Developments in Ukraine take place at a time of changes of the system of international relations and fit into hybridism of the Post-Westphalian system. It allows for considering "Ukrainian crisis" in three dimensions as: 1) internal Ukrainian confrontation of rival political and economic groups of influence, 2) Russian-Ukrainian conflict because of Crimea, and 3) Russian "hybrid war" against Ukraine. In "Ukrainian crisis" of low intensity, the difference between a classic war waged by Russia against Ukraine and internal conflict is erasing. Russia is a direct participant of the conflict and wages a "hybrid war" against Ukraine. ; Украинские события происходят на фоне изменений в системе международных отношений и вписываются в гибридность «Поствестфальской» эпохи. Это дает возможность рассматривать «украинский кризис» в трех плоскостях, как: 1) внутриукраинское противостояние конкурирующих групп политического и экономического влияния, 2) российско-украинский конфликт за Крым и 3) «гибридную войну» России против Украины. В «украинском конфликте» низкой интенсивности стирается разница между классической войной, проводимой Россией против Украины, и внутренним конфликтом. Россия является самым непосредственным участником этого конфликта и ведет против Украины «гибридную войну».
A package of measures of anti-crisis fiscal regulation in Russia and its impact on the current situation of fiscal area of Russian are considered in the article. The measures taken by Government in the sphere of taxation in the 2008-2009 are presented. ; В данной статье рассмотрен комплекс мероприятий антикризисного налогового регулирования в России и его влияние на текущую ситуацию в налогово-бюджетной сфере России, меры, принятые российским правительством в сфере налогообложения в 2008-2009 годах.
The article is devoted to the financial market crisis, which started in July 2007 and how it became the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depreession. The article submins the information about the impacts of the crisis all over the world and the role of central banks and governments in fighting the crisis. It also gives some suggestions for stabilizing financial markets in the future. = Статья посвящена кризису финансового рынка, который начался в июле 2007г. и стал самым крупным финансовым кризисом со времен Великой Депрессии. В статье предоставлена информация о влиянии кризиса во всем мире и роли центральных банков и правительства в борьбе с кризисом. Также даны рекомендации по стабилизации финансовых рынков в будущем.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of a rather specifi c project of Islamism promoted by the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iranian Islamism is based on the ideas of Ayatollah Khomeini about the ideal "Islamic state", in which Islam has close contact with politics, with the government of the country. However, after the death of Ayatollah Khomeini, the country's new elite became more pragmatic about the mission of spreading the Shi'ite version of Islam. In particular, emphasis was placed on rapprochement with those countries and groups that showed friendly feelings to Tehran. In many respects this concerned the countries of the Arab region in which the Shi'a community was present or prevailed. One of these states is Yemen. In particular, Iran's participation in the Yemeni crisis, in which Tehran is trying to strengthen its own positions and prevent the strengthening of Saudi positions in Yemen by means of the Zaydi group of the Houthi, is being considered. ; Статья посвящена анализу особенностей достаточно специфического проекта политического ислама, продвигаемого Исламской Республикой Иран. В основе иранского исламизма лежат идеи аятоллы Хомейни об идеальном «исламском государстве», в котором ислам находится в тесном соприкосновении с политикой, с управлением страной. После смерти аятоллы Хомейни новая элита страны продемонстрировала более прагматичное отношение к вопросу о миссии по распространению шиитской версии ислама. В частности, ставка была сделана на сближение с теми странами и группами, которые проявляют к Тегерану дружеские чувства. Во многом это касается стран Арабского региона, в которых присутствует либо преобладает шиитская община. Одним из таких государств является Йемен. В статье подробно рассматривается вопрос об участии Ирана в йеменском кризисе, в котором Тегеран с помощью зейдитской группировки хуситов пытается укрепить собственные позиции, предотвратив тем самым усиление саудовских позиций в регионе.
In: Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta: naučno-teoretičeskij žurnal = Science journal of Volgograd State University. Serija 4, Istorija, regionovedenie, meždunarodnye otnošenija = History. Area studies. International relations, Band 24, Heft 3, S. 191-204
Introduction. The article is devoted to the origins, grounds and possible consequences of the political crisis in modern Italy. The paper shows that the Italian crisis has acquired a scale that challenges the interests of political establishment of the country and the very principles of the EU existence.
Methods and materials. The authors seek a combination of General theoretical and special methods, focusing on the historical, socio-cultural and political analysis. They are based on the analysis of periodicals, as well as using articles and materials of researchers on the problems of political development in Italy.
Analysis. The source of the crisis is the protest of citizens against the state authority and strategies of the political class of Italy, which is accompanied by the requirement of institutional reforms and socio-economic policy for benefit of the majority, in order to establish new political rules and form a truly legitimate political mechanism. These demands came from various social groups and led to a number of political and legal transformations, culminating in the "populist government", which came to power as a result of the parliamentary elections of 2018. The "Populist government" intended to revise many previous approaches in domestic and foreign policy. It is the Alliance of the right-wing and left-wing populists that was entrusted by Italian society with necessary reforms.
Results. According to the authors, it is political populism as a possible platform for social and political transformations, along with a number of possible risks, that contains a positive potential associated with the possibility of overcoming ideological divisions, corporate selfishness of Italian politicians and parties, as well as alienation in the relations of the power and society. This approach to resolving issues by the "populist government" will contribute to the gradual resolution of the problems that have caused the long-term political crisis in Italy.
This article analyzes the technological approach to the understanding and realisation of innovation. Modern focus on the so-called "effective management" in the government essentially demoralizing Russian officials. Overcoming the crisis of managerialism author sees in the implementation of a coherent and consistent human resources policy based on the humanization of government
The author analyses the military and non-military factors that contributed to exacerbate the «crisis euromissiles», such as pressure on the U. S. government by their allies, the disappointment of the West countries with the results of détente, the desire of the Soviet leadership to strengthen the social movement in the West against the «imperialist policy». «Crisis euromissiles» accelerated conservative trends among the European countries. Placing new missile systems in Europe, the Soviet Union reached a short-term military advantage. Announcing Strategic Defense Initiative and deployment euromissiles, USA regained the strategic initiative. So military strategy of «balance of power» in Europe has failed and set the stage transition to a «balance of interests».Key words: euromissiles, nuclear control, the Warsaw Pact, NATO, the World Peace Council, zero-zero option, Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty. ; Автор исследует военные и невоенные факторы, способствовавшие обострению «кризиса евроракет», такие как давление на руководство США со стороны их союзников, разочарование на Западе результатами «разрядки», стремление советского руководства активизировать общественное движение на Западе против «империалистической политики». «Кризис евроракет» ускорил консервативный поворот в европейских странах. Разместив современные ракетные комплексы в Европе, СССР достиг кратковременного военного преимущества. Объявив программу Стратегической оборонной инициативы (СОИ, Strategic Defense Initiative), США вернули себе стратегическую инициативу. Военно-силовая стратегия «баланса сил» в Европе потерпела поражение, создав предпосылки перехода к «балансу интересов».
The policy documents providing a formal framework for the crisis management plan of the Russian Federation Government and the budgetary maneuver are examined along with the key parameters of the updated federal budget for 2015. Changes in the scenario macroeconomic conditions of budget planning due to the deterioration of the foreign economic and political situation. are analyzed.The primary attention of the financial and economic block of the Government as well as the main resources are directed towards the support of the financial sector and mineral companies with the dominant governmentparticipation. The real sector of the Russian economy is supposed to be content with a declaration of measures to reduce administrative barriers and costs.The author suggests that the choice of expenditure items for sequestration should be determined not only by the short-term efficiency criteria but the long-term development objectives of the country's economy. However, some government programs may (or even should) envisage the revision and internal re-allocation of resources by subprograms and time schedules. Moreover, to maintain the employment, permanent support must be given to programs aimed at development of labor-intensive industries.Given the lack of effective demand from the private sector, a necessity arises to select a different development scenario that proved its effectiveness in a number of countries that performed an economic miracle - successful development of priority sectors and infrastructure projects based on a significant increase in government spendings. However this is made possible only through a substantial improvement of the government spending efficiency and the tight control over the targeted use of funds. ; В статье рассматриваются программные документы, формализующие антикризисный план Правительства РФ и бюджетный маневр, а также основные параметры обновленного федерального бюджета на 2015 г. Анализируются изменения сценарных макроэкономических условий бюджетного планирования в результате ухудшения внешнеэкономической и внешнеполитической конъюнктуры.Основное внимание финансово-экономического блока Правительства и основные ресурсы направляются на поддержку финансового сектора экономики и нескольких сырьевых компаний с доминирующим государственным участием. Реальному сектору российской экономики приходится довольствоваться декларацией комплекса мер по снижению административных барьеров и издержек.Автор предлагает при выборе расходных статей для секвестра руководствоваться не только критериями эффективности в краткосрочной перспективе, но и задачами обеспечения долгосрочного развития экономики страны. Однако в некоторых госпрограммах возможны (и даже необходимы) ревизия и внутреннее перераспределение ресурсов по подпрограммам и срокам. Кроме того, для поддержания занятости населения необходимо сохранение программ, содействующих трудоемким отраслям экономики.В отсутствие платежеспособного спроса со стороны частного сектора назрела необходимость выбрать другой вариант развития, доказавший свою эффективность в ряде стран, совершивших экономическое чудо - развитие приоритетных отраслей и инфраструктурных проектов на основе значительного роста государственных расходов. Но необходимое условие успеха - серьезное повышение эффективности государственных расходов и жесткий контроль за целевым использованием средств.
The paper deals with the analysis of crisis overcoming in 2008 by Australia on the basis of statistical data. An econometric model is elaborated. The econometric model is based on Cobb-Douglas production function for the Australian economy for the period of 2006–2014. Calculations are performed at 2005 values. Gross domestic product (GDP) at constant prices is calculated using Australia yearly GDP deflator index for the period of 2005–2014. R2determination coefficient is high for the Cobb-Douglas model. The R2 value is close to 1 and α + β > 1 for the second model that considers oil barrel price, government expenditures and investments. Capital elasticity is negative, and gross regional product (GRP) elasticity is positive that means high dependency of GRP on labor costs than capital costs. The significance of all coefficients is above 0.96. Calculations demonstrate that timely anti-crisis measures of the Australian Government contributed to GDP growth and mitigated the effects of crisis.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)1-24 ; Осуществлен анализ преодоления кризиса 2008 г. Австралией на основе статистических данных и построения эконометрической модели. Эконометрическая модель была построена посредством производственной функции Кобба-Дугласа для экономики Австралии за 2006–2014 гг. Вычисления произведены в ценах 2005 г. Валовый внутренний продукт (ВВП) в постоянных ценах вычислен с использованием погодового индекса-дефлятора ВВП Австралии за период 2005–2014 гг. Для модели Кобба-Дугласа коэффициент детерминации R2 высокий. Для второй модели с учетом цены за баррель нефти, государственных расходов и инвестиций коэффициент детерминации R2 близок к 1 и α + β > 1. Эластичность по капиталу отрицательна, а эластичность валового регионального продукта по труду положительна, что означает большую зависимость этого продукта от затрат труда, чем от затрат капитала. Значимость всех коэффициентов выше 0,96. Вычисления показывают, что своевременные антикризисные меры правительства Австралии способствовали росту ВВП и тем самым смягчили последствия кризиса.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)1-24
In: Žurnal Belorusskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta: Časopis Belaruskaha Dzjaržaŭnaha Ŭniversitėta = Journal of the Belarusian State University. Istorija = Historyja = History, Heft 4, S. 36-46
Today, the world over a debate is going on regarding the usefulness of the forms of democracy that different states have adopted over time. The meaning and associations with the concept of democracy and its attendant political forms have changed at critical points in history. These changes have been attributed both to, evolutionary and revolutionary impulses that have expanded or transformed the ways in which democracy and the relationship of its political forms with the people had been primarily understood. The most enduring association of democracy with freedom and equality is a historical product that came into being with the onset of capitalism with its philosophical basis in political liberalism. The dominance of capitalist liberal democracy has given such stability to this association that "democracy" can no longer be imagined in any other political imaginary and that its associated meanings of freedom and equality are self-evident and inherent not only to the concept itself but to capitalism. The paper interrogates such ahistorical understanding of the concept of democracy and recuperates the radical history of contentions over its meanings and its most abiding political form i. e. constitutional democracy. The transcendence of national boundaries towards a global citizenship has put a strain on the fundamental operative terrain of constitutional democracy. The values of freedom and equality laid out in the Constitution premised on a liberal contract are more undermined today, than ever before with transnational capital and global citizenship breaking the bounds of constitutional purview. This has brought the concept and political forms of constitutional democracy into a state of crisis today. Can re-looking at the past traces of suppressed contentions over the meaning and forms of democracy give us any insight as to how we can work through the constitutional crisis today? If the meaning and associations with democracy is not eternal but historical, can we bring it them within other political imaginaries?
In: Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta: naučno-teoretičeskij žurnal = Science journal of Volgograd State University. Serija 4, Istorija, regionovedenie, meždunarodnye otnošenija = History. Area studies. International relations, Band 22, Heft 6, S. 58-68
The paper considers the problem of the Siberian region general crisis of the 1917 spring. The internal and external contradictions of the transformation process of socio-economic and political relations in Siberia are examined in terms of the post-February all-Russian revolutionary crisis development. The understanding of the socio-political Russian crisis in the spring of 1917, emerging after the February political coup, is essential in studying the revolutionary соnversion process of the early twentieth century Russian society, as this crisis has generally become the turning point in the country's history and objectively led to the October political coup. The Russian revolutionary crisis constituents, its foreign and domestic manifestations require careful investigation in the issue formulation presented in the paper. The development specifics of the revolutionary crisis in the spring of 1917 in the trans-Uralian agricultural colony of the Russian Empire is of scientific interest, as well as the finding of its anti-crisis development scenarios in the paper presented period. The development of the nationwide crisis in Russia in the early twentieth century, due to the complex and contradictory processes of Russian society modernization in completing the industrial civilization and transition to the imperialist development stage, was complicated by the "Siberian historical issues" in the Siberian region. A set of these issues include the incompleteness of the regional peasantry land management, the contradictions between the old peasantry and Stolypin migrants, and also between the peasantry and the privileged regional Cossacks, the agricultural products export problems from Siberia to domestic and foreign markets, or marketing crisis, the contradictions between the regional and metropolis bourgeoisie, or the issue of the Siberians economic inequality, the local industry underdevelopment and the complete dependence of the local population on the factory products supplying from European Russia, or supply crisis, the lack of a country council, or the administrative inequality of Siberia as a colony and metropolis, etc. During the First World War, these problems worsened and led Siberia to a revolutionary situation. Started in Russia in February 1917, the revolution was an attempt to solve the "Siberian historical issues" personally by the regional population, whose social activity ultimately led to an acute socio-political crisis of Siberia, which became a part of the national post-February revolutionary crisis.
Purpose: the purpose of the presented article is to study the conditions and possibilities of overcoming the protracted economic crisis in Russia.Methods: the study is based on the use of a modified information logic model, which establishes the relationships between the identified bottlenecks, the causes of their occurrence and possible ways to eliminate these causes.Results: the possibilities of overcoming the crisis are, first of all, to use the potential accumulated in the Russian economy, dispersed by sectors of the complete technological reproduction cycle, including the extraction of resources, their processing into useful materials and semi-finished products, the production of machinery and equipment, as well as the production of final products, the provision of services, infrastructure and waste disposal. Simultaneously with the search for opportunities for economic growth, it is necessary to draw the attention of the Russian Government and the legislative and executive heads to the necessity to correct the strategic mistakes. They were conducted in the process of choosing a resource-export development strategy, separating the financial sector from the support and interests of the development of domestic industrial production sector, ignoring the potential and opportunities for the development of the domestic scientific and technological complex, using imperfect economic management mechanisms, etc. The work justifies the need to overcome a long economic crisis via the management of new opportunities breakthrough, which involves the harmonious development of all economic sectors based on supporting a domestic scientific and technical complex capable to ensure the high technologies development and the competitive products production.Conclusions and Relevance: substantiating and choosing ways to overcome the economic crisis should be focused on achieving harmonious development of all sectors of the economy and using in management practices at the national, corporate and company levels, such methods and instruments of targeted projects and programs management, which are the core basis for economy and society development strategies. ; Цель представленной статьи заключается в исследовании условий и возможностей преодоления затяжного экономического кризиса в России.Методы или методология проведения работы. Исследование основано на использовании модифицированной информационно-логической модели, с помощью которой устанавливаются взаимосвязи между выявленными узкими местами, причинами их возникновения и возможными способами устранения этих причин.Результаты работы. Возможности преодоления кризиса заключаются, прежде всего, в использовании накопленного в экономике России потенциала, рассредоточенного по секторам полного технологического воспроизводственного цикла, включая добычу ресурсов, их переработку в полезные материалы и полуфабрикаты, производство машин и оборудования, а также выпуск конечной продукции, оказание услуг, инфраструктуру, утилизацию отходов. Одновременно с поиском возможностей экономического роста, необходимо обратить внимание Правительства, руководителей законодательной и исполнительной власти на необходимость исправления допущенных стратегических ошибок – при выборе ресурсно-экспортной стратегии развития, отрыве финансового сектора от поддержки и интересов развития отечественного промышленного производства, игнорировании потенциала и возможностей развития отечественного научно-технологического комплекса, использовании несовершенных механизмов управления экономикой и др. В работе обоснована необходимость преодоления длительного экономического кризиса с помощью направленного рывка в пространство новых возможностей, которое предполагает гармоничное развитие всех секторов экономики на основе поддержки отечественного научно-технического комплекса, способного обеспечить разработку высоких технологий и производство конкурентоспособной продукции.Выводы. Главное внимание при обосновании и выборе направлений преодоления экономического кризиса необходимо сосредоточить на достижении гармоничности развития всех секторов экономики и использовании в практике управления на народнохозяйственном уровне, уровне корпораций и компаний, таких методов и средств целевого управления проектами и программами, которые являются базовой основой для формирования стратегий развития экономики и общества.
A distinguishing feature of town-forming organization is a high socio-economic importance, and therefore very large number of persons, including the government, is interested in its functioning. The economic problems of financial recovery and enterprise restructuring can only be solved at the state level. However, the blind "infusion" of money to any town-forming organizations in a state of crisis is not a solution. The purpose of this work is to considerate the cases of state intervention during the anti-crisis restructuring of town-forming organization and assessment the suitability of such involvement. ; Отличительным свойством градообразующей организации является высокая социально-экономическая значимость, в связи с чем в ее функционировании заинтересовано очень большое количество лиц, в том числе государство. Экономические задачи финансового оздоровления и реструктуризации градообразующих предприятий могут быть решены лишь на государственном уровне. Однако слепое «вливание» средств в любую градообразующую организацию, находящуюся в кризисном состоянии, не является решением проблемы. Цель данной статьи – рассмотреть случаи необходимости государственного вмешательства в процесс антикризисной реструктуризации градообразующих организаций и оценить приемлемую степень такого вмешательства.