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Winston Churchill's characterization of the Soviet Union as a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma may overstate Western understanding of the USSR's national security decision-making. The evidence in this domain is sparse, and what we do have is incomplete. Indeed, the Soviets have taken extraordinary steps to maintain the black box that shields how and why their decisions are made. With these caveats in mind, knowledge of Soviet decision-making can be summed up in a few general statements. First, the Soviet leadership is an integrated political-military body, where political authority is dominant, but where the professional military retains an important influence. Second, the role of institutions and individuals varies within and between leaderships, according to the issue under consideration (e.g., doctrine, procurement, etc.), and between times of peace and war. The potential for evolution in the roles of institutions is particularly apparent in the current period of "perestroika." Gorbachev has initiated changes that appear to be aimed at transforming the security decision-making apparatus. Finally, the historical record of decision-making in superpower crises indicates that the Soviet Union has been very cautious in confrontations with the United States, a tendency that need not prove true in future clashes.

In recent years many countries have experienced stagnation or even decline in the amount of mortgage credits granted to households.The credit-granting process has become significantly complicated, less transparent and excessively time consuming. This study seeksto define the improvement opportunities for credit granting through creation of a simple, transparent and accountable framework ofdecision-making process. To achieve this purpose the authors used qualitative method – structured interview and graphical tools –decision tree. The developed framework makes it possible to identify areas of the credit granting that might have potential for considerableimprovements. The empirical results of the study indicate that decision-making process in credit granting has considerablepotential for improvements. The developed framework is supposed to help commercial banks to improve the quality and efficiencyof the decision-making process in the credit granting and reduce cost of credit granting process. This is possible to achieve by cuttingdown the duration time of alternative solutions with negative outcome – credit denial. This research introduces a valuable frameworkof transparent and accountable model of decision-making process in the credit granting. The authors have found that the introducedframework is suitable not only for commercial banks but also for a wide range of organizations having similar complicated andmultiple staged decision-making processes.KEY WORDS: lending, credit granting, process analysis, decision making

Researchers have explored extensively into aspects of importance in the decision making process, however, the field of researches on building an integrative decision making model is uncultivated. To bridge the chasm, a systematic decision making model under crisis conditions is built in this paper by integrating factors into the classical decision making model. There are five main elements in the construction of the integrative decision making model, i.e., classical decision making model, decision making under crisis, psychological effects, risk and uncertainty and cross-cultural differences. By incorporating similar elements into integrative factors, three factors as key components in the decision making model, i.e., external environment, risk and idiosyncratic characteristics are listed. The model is expressed in two formats; the first being a simple mathematical formula while the second a flowchart that transforms the abstract thinking process into concrete phases, namely, status quo, identification, development and selection. The focus is centered more on the second method since it matches the reality better. From the analysis, the conclusion is derived that when the decision process is a stochastic dynamic Markov process, the final choice will approach a standard function of the factors in the current state with certain factors dominating the process in different circumstances as the times of making similar decisions increase. In terms of practicability, the model can properly explain the decision processes in the Asiana Airlines crash case and the Jiaduobao Trademark withdrawal case.

Part 7: Evaluation ; International audience ; Electronic government, or e-Government, is the use of information and communication technology in the public sector. As a research field, it is characterized as multi-disciplinary with heritage from both the information systems and public administration fields. This diverse background may be beneficial, but it may also result in a fragmented theoretical base and conceptual vagueness. This paper applies decision theory to e-Government to tie a number of theoretical and practical concepts together. In particular, five concepts from decision theory (i.e. objectives, stakeholder inclusion, weighting and resource allocation, risk analysis, and outcomes assessment) are compared with counterparts in e-Government. The findings have both theoretical and practical implications. First, they add to and unite e-Government theory. Second, practical methods for operationalizing the theoretical concepts are proposed. This operationalization includes using a holistic approach to e-participation throughout decision processes.

Within the realm of e-government, the development has moved towards testing new means for democratic decisionmaking, like e-panels, electronic discussion forums, and polls. Although such new developments seem promising, they are not problem-free, and the outcomes are seldom used in the subsequent formal political procedures. Nevertheless, process models offer promising potential when it comes to structuring and supporting transparency of decision processes in order to facilitate the integration of the public into decision-making procedures in a reasonable and manageable way. Based on real-life cases of urban planning processes in Sweden, we present an outline for an integrated framework for public decision making to: a) provide tools for citizens to organize discussion and create opinions; b) enable governments, authorities, and institutions to better analyse these opinions; and c) enable governments to account for this information in planning and societal decision making by employing a process model for structured public decision making.

Electronic government, or e-Government, is the use of information and communication technology in the public sector. As a research field, it is characterized as multi-disciplinary with heritage from both the information systems and public administration fields. This diverse background may be beneficial, but it may also result in a fragmented theoretical base and conceptual vagueness. This paper applies decision theory to e-Government to tie a number of theoretical and practical concepts together. In particular, five concepts from decision theory (i.e. objectives, stakeholder inclusion, weighting and resource allocation, risk analysis, and outcomes assessment) are compared with counterparts in e-Government. The findings have both theoretical and practical implications. First, they add to and unite e-Government theory. Second, practical methods for operationalizing the theoretical concepts are proposed. This operationalization includes using a holistic approach to e-participation throughout decision processes.

This article provides an analysis of the skills that health professionals and patients employ in reaching diagnosis and decision-making in telemedicine consultations. As governmental priorities continue to emphasize patient involvement in the management of their disease, there is an increasing need to accurately capture the provider–patient interactions in clinical encounters. Drawing on conversation analysis of 10 video-mediated consultations in 3 National Health Service settings in England, this study examines the interaction between patients, General Practitioner (GPs), nurses, and consultants during diagnosis and decision-making, with the aim to identify the range of skills that participants use in the process and capture the interprofessional communication and patient involvement in the diagnosis and decision-making phases of telemedicine consultations. The analysis shows that teleconsultations enhance collaborative working among professionals and enable GPs and nurses to develop their skills and actively participate in diagnosis and decision-making by contributing primary care–specific knowledge to the consultation. However, interprofessional interaction may result in limited patient involvement in decision-making. The findings of this study can be used to inform training programs in telemedicine that focus on the development of effective skills for professionals and the provision of information to patients.

This article provides an analysis of the skills that health professionals and patients employ in reaching diagnosis and decision-making in telemedicine consultations. As governmental priorities continue to emphasize patient involvement in the management of their disease, there is an increasing need to accurately capture the provider–patient interactions in clinical encounters. Drawing on conversation analysis of 10 video-mediated consultations in 3 National Health Service settings in England, this study examines the interaction between patients, General Practitioner (GPs), nurses, and consultants during diagnosis and decision-making, with the aim to identify the range of skills that participants use in the process and capture the interprofessional communication and patient involvement in the diagnosis and decision-making phases of telemedicine consultations. The analysis shows that teleconsultations enhance collaborative working among professionals and enable GPs and nurses to develop their skills and actively participate in diagnosis and decision-making by contributing primary care–specific knowledge to the consultation. However, interprofessional interaction may result in limited patient involvement in decision-making. The findings of this study can be used to inform training programs in telemedicine that focus on the development of effective skills for professionals and the provision of information to patients.

The European Union (ue) has combined decision making processes based on unanimity and on majority voting, mainly owing to the recognition that, depending on the context, they present valuable advantages as well as shortcomings. Thus, the EU has so far followed a rather pragmatic course. The future seems to lie along this same path, not favouring one decision- making process per se over the other, but combining unanimity and majority voting according to the needs and possibilities of the specific issue at hand. ; URL: http://www.revistaei.uchile.cl/index.php/REI/issue/view/1917

The two cardinal aspects of safety are intrinsic safety and its demonstration. A key element of demonstrating system safety is the organizational structure that is best placed to ensure and demonstrate that high standards of safety are clearly in place for its products, processes and facilities. This is particularly important for high-consequence industries. Accomplishing this depends on a number of organizational integrated layers of scrutiny, ranging from the accumulation of arguments and evidence at the lower levels to final executive decision making. The latter holds final responsibility and accountability. Potential problems arise because products, processes and facilities are becoming more and more complex and the associated supporting data inordinately large. In turn, the organizational processes that enable top-level decision makers to make wise and informed decisions are themselves becoming more complex and difficult. This final stage requires clear and transparent communication. Organizations have moved more towards the application of peer review to support final decision making but, nevertheless, one still expects the final decision-making layer to provide further independent scrutiny to enhance overall confidence in the process. This would represent a three-tier independent process — strength in depth. This is the subject of the paper.

This study aims to address the political decision-making in Jordan. The study shows that Jordan is like the rest of the Arab countries, Jordan is characterized by political stability. There have not been many changes in the structure of the Jordanian political system and the mechanism of political decision-making in foreign policy, since the declaration of the independence of the Kingdom of Jordan. The power remained concentrated in the hands of the King even after King Abdulla II inherited King Hussein and came to power in 1999, during whose reign the state witnessed a space of freedom and political and economic stability, which was reflected in the various joints of the state and returned to it prosperity and stability. The internal and external determinants of the Kingdom's foreign policy such as the number of residents and the social structure, in addition to the institutions of foreign policy allow Jordan's decision-maker to interact with a stable system in this regard. The study shows that Jordan has had all the elements enabling it to build a nation-state coherent possessed of the elements of integration and harmony, making it operate efficiently and effectively in order to achieve the goals that won the acceptance of the Kingdom and its consensus.

Working capital is a financial metric which represent operating liquidity available to a business, organizational or other entity including governmental entities. Along with fix assets such as plant and equipment, working capital is considered a part of operating capital. Collaborator gets the information in working capital because of important changes. Liquidity management is one of the essential features of working capital to keep up ability of a company to pay frequently in short-term. Decision makers needed to indicators and correlations that can keep efficiently determining the real situation and identify the problems of funding in time. It is very complex task to achieving this goal because the use of various indicators and perspectives are essential to measure liquidity. For this, management and structure of organization developed by companies that provide framework to measure the liquidity. To facilitate this, the study draws attention to correlation that anticipates the actual liquidity position of a company more exactly. The database which created and identified of the annual financial statement reporting responsibility that was introduced by the Act in 2000 can be used to analyze company data on a yearly basis. Changes in indicators will be examined frequently during financial year. We need monthly or quartly data and the addition of a suitable accounting information system for the managers to frequently get those created data that are essential for decision making and to receive information about the accomplishment of their department. The aim of study is to show the difference between the emanations of company liquidity results using only year-end data and when liquidity indicators are being accommodated a monthly basis.

The NRA steadfastly maintains that the 30,000 gun-related deaths and 300,000 assaults with firearms in the United States every year are a small price to pay to guarantee freedom. As former NRA President Charlton Heston put it, "freedom isn't free." And when gun enthusiasts talk about Constitutional liberties guaranteed by the Second Amendment, they are referring to freedom in a general sense, but they also have something more specific in mind---freedom from government oppression. They argue that the only way to keep federal authority in check is to arm individual citizens who can, if necessary, defend themselves from an aggressive government. In the past decade, this view of the proper relationship between government and individual rights and the insistence on a role for private violence in a democracy has been co-opted by the conservative movement. As a result, it has spread beyond extreme "militia" groups to influence state and national policy. In Guns, Democracy, and the Insurrectionist Idea, Josh Horwitz and Casey Anderson reveal that the proponents of this view base their argument on a deliberate misreading of history. The Insurrectionist myth has been forged by twisting the facts of the American Revolution and the founding of the United States, the denial of civil rights to African-Americans after the Civil War, and the rise of the Third Reich under Adolf Hitler. Here, Horwitz and Anderson set the record straight. Then, challenging the proposition that more guns equal more freedom, they expose Insurrectionism---not government oppression---as the true threat to freedom in the U.S. today. Joshua Horwitz received a law degree from George Washington University and is currently a visiting scholar at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He is Executive Director of the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence and the Educational Fund to Stop Gun Violence. He has spent nearly two decades working on gun violence prevention issues. He lives in Arlington, Virginia. Casey Anderson holds a law degree from Georgetown University and is currently a lawyer in private practice in Washington, D.C. He has served in senior staff positions with the U.S. Congress, the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence, and Americans for Gun Safety. He lives in Arlington, Virginia.

A mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods was used to study the effect of gender on decision making. Gender differences in individual decision making in consumer behaviour, gender and values in connection with ethicalness of decisions, and HRM have been identified and discussed using existing literature. Gender differences in group decision making have been identified and debated since women and men tend to decide differently in groups as they would as individuals. Such example discussed was the compromise effect. Gender differences in group decision making have been identified and discussed from business and political aspect. The importance of gender equality in decision making has been outlined and researched in connection with gender differences in individual and group decision making. In the empirical part, the MDMQ was used to measure gender differences in decision self-esteem and gender differences in the tendency to rely on each of the four decision-coping patterns (vigilance, hypervigilance, buckpassing, procrastination) of individuals. The sample studied consisted of 125 participants (69 females and 56 males) of ages 20-30 years old. Results revealed that females' decision self-esteem is on average lower than males and that on average, females tend to rely more on each of the four decision coping patterns than males. Additional statistical analysis showed statistically significant gender differences in decision self-esteem and in the tendency to rely on hypervigilance and buckpassing. No statistically significant gender differences were found in the tendency to rely on vigilance and procrastination. ; Mešanica kvalitativnih in kvantitativnih raziskovalnih metod je uporabljena za raziskovanje vpliva spola na odločanje. Razlike med spoloma pri individualnem odločanju so obravnavane v kontekstu vedenja potrošnikov, spola in vrednot v povezavi z etičnostjo odločitev ter na področju upravljanja človeških virov (HRM) na podlagi obstoječe literature. Razlike med spoloma pri skupinskem odločanju so predstavljene in prediskutirane, saj ženske in moški sprejemajo drugačne odločitve kot skupina, kot bi jih sicer kot posamezniki. Takšen obravnavani primer je efekt kompromisa. Razlike med spoloma pri skupinskem odločanju so obravnavane s poslovnega in političnega vidika. Pomen enakosti spolov pri odločanju je obravnavan v navezavi z razlikami med spoloma pri individualnem in skupinskem odločanju. V empiričnem delu je uporabljen MDMQ za merjenje razlik med spoloma v samozavesti pri odločitvah in v nagnjenosti k zanašanju na vsakega izmed štirih vzorcev spoprijemanja z odločitvami (»vigilance« oz. čuječnost, »hypervigilance« oz. hipervigilantnost, »buck-passing« oz. prelaganje odgovornosti na druge, »procrastination« oz. odlašanje z odločitvami) pri posameznikih. V vzorec je vključenih 125 oseb (69 ženk in 56 moških), starih od 20 do 30 let. Rezultati kažejo, da imajo ženske v povprečju nižjo samozavest pri odločanju kot moški in se v povprečju bolj zanašajo na vsakega izmed štirih vzorcev spoprijemanja z odločitvami kot moški. Dodatna statistična analiza je pokazala, da so statistično pomembne razlike med spoloma v samozavesti pri odločanju in v nagnjenosti k zanašanju na hipervigilantnost ter prelaganju odgovornosti na druge. Statistično pomembne razlike med spoloma niso ugotovljene pri nagnjenosti k zanašanju na čuječnost in pri odlašanju z odločitvami.

Since its momentous democratic elections in 2010, Myanmar has continued to transition from a society of heavy censorship to one inundated with information and data from across the globe. The changes in the information ecosystem have forced a shift in how the country's government and civil society organizations approach data and use them for evidence-based decision making. This poster will present 1.) The findings of a locally conducted needs assessment of the data environments of Myanmar's government and CSOs and 2.) A curriculum developed to support Myanmar's organizations in more effective use of data for decision making.