednosti. Potencijalnim kolekcionarima osrednjih financijskih mogućnosti preostaje skupljanje britanskih medalja za zasluge iz 20. stoljeća. Najčešće su to odlikovanja za Prvi i Drugi svjetski rat, medalje za građansku i vojnu službu te jubilarne i spomen-medalje. Većina britanskih odlikovanja Hrvatskoga povijesnog muzeja potječe iz donacije dr. Veljka Malinara, koja je dospjela u muzej nakon njegove smrti 1990. godine. Samo su tri odlikovanja nabavljena tijekom 2002. godine, zamjenom sa zagrebačkim kolekcionarima. ; The collection of British decorations in the Collection of Decorations of the Croatian History Museum is not representative or numerous. It is understandable that there are no old insignia of chivalry because these had to be returned to the offices of the chivalric orders after the death of their bearer. The duplicates of such insignia rarely appear on sale, and are of immense value. Collectors of medium financial means may collect 20th century British medals of merit. These are usually World War I and II orders, civil and military service medals and jubilee memorial medals. Most British decorations in the Croatian History Museum are from the donation of Dr Veljko Malinar, which became part of the museum collection after his death in 1990. Only three decorations were acquired in 2002, by exchange with Zagreb collectors.

Hrvatsko civilno društvo dugi je niz godina polako, ali sigurno, napredovalo u svojoj viziji i cilju. Ulaskom Hrvatske u Europsku Uniju, akterima civilnog društva otvorile su se nove mogućnosti, kako financiranja, tako i realizacije cijelog niza projekata. Osim toga, novootvorenim mogućnostima financiranja različitih projekata i pridavanjem sve većeg značaja priznavanju vještina i znanja stečenih neformalnim učenjem (Crnčić Sokol i Kostanjčar Suljada, 2009, 95), otvara se put za primjenu sociološke perspektive, teorije i metodologije na novo područje validacije i evaluacije vještina i znanja stečenih neformalnim te informalnim obrazovanjem. Ovaj se rad, stoga, usmjerava na razmatranje implikacija razvoja projekata neformalnog obrazovanja čiji su nositelji upravo udruge civilnog društva. Probleme formalnog priznavanja vještina i znanja stečenih neformalnim kanalima obrazovanja stavlja u prvi plan. U fokusu se rada nalazi metodološki problem mjerenja učinka projekata neformalnog obrazovanja na sudionike. Koristeći se kvantitativnom metodologijom (te strukturiranim upitnikom kao mjernim instrumentom) istraživanje je dizajnirano kao kvazi-eksperimentalno istraživanje. Glavnu istraživačku strategiju predstavlja akcijsko evaluacijska ideja s ciljem mjerenja i jasnog evaluiranja promjena koje su se dogodile kod sudionika projekta BeAlive 2014 u odnosu na specifične ciljeve samog projekta, što rezultira otvaranjem metodološke rasprave o načinima evaluacije, validacije i mjerenja promjena te učinaka projekata neformalnog obrazovanja. ; Croatian civil society has for many years, slowly but surely, advanced in its vision and purpose. Due to the Croatian accession to the European Union, the civil society has acquired new possibilities for funding and implementation of a wide range of projects. In addition to these, the increasing importance of recognizing the skills and knowledge gained informally (Crnčić Sokol and Kostanjčar Suljada, 2009, 95), opened the way for the application of sociological perspectives, theories and methodology to a new research area; the validation and evaluation of the skills and knowledge gained through non-formal and informal education. This paper, therefore, focuses on the implications of the development of non-formal education projects within civil society. The paper firstly addresses the problems with formal recognition of the skills and knowledge acquired through alternative channels of education. The focus of the work is the methodological problem of measuring the impact of non-formal education projects and programs on the participants/users. Using quantitative methodology (and structured questionnaire as a measuring instrument), the research was designed as a quasi experimental study. Action-evaluation design represented the main research strategy with the idea of assessing and clearly evaluating changes that the BeAlive 2014 project participants experienced, in relation to the specific project objectives and goals. This resulted in opening a methodological discussion on the ways to evaluate, validate and measure the changes and effects of non-formal education projects.

Članak donosi rezultate empirijskog istraživanja o odnosu lokalnog stanovništva prema potencijalnoj izgradnjiterminala za ukapljeni plin (LNG) pored naselja Omišalj na otoku Krku, 2006. godine na uzorku od 240ispitanika.Analizom rezultata autorica odgovara na tri postavljena pitanja: da li je lokalno stanovništvo spremno na aktivanangažman u svezi projekta LNG; koji su uvjeti stanovništva za moguće prihvaćanje izgradnje terminala;kakav je angažman lokalnog stanovništva u političkim strankama i udruženjima građana.Rezultati su pokazali da je trećina ispitanika potpuno pasivna dok je relativno mali postotak ispitanika spremansuprotstaviti se izgradnji (15,8%) ili pak uz neku osobnu korist (13,3%). Postoji spremnost da se prihvatiizgradnja LNG terminala pod uvjetom da se time ne zagađuje more - Kvarnerski zaljev (72%) i neugrožava turizam (67%).Najveći broj ispitanika angažiran je u sportskim udrugama (11%), zatim udrugama civilnog društva a najmanjiu političkim strankama (ispod 5%). Rezultati se analiziraju s obzirom na sociodemografska obilježjaispitanika.Autorica zaključuje da su slabi lokalni potencijali civilnog društva. ; Results of empirical research (survey) about local population's relation toward possible building of LNG terminal near byOmišalj on the island Krk are presented in this paper. Survey was conducted during the year 2006, on the occasionalsample of local population (N=240).Through results analysis author is answered on three standing questions: (1) about local population's readiness for activeengagement considering LNG project, (2) about local population's specific conditions for possible acceptance of LNGterminal building, (3) about local population's engagement in political parties and associations of citizens.Results are showed that one third of examinees are totally passive, while relatively small percent of them is ready to standagainst building of LNG terminal (15, 8%), or will be trying to gain some personal benefit from it (13, 3%). There is areadiness for LNG terminal's acceptance, but under conditions that this building would not pollute the sea –Kvarner Bay(72, 0%) and would not jeopardize tourism (67, 0%).The majority of local population is included in sports associations (11, 0%), then in civil society associations, andminority is included in political parties (below 5, 0%). Results were also analyzed considering basic socio-demographiccharacteristics.Among other things, author concluded that local potentials for civil society are weak.

Politički savjetnici obilježje su suvremene državne uprave. Predstavljaju osobe koje temeljem imenovanja prema nedefiniranim kriterijima pružaju savjete ministru ili premijeru u pogledu javnih politika, političkih aspekata i koordinacije ili odnosa s javnošću. Dolaze i odlaze s ministrom, a njihov je status u pravilu nejednako reguliran u pojedinim državama, ako je uopće i reguliran. Javljaju se zbog promjena u upravljanju, potrebe za jačanjem koordinacije, vodstva i strategije kao i odgovora na intenziviranje komunikacija. Dovode do promjena u odnosu između politike i uprave u državnoj upravi, a osnovne zamjerke i nepovjerenje javnosti proizlaze iz netransparentnosti, izostanka regulacije i nedostatka odgovornosti. U radu se razmatraju razlozi zbog kojih politički savjetnici postaju neizostavan dio ministarskih kabineta, analiziraju se pojam, vrste i funkcije političkih savjetnika te opisuju posljedice i ključni elementi koncepta. Naglašava se važnost uređenja statusa političkih savjetnika i transparentnosti radi osiguravanja ostvarivanja javnog interesa i povjerenja javnosti u institucije. ; These days political advisors are indispensable to state administration. They are appointed to their positions to advise ministers and the prime minister on public policy, various political aspects and coordination, or on public relations and aspects of communication. Their appointments depend on the minister's term of office. Political advisors are not part of the civil service and different states take different approaches, if any at all, to regulating their status. The need for political advisors arises in conjunction with changes in management, the need to strengthen coordination, leadership and strategy, as well as the need to address a growing intensity of communication. Political advisors constitute a new factor in the dynamic between politicians and civil servants, and they bring about changes in the relationship between politics and administration. They generate a mistrust among the general public, due to a lack of transparency and accountability, as well as the fact that, as a rule, their position is governed by specific regulations, if any at all. Conflict of interest, in particular, is a cause for concern. The paper examines the reasons why political advisors may become key members of ministerial cabinets, analyses the concept of the political advisor and their various types and functions, and describes the consequences and key elements of the concept. Trends in some countries are also included.

Od prvih početaka organizirane zdravstvene zaštite u Osijeku, početkom 18. st. provode se intervencije na razini primame zdravstvene zaštite. Vojne i civilne vlasti organizirale su zdravstvenu skrb tako da bude usmjerena prema zaštiti zdravlja naroda. Na temelju zamisli dr. Andrije Štampara počinju se stvarati institucije i ustanove koje imaju zadaću organizirati zdravstvenu zaštitu cijele populacije (u narodu - za narod). Današnji Dom zdravlja Osijek počinje raditi u zgradi izgrađenoj 1939. godine na lokaciji na kojoj djeluje i danas. Unatoč nizu organizacijskih oblika koji su uslijedili iza Drugoga svjetskog rata Dom narodnog zdravlja značajno povećava obim djelatnosti, povećava se u broju objekata i lokacija na kojima funkcionira. Za vrijeme Domovinskoga rata djelatnost se održava na visokoj razini, a nakon toga Dom zdravlja Osijek postaje čvrsta poluga pružanja primame zdravstvene zaštite u Osijeku i okolici. ; From the very beginnings of organized health care in Osijek, at the beginning of the 18th century, interventions based on primary health care have been implemented. Military and civil authorities organized health care in a way that it included health care of the public. With an idea of Dr. Andrija Štampar institutions and facilities, which had the assignment to organize health care of the whole population (in population - for population) started to form. Today's Health Centre Osijek started with work in a building, which was constructed in 1939 on the location where it is today. In spite of many organizational forms that had followed after the World War II, Public Health Centre has been significantly increasing the scope of work and number of buildings and locations. During the War for Croatian Independence work maintained on a high level, and afterwards Health Centre Osijek has become a steady basis for primary health care in Osijek and its surroundings.

Skautska organizacija na varaždinskoj Gimnaziji bila je utemeljena na inicijativu školskih vlasti početkom Prvog svjetskog rata, neposredno pred početak školske godine 1914./15. Njezina svrha bila je pružanje pomoći pri funkcioniranju vojnih i državnih službi u ratnim uvjetima. Pomažući gradskim i državnim službama, skauti su organizirali dežurstva i kurirsku djelatnost na biciklima. Vojnicima su osiguravali okrjepu pri prolasku kroz Varaždin i snalaženje pri boravku u gradu. Posebno značajna bila je pomoć skauta pri zbrinjavanju ranjenika. Nakon završenog bolničkog tečaja, tijekom prve ratne godine obavezno su pomagali pri prebacivanju ranjenika sa željezničkog kolodvora u bolnice, njegovanju i održavanju kontakata s obiteljima. U svrhu sprečavanja zaraza, prvo je obustavljena njihova pomoć pri zbrinjavanju ranjenika, a do kraja školske godine zamrla je njihova cjelokupna aktivnost. ; The Scout organization that operated in Gimnazija – Varaždin was founded upon the initiative of the educational authorities at the onset of World War I, at the very beginning of school year 1914/1915. Its purpose was to provide help with the operation of military and civil services during war period. By helping municipal and state services, the Scouts organized watches and courier activities on bicycles. They provided soldiers with refreshment while traversing Varaždin, as well as orientation assistance while they were stationed in the town. One of the most crucial services provided by the Scouts was helping wounded soldiers. Upon the completion of a healthcare course, during the first year of the War their basic duty was to assist with the transfer of casualties from the train station to hospitals, as well as to nurture the wounded soldiers and maintain contact with their families. In order to prevent the outbreak of diseases, at first their caretaking activity was discontinued, and by the end of the year their overall activity subsided.

Povijest nastanka i djelovanja građanskih udruga u Lici može se pratiti još od 1835. godine kada je osnovana Narodna čitaonica u Senju. Ipak, tek su krajem 19. stoljeća stvoreni svi preduvjeti za brojnije osnivanje svih vrsta građanskih udruga u Lici te je od tada njihov broj u stalnom povećanju. Iako je nesumnjivo da su razne vrste udruga u Lici svojim djelovanjem pozitivno djelovale na ličko društvo, taj fenomen društvene mikro-povijesti nije bio predmet sveobuhvatnog proučavanja. Ovaj doktorski rad kronološki prati stvaranje prvih građanskih udruga (društava, zaklada, štedionica, klubova i podružnica) u Lici u vrijeme Vojne krajine, njihovo naglo povećanje u vrijeme Ličko-krbavske županije i promjene koje su ih zahvatile u vrijeme Kraljevine Jugoslavije te završava početkom Drugoga svjetskog rata kada su građanske udruge u Lici naglo nestale s povijesne pozornice. U radu je prikazano političko, gospodarsko i kulturno stanje u Lici koje je uvelike utjecalo na brzinu i kvalitetu nastanka novih udruga. Također su obrađene i građanske udruge izvan prostora Like jer je njihova kulturna i ekonomska interakcija bila važan element u razvoju ove regije. Stoga je cilj ovog doktorskog rada po prvi put u našoj historiografiji dati, ne samo sumarni prikaz građanskih udruga, već i razloge, uzroke te posljedice njihovog postojanja na prostoru Like i Senja, a sve u svrhu boljega razumijevanja kompleksnih i nedovoljno razjašnjenih povijesnih procesa u hrvatskoj povijesnoj regiji Lici. ; The beginings of organizations set up in Lika region reaches far into the past, in the time of medieval brotherhoods; however, the first civil organizations in Lika did not arise until the Military Border systems have been abolished and until the break through of the modernization processes that originated in the Civic Croatia. The city of Senj had partially different but also earlier organizations' development. The first known civic organization on the area that has been the subject of this doctoral dissertation was The National Library in the city of Senj, founded in 1835. Withal, this civil organization is the first one in Croatia. In Lika region, the first civil organizations were not founded until the abrogation of the Military Border which, at the same time, has been the starting point for the progression of one of the most important forms of modernization. In the first part of this scientific work, social stratification and differentiation in the everyday life of Lika's residents has been depicted, whereas the usage of an argumented research approach has served to explain complex political, military, economic and other mutual influences between Lika's peasants-soldiers and the authorities that have dominated during that time. Multiple conflicts, unsafe and economically marginalized area, unsettled property laws and so called 'cooperative phenomena' are just a part of the numerous reasons why Lika region has entered Croatian and Habsbourg Monarchy's cultural and social processes relatively late. An emphasis is on the development of education, literacy and culture as basic determinants of future development of the civil organizations. Second major group of the research questions deals with an emersion of the organizations on the Croatian and European area, as a result of new global political processes. This part of the disertation tries to answer the question 'which were the reasons for the organizations' establishment in the first place', so as 'to what extent the organizations have influenced the residents of Wienna, Zagreb and other cities of the Habsbourg Monarchy'? Special emphasis is put on the law regulations, that is, so called 'Imperial Decree' which has helped the organizations to establish and work. Also, this group of the research questions discusses the inherited differences that existed in an administration, mentality and the development itself between the former Military Border and the Civic Croatia. Comparative research has provided an evidence that the development of a new district – Lika-Krbava county – when compared to the other districts, has been minor. Also, the questions that have been the matter of this scientific work were 'which kind of the organizations were there in the first place, 'what is the nature of the organizations' and 'which is the real level on which these organizations have fulfilled their purposes and goals'. This kind of analysis is very important in order to understand Lika's history from the beginning of the 20th century; in this period economic and cultural life of the Lika's residents is highly inflenced by a new regime of the Kingdom of SHS and, later on, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This group of questions especially makes an exception of the city of Senj, as a kind of border exception, but also explains which political and economic circumstances and perplexities resulted in prosperity and stagnation of the city beneath the Nehaj Fortress. The third group of the research questions, using the archive sources of the civil organizations' rules, gives an overview of more than one hundred and fifty civil organizations according to the territorial regions (districts) that existed during the Lika-Krbava county and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This section reveals the purposes, goals and the activities of administrative councils and assemblies of all major civic organizations (associations, clubs, affiliates, commities, foundations) found in the districts that existed during that time – Brinje, Donji Lapac, Gračac, Gospić, Korenica, Otočac, Perušić, Udbina and the cities Senj and Karlobag. In spite of major illiteracy, political and national antagonism and the fact that Lika was at the periphery in the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy, until the beginning of the World War I, a great number of the organizations has been established in Lika region. When talking about this in the first place, we must mention some proffesional societies, libraries, 'falcon' organizations, music organizations and economic organizations, although there were also some historical occurences such as the first theatrical group in Otočac, or one of the oldest tennis clubs in Croatia, the one in Gospić. Thereby, in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, Lika is the region of the numerous changes, but even more is the region of the extreme contradictions. In the same (research) way, the attention has been dedicated to history of Lika's organizations outside Lika's area. Throughout this group of questions not all civic organizations outside Lika have been elaborated, only those whose members actively participated in the development of the possibilities for the future economic prosperity of Lika region. Therefore, this part of the paper tries to show the connection between Lika region and the other parts of the countries that existed during that time, where the descendants of Lika's residents have lived. This scientific work tries to answer the questions of the real connection of Lika's people outside Lika with the real problems which were perceived by them in a different way than by those who remained living in the homeland. The Society of Lika's people in Zagreb was Lika's major emigrant organization which intensively helped its agile members and offered a solution for a hard life in Lika region. The Society for the preservation of the Plitvice Lakes was one of the best known organizations in Croatia, however, its class and narcissistic behaviour could not have been accepted by most of Lika's residents. In spite of individual interests of a great number of members of Lika's civic organizations, what does remain is a constatation that the organizations, especially those whose members were peasants, have obtained a huge success when it comes to development of cooperatives, crafts, agriculture, but also education and culture. Also, what is notecable is the fact that efficiency of the numerous affiliates of federate economic organizations has increased, what leads to the conclusion that the overall progress in Lika was connected with the political and economic centres outside Lika. A key influence onto the organizations' development in Lika was the one by certain individuals such as Buda Budisavljević, Ivan Devčić, Dragutin Trstenjak, Ante Cividini, Ivan Krajač, Ivan Gojtan, Ante Lončarić, so as many other culturaly and publicly known people. In that way, this doctoral thesis has scientificaly confirmed an actual similarity of the associations and organizations in Lika with those in the rest of Croatia, but also that these similarities were, in fact, quite limited. Civic organizations are an important factor in every community, so as, of course, for Lika's identity which is historically saturated in turbulent ways. This work tries to make a contribution not just to better understanding of the civic organizations in Lika, but to contribute to understand the overall environment, that is, the atmosphere in Lika region. This gives new knowledge regarding micro-historical elements of one culture that has been a carrier of social, cultural, political and economic development of the region between the Kapela mountains in the north and South Velebit and the river Zrmanja stream in the south. This doctoral thesis is the first scientific contribution to better understanding of the civic organizations and their importance in the region under consideration. Although this thesis, through the depiction of work of the civic organizations in Lika, has tried to give an answer regarding broader social, political, economic, cultural and religious life of Lika and Senj's residents in the period of turbulent and modernisation processes, some questions remain only partially answerable. If we take into consideration the broadness, possibilities and influence of the organizations, this observation is logical, too. Also, here we can talk about a vast area which makes a closed whole only in certain segments. That is the reason why this overview of the work of the civic organizations in Lika asks for further research attention, especially when it comes to the analysis of economic changes which have occurred in Lika during the second part of the 19th and the first part of the 20th century. In order to accomplish this, besides the archival research, a potential researcher must pay attention to the statistical analysis. Moreover, this scientific work gives just a model of how to evaluate certain types of the civic organizations and how to compare them with the organizations similar to them. Although this doctoral thesis had to be done within a canonical time frame, it will be praiseworthy if we compare the civic organizations in Lika which exist today to those which have existed during the period of Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Of course, this kind of research calls for plenty of time, as well as considerable material assets, hence it can be done sometime in the future. Despite the fact that the tragic events during the World War II lead to the abolition of the civic organizations outside Lika region, the constitution of the Republic of Croatia has created the conditions for the reestablishment of the organizations. Nowadays, more than twenty organizations outside Lika work very actively and responsibly in order to interconnect Lika's emigrants and their descendants with their homeland, from where their ancestors arrived more than one hundred and fifty years ago.

Medicinski centar n Slavonskom Brodu bio je za vrijeme rata u Hrvatskoj pošteđen izravnih razaranja i mogao je u relativno mirnim okolnostima obaviti svoje zadatke u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti i u Bolnici bez većih problema. U tome periodu naša Bolnica bila je najveća pozadinska bolnica u Slavoniji u kojoj su se liječili ranjenici s vinkovačke i novogradiške fronte kao i velik broj prognanika i izbjeglica. Rat u Bosni koji počinje u ožujku 1992. godine širi se na cijelu južnu Slavoniju, Bolnicu u Slavonskom Brodu stavlja u neposrednu blizinu fronte. U dosadaš­ njim napadima na zdravstvene objekte i Bolnicu poginula su 4 čovjeka (od čega dva naša radnika) a troje je ranjeno (od čega su također dva naša radnika). Pričinjena je velika materijalna šteta na bolničkim zgradama kao i ambulantama u selima i u gradu. Žrtve rata i dalje svakodnevno stižu u našu ustanovu. Do sada ih je bilo 5 910 (zaključno s 28. kolovozom 1992.) od čega 665 smrtno stradalih i 5 245 ranjenih. To je naravno samo dio žrtava rata u Posavini, jer znatan broj ranjenih i mrtvih nisu prošli kroz našu ustanovu. Medicinski radnici i ostalo osoblje ove ustanove velikim zalaganjem u teškim okolnostima slijede svjetle primjere drugih ustanova u Hrvatskoj koje su bile u sličnim okolnostima za vrijeme rata u Hrvatskoj, znajući daje to ono najviše što mogu dati u ovoj borbi za slobodu svog naroda. ; Medical tradition in Slavonski Brod is about 300 years old. From the beggining of the 18th century there was in the town Military hospital with pharmacy and mortuary. In the Military hospital civilians were cured as well. After Military Frontier had been abolished Civil hospital was founded. Medical service was organized in so called Medical centre which incorporated all services: primary protection and hospital. The hospital in Slavonski Brod is one of the bigger in Croatia. Before homeland war it contained 800 beds and developed all specialist services. There were modern diagnostics with endoscopic, supersonic vibrations, laboratory, X-rays even computorized tomography services. There were adequate number of experts, too. Out of hospital services are: general medicine, labour medicine, medicine for school children, epidemiology, dentistry and First-aid services. During the homeland war in Croatia, hospital and out-of hospital services didn't bear remarkable destroying and they could work normally behind the front lines in Slavonia. Hard circumstances began with the outburst of the war in Bosnia in March 1992. From this time on the hospital functions only in cellars and works with half a capacity. About 300 beds is always prompt for the needs of war surgery and Intensive care service. All the services of the Primary health prevention of the Medical centre adapted their work to war conditions. The majority of services worked in reserve departments. In majorty of cases they were situated in cellars of children day-care centres in areas out of enemy's reach. Out-of-hospital services were dislocated so that they were nearer to possible patients to lessen the risk of wounding and killing them from enemy gun attacks. Although in difficult conditions, medical staff did all that was needed to give full medical care to patients and other inhabitants of our community. In artillery attacks on the Medical centre four people perished (two of them were our workers) and three were wounded (two were our workers, too). There were big damages on hospital buildings and out ofhospital departments in the town and in the countryside. The victims of the war came every day to Medical centre and up to August 28th, 1992, there were 5910 patients of which 665 perished and 5245 wounded. Of the total number of wounded there were 21,3% civilians, and the percentage of deceased civilians was even bigger. In our town more than 75% dead were civilians and even 20 of them were children younger of 15 years. All that is only a partial number of war victims in Posavina because many wounded and perished were not accepted in our Medical centre.

Koncem 17. i početkom 18. stoljeća dolazi do velikih promjena u skoro svim europskim državama. One su se odrazile na daljnji razvoj viteških vladarskih redova i uvjetovale nastanak redova za vojne zasluge. U Francuskoj, Rusiji, Prusiji i Austriji uspostavljene su apsolutističke monarhije, zasnovane na novoj koncepciji vlasti. Radi ostvarenja svojih političkih ciljeva zaštite i obrane države, odnosno osvajanja tuđeg teritorija, kao i kontinuiteta svoje vlasti, europski apsolutistički vladari organiziraju stalne oružane snage: stajaće najamničke vojske, spremne na brzu intervenciju. Zapovijedanje stajaćom plaćeničkom vojskom prelazi u ruke vladara, koji više nije zavisan o volji i ambicijama svojih vazala. Tako je postignut glavni preduvjet za ostvarenje djelotvorne političke moći. Apsolutistički vladari 17. i 18. stoljeća tražili su načine kako da privežu uza se vojsku i mirno produže svoju vlast. Dodjeljujući vojnim zapovjednicima plemićke titule, novčane nagrade i ordene, a vojnicima novčane nagrade i medalje, zadobili su vlast nad vojskom, a samim tim i nad državom. Vojsku treba stalno stimulirati, ne samo kad dobiva bitke, nego i kad ih gubi, jer se iscrpljena i malodušna vojska može okrenuti protiv svoga gospodara. Jedan od načina stimuliranja vojske jest nagrađivanje hrabrih i sposobnih vojnika jer plaću dobivaju i oni koji nemaju te vrline. Tako su nastale medalje za vojne zasluge, a nešto kasnije i redovi za vojne zasluge. Novi redovi za zasluge više nisu ekskluzivni kao stari viteški redovi koji su bili rezervirani za najviši sloj aristokracije. Liberalizacijom pristupa redu, red prestaje biti institucija i postaje znak; institucija se pomalo gubi, a njezin znak postaje glavna značajka reda. Prvi red za zasluge – Kraljevski i vojnički red sv. Louisa (l'Ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis) osnovao je 5. travnja 1693. francuski kralj Louis XIV. (*1638. – †1715.), u čast zaštitniku Francuske. Glavni uvjet za ulazak u red bio je da je kandidat odlično služio posljednjih deset godina u francuskoj vojsci ili mornarici. Kasnije se taj rok povećao na dvadeset godina. Tako je prvi put časnicima koji nisu bili aristokratskog podrijetla omogućeno da postanu članovima reda. Unatoč svemu, novi se red nije posve oslobodio tradicije. Broj osoba koje su smjele ući u red bio je striktno ograničen. Pristupiti redu mogli su samo časnici katoličke vjere. Red je imao tri stupnja: 1. Veliki križ, 2. Komander, 3. Vitez. Primjer francuskog Reda sv. Louisa slijedile su i druge europske monarhije. Ruski car Petar I. (*1672. - †1725.) osnovao je 30. kolovoza 1698. Red sv. apostola Andrije Prvozvanoga. Pretpostavlja se da je car Petar I. nakon povratka s diplomatske misije po Zapadnoj Europi 1698. godine htio imati viteški red po uzoru na europske redove. Sudeći prema odlikovanim osobama, orden se u početku dodjeljivao za iznimne zasluge za Rusko Carstvo, za vojne podvige ili za građanske zasluge. Godine 1720. car Petar I. odredio je da se odlikovanje dodjeljuje: "jednima kao nagrada za vjernost, hrabrost i razne zasluge učinjene Nama i domovini, a drugima da potaknu sve plemenite i herojske vrline (.)". Orden je imao samo jedan stupanj, a broj vitezova bio je ograničen na dvanaest osoba iz Rusije i dvanaest iz inozemstva, dakle, ukupno na dvadesetčetiri osobe. ; At the end of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century, there were great changes in almost all European countries. This was reflected on the further development of chivalric dynastic orders and led to the creation of orders of military merit. Absolutist monarchies were founded in France, Russia, Prussia and Austria, based on the new concept of ruling. To realise their political goals – the protection and defence of the state, conquest of outside territories, and also the continuity of their rule - European absolutist rulers established permanent armed forces: standing professional armies ready for quick intervention. The standing army was under the command of the monarch, who no longer depended on the will and ambitions of his vassals. This was the main precondition for realising effective political power. The absolutist rulers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries sought ways to tie the army to themselves and to peacefully prolong their rule. By awarding noble titles, prizes in money and orders to the military commanders, and prize money and medals to the soldiers, they gained authority over the army, and thus also over the state. The army needed constant stimulation, not only when it won battles, but also when it lost, because an exhausted and faint-hearted army could turn against its master. One of the ways to stimulate the army was to reward the bravest and ablest soldiers, because even the soldiers who did not have these qualities were paid. This is how military medals of merit were created, and somewhat later also orders of military merit. The new orders of merit were no longer exclusive as were the old chivalric orders, which were reserved for the highest members of the aristocracy. By opening access to the order, it stopped being an institution and became a sign; the institution was slowly lost and its sign became the main characteristic of the order. The first order of merit – the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (l'Ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis), was founded on 5 April 1693 by King Louis XIV (1638-1715) of France in honour of Saint Louis, the patron saint of France. The main condition for being inducted was for the candidate to have given excellent service in the French army or navy in the last ten years. Later that term increased to twenty years. In this way officers who were non-nobles got the chance of becoming members of an order. The order had three degrees: 1. Great Cross, 2. Commander, 3. Knight. Other European monarchies followed the example of the French Order of Saint Louis. The Russian Tsar Peter I (1672-1725) founded the Order of St Andrew the Apostle the First-Called on 30 August 1698. It is thought that Tsar Peter I, after returning from a diplomatic mission in Western Europe in 1698, wanted to have a chivalric order modelled on the European orders. Judging from the persons who received the order, at first it was awarded only for exceptional merit for the Russian Empire, for military feats or for civil merit. The order had only one degree, and the number of knights was limited to twelve from Russia and twelve from abroad, a total of twenty-four persons.

According to the increasing awareness of the importance, advantagesand feasibility of representing/visualizing spatial relations and spatial content through corresponding cartography –maps are becoming increasingly more frequent and elaborate when one needs to represent some aspect of reality from various standpoints: economical, natural scientific or politological. Some contents practically impose the need for applied cartography which is especially true of international-political, military, geopolitical and transport issues. Therefore, mass communication media have been increasingly accepting and adopting specific cartography as significant content which successfully compete with the importance of the text itself – this is the case everywhere, including in Croatia. The French geographical-political-cartographic school is the model and exceptional accomplishment. It also has predecessors in the German/Nazi geopolitical school from the first half of the 20th century. ; U skladu sa sve razvijenijom sviješću o značenju, prednostima i velikoj uvjerljivosti prikazivanja/vizualizacije prostornih odnosa i sadržaja u prostoru putem odgovarajuće kartografije – zemljovidni prikazi postaju sve učestaliji i razrađeniji kada treba dočarati neki oblik stvarnosti i to s vrlo različitih stajališta bilo onog gospodarskog, prirodoslovnog ili politološkog. Pri tome neki sadržaji upravo nameću potrebu postojanja aplikativne kartografije što naročito vrijedi za pitanja međunarodno-političkog, vojnog, geopolitičkog i prometnog značaja i značenja. Zbog toga sredstva masovnih komunikacija sve više prihvaćaju i udomljuju specifičnu kartografiju kao bitne sadržaje koji se u svojoj važnosti uspješno natječu s važnošću samog teksta – tako je svugdje, pa tako i u Hrvatskoj. Pri tome kao na uzor i naročito dostignuće treba ukazati na francusku geografsko-političko-kartografsku školu koja ima i starije preteče i to iz redova njemačke/nacističke geopolitičke škole iz prve polovice 20. st.

Post hladnoratovsko proširenje NATO-a, u dosad provedena dva kruga, predstavlja najveću i najvažniju geopolitičku promjenu u Europi, nakon geopolitičke tranzicije koja se u Europi odigrala u razdoblju od 1989. do 1991. g. Treći krug proširenja, koji uključuje Hrvatsku i Albaniju, otvoren je davanjem pozivnica ovim državama na Summitu NATO-a u Bukureštu u travnju 2008. g. Proširenje je bilo i još uvijek jest dio preobrazbe NATO-a u post hladnoratovskom razdoblju u kojem je NATO evoluirao iz tradicionalnog vojnopolitičkog saveza u kombinaciju saveza i sigurnosne zajednice. Proširenje je također bilo i jest izraz američke pobjede u hladnom ratu i uzdizanja SAD-a u jedinu svjetsku supersilu. NATO je povećao svoj teritorijalni obuhvat, promijenio svoje misije, sposobnosti i ciljeve, te ih nastavlja mijenjati kako bi ostao spreman odgovoriti na buduće sigurnosne izazove koji se postavljaju pred njegove članice. Najveći izazov NATO-u u budućnosti mogao bi doći iznutra, a to je mogućnost da postane sredstvo američke globalne geostrategije i njenih ciljeva. Ako NATO želi ostati legitimnim savezom i izrastati u sigurnosnu zajednicu, ne smije postati sredstvo za ispunjavanje geopolitičkih i geostrateških ciljeva samo jedne države, pa čak ni SAD-a. Stoga je u odnosima SAD-a i Europe potreban uravnotežen pristup, prema kojem SAD ne bi koristile vojnu moć kako bi nametale svoje geopolitičke i geostrateške ciljeve pod svaku cijenu. ; The Post-Cold War enlargement of NATO, in two rounds so far, was the biggest and the most important geopolitical change in Europe, after the geopolitical transition that took place in Europe from 1989 to 1991. A third round of the enlargement, which includes Croatia and Albania, was opened at the NATO summit in Bucharest in April 2008, by sending invitations to these two states. Enlargement was and still is a part of NATO's transformation in the Post-Cold War Era in which NATO has evolved from a traditional form of military-political alliance into a combination of an alliance and security community. It also was and still is an expression of American triumph in the Cold War and the rising of the USA to a status of the world's only superpower. NATO has enlarged its territorial reach, changed its missions, capabilities and objectives, and is continuing to modify them so that it could stay prepared for the future security challenges facing its members. The biggest challenge facing NATO in the future may be coming from the inside – the possibility of becoming a tool of USA's global geostrategy and its aims. If NATO wants to remain a legitimate alliance and develop itself towards the security community, it must not become a tool for fulfilling the geopolitical and geostrategic goals of only one state, not even the USA. Therefore, a balanced approach in American-European relations is needed, according to which the USA would not use its military power to impose its geopolitical and geostrategic objectives at any cost.