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Groups of people are commonly said to be collectively responsible for what has happened. Sometimes the groups claimed to be responsible are vast in size, as when collective responsibility is ascribed to the class of all Americans or the class of all white males. In this book the concept of collective responsibility is analyzed. It is examined not only in the light of what philosophical proponents (such as Cooper, Held, Bates, French, Swinburne, and May) have said about it, but a genuine attempt is made to make sense of what ordinary people say about responsibility when it is ascribed to groups of people. Accordingly, it is distinguished from related concepts such as shared responsibility and moral taint. Parallels are examined between the actions of an individual and the actions of a group or collective, parallels which seem to make ascriptions of collective responsibility more plausible. Some philosophers oppose collective responsibility and argue for an individualist type of position; in this regard the positions of Lewis and Sverdlik are critically examined. The final chapter contains the author's own position, a position which affirms that collective responsibility is possible but which also preserves some of the central intuitions of the individualist

Collective behaviors play a fundamental role in many scientific and technical disciplines. This book introduces the concept of Collective Being as a Multiple System established by processes of emergence and self-organization of the same agents simultaneously or dynamically interacting in different ways

"This book was undertaken in the belief that it is now feasible to give more than passing consideration to the problem of the social interactions in which the individual develops his personality and in which he manifests that personality. Data have been accumulating here and there, data which are often conflicting, unrelated, and incomplete but which are in the mass nevertheless impressive. It has been my aim to bring these data together, to supplement them with the results of general observation, and to build therefrom a tentative frame of reference for further study. In accordance with considerable precedent, I have designated this field of sociopsychological inquiry "collective behavior"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction to the Transaction Edition -- Preface -- Part I Introduction and Overview -- 1. Perspectives on Collective Violence -- Part II Theoretical Issues -- 2. Interpreting Collective Violence: An Argument for the Importance of Social Structure -- 3. Issueless Riots -- 4. A Critical Note on Conceptions of Collective Behavior -- 5. Two Critics in Search of a Bias: A Response to Currie and Skolnick -- 6. Agonistics-Rituals of Conflict -- 7. The Legitimation of Violence -- 8. The Controversy Surrounding Analyses of Collective Violence: Some Methodological Notes -- Part III Comparative Perspectives -- 9. Patterns in International Warfare, 1816-1965 -- 10. Sources of Rebellion in Western Societies : Some Quantitative Evidence -- 11. Conflict without Violence and Violence without Conflict in a Mexican Mestizo Village -- 12. Violence in East African Tribal Societies -- 13. Violence in the New Guinea Highlands -- 14. Violence in Burmese History : A Psychocultural Explanation -- 15. The Place of Aggression in Social Interaction -- Part IV Dimensions of Collective Violence in the United States -- 16. The Paradox of American Violence: A Historical Appraisal -- 17. The Psychology of Political Activity -- 18. Rebellion and Repression and the Vietnam War -- 19. Cultural Value Orientations and Student Protest -- 20. Campus Protests and the Vietnam War -- 21. Campus Conflict as Formative Influence -- 22. Local Political Leadership and Popular Discontent in the Ghetto -- 23. The Emergence of Muted Violence in Crowd Behavior: A Case Study of an Almost Race Riot -- 24. Police Violence and Its Public Support -- 25. The Police and Collective Violence in Contemporary America -- Part V In Search of Alternatives -- 26. The Nonviolent Alternative: Research Strategy and Preliminary Findings

Sociology Reference Guide: Studies in Collective Behavior -- Contents -- Introduction -- Durkheim's Collective Conscience -- Collective Behavior: Contagion Theory -- Convergence Theory -- Emergent-Norm Theory -- Collective Memory -- Localized Collectivities: Mobs, Riots & -- Crowd Behavior -- Moral Panic -- Mass Hysteria -- Mass Media, Propaganda & -- Public Opinion -- Dispersed Collectivities: Rumors & -- Gossip.

Cover -- Acknowledgements -- Abstract -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- I. Introduction -- A. The topic, structure and methodology of the paper -- B. Delimitations -- II. Community collective marks -- A. Objective and place in the European trade mark regime -- B. Ownership issues -- C. Nature and function -- III. Certification marks - Guarantee marks -- A. Guarantee marks -- B. Certification marks -- 1. Ownership -- 2. Categories of certification marks -- 3. Distinction from a "warranty" -- 4. Comparison and contrast to collective marks -- 5. The proposal for a new Regulation -- IV. Geographical Indications -- A. Nature and Function -- B. The European Union sui generis regime -- C. Levels of protection -- 1. The PDO/PGI level -- 2. The TSG level -- A. Persons entitled to apply for a GI -- B. Registration procedure -- 1. The national level -- 2. The European Commission level -- C. Scope of protection -- D. GIs as common goods -- E. GIs as a distinct genre of intellectual property -- V. Descriptive elements in Community collective marks -- VI. Synthesis and strategic choice between systems -- A. From the perspective of legal requirements -- B. From the perspective of promotion and marketing -- C. Keeping GIs as a separate regime -- VII. Concluding remarks -- A. Summary of the findings -- B. Epilogue -- List of Works Cited.

This book examines the historical development of China's collective presidency and identifies five key mechanisms which effectively reduce the asymmetries of knowledge and power. The mechanisms discussed are: group or collective succession, collective division of responsibilities and cooperation, collective learning, collective research, and collective decision making. This work presents many facts including historical details showing that the collective presidency of China is a unique and prodigious innovation of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China's socialist political system. We see how China's political system stands in contrast to the presidential system that exists in the United States, which can be described as a system of personal responsibility of the president. The author identifies characteristics of the collective presidency and introduces a framework for analysis. Chapters then explore the phases of historical development in detail and examine fundamental features in terms of their historical development, operational characteristics and evaluation. The final chapter summarizes the political advantages of collective presidency, particularly international competitive advantages, and readers will discover that the route to success for modern China lies in collective presidency. This book will appeal to anyone who wishes to discover how China's political system works, to explore its political institutions that operate in conjunction with the CPC and the Chinese state, or to discover how a collective presidency can work successfully

8 Terrorism: 9/11 and Its Aftermath -- A Look at the Past -- Suicide Attacks -- Cooperation Failures and Their Costs -- The Deterrence Race -- Preemption Game -- A Maximal Externality -- Another Collective Action Failure -- Is the World Different after 9/11? -- What Works and What Does Not Work Against Terrorism? -- Barriers and Fortifications -- What Kinds of Substitutions Are There? -- Evaluation of Other Policies: Domestic Laws, International Conventions, and Retaliation -- No-Negotiation Strategy -- What Are the Economic Costs of Terrorism? -- Concluding Remarks -- 9 Citizen against Citizen.

Intro -- Title -- Legal Notice -- Preliminary -- Summary -- Cover image -- LIST OF AUTHORS -- Translation -- Introducing MIR -- Afterword: MIR's appeal to all descendants of deported Africans and to all Africans on the continent -- MIR Books -- Introduction -- By Garcin Malsa -- Reparation, a demand for justice -- By Claudette Duhamel & -- Alain Manville -- For an international tribunal for reparation: the ICTR -- By Alain Manville -- The European Slave Trade, African Resistance and the Question of Reparations: Towards an Objective Assessment of the Damage Suffered by the Victims of the Black Holocaust and their Descendants -- By Pr Coovi Rekhmiré -- An account of "Britain's Black Debt - Reparations for Caribbean Slavery and Native Genocide" by Hilary Beckles, a rewriting of history for restorative social transformation. -- By Rodolphe Solbiac -- Slavery, Reparation, where's the anachronism ? -- By Rosa Amelia Plumelle-Uribe -- The Curse of Cham, a vast sham -- By René Louis Parfait Etile -- Slavery Reparation -- By Louis Sala-Molins -- Reparations, Africa and Pan-Africanism -- By Mame Hulo (Guillabert) -- Lanzistisman for a global repair in Reunion Island -- By Philippe Bessière -- AFRÈS, our identity and our common struggle -- By Nita Brochant, Jaklin Jacqueray, Luc Reinette -- AFRÈS: Self-repair through the power of the verb "let us rehabilitate our enslaved African Ancestors by stopping calling them "slaves ! -- By Gladys Démocrite -- Reparation, Recognition, Justice -- By Her Majesty the Queen -- The deconstruction of the Kamite couple as a sequel to the destruction of the Kamite family by transatlantic slavery. What reparations for so many daily crimes gone unpunished? -- By Juliette Sméralda -- French Guiana: Knowing about crime against humanity so as not to perpetuate it -- By Apa Mumia Makeba (Benoît Bechet).