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The article deals with the logical and theoretical structure of K. Marx's «Capital». In the «Theories of Surplus Value», there is the ascent from the concrete to the abstract in the history of economic thought. This ascent allowed to define the goods as a starting point for the political economy of the capitalist mode of production. But there is no direct way to the economic theory of Marx, whose subject is not the products labour activity, but the material production relations arising during these activities. While researching the goods, Marx uses the «power of abstraction», which allows separating «economic matter» from the «naturally tangible» material basis: use value, concrete labour, etc. An integral system of economic categories is based on the synthesis of natural historical thinking phenomena discovered by Aristotle; Hegel's understanding of purposive activity; specific goals of social production, which are realized in property relations. K. Marx introduces into scientific knowledge the notion of economic progress as a change of social formations. He considers the significance of different models of the division of labour for determining the concept of value. In A. Smith's model, the value is determined a posteriori, after market evaluation of the products or services produced. A unit of measurement is not working time in itself, but economic information on the effectiveness of its use, i.e. money. In the model of K. Marx, the value is determined a priori, in the form of labour costs in the physiological sense. Given a choice, the labour expended receives a marginal evaluation in the form of alternative costs (loss of profits). The meaning of the «absolute, universal law of capitalist accumulation» is identified as a causa finalis, which determines the value of the commodity labour, variable capital, surplus value. I conclude that the development of the dialectics of the topic and the focus of an economic study allows using the method of rational eclecticism if the corresponding material is subject to a subsequent dialectical-materialistic interpretation. © 2018 Economy of Region. All rights reserved.

The proposed translation of selected fragments of the work of the German philosopher Ernst Bloch "The Heritage of Our Times" is devoted to the temporal characteristics of various social groups of German society at the beginning of the 20th century. The first fundamental concept in these characteristics is the concept of non-simultaneity considered in different aspects. Second, it is the concept of heritage as a set of economic, political, cultural, mental elements of the past that remained in German society of the 1930s. Bloch showed the impact of these elements o on the life of the middle class (peasants, craftsmen, small-scale urban bourgeoisie). In Bloch's view, the fact that the Nazis used these elements in their propaganda explains the popularity of Nazism in Germany. The author also forwards the characteristic of Germany as a classical state of non-simultaneity and poses the task to re-formulate the Marxist-style irrational in the mass consciousness and not to hand over dreams and images of the future to reactionary forces. Here Bloch makes use of the European philosophical tradition of Hegel and Marx. He introduces the concept of objectively non-simultaneous and subjectively non-simultaneous contradictions into the analysis of modern capitalism. Social dialectics, according to Bloch, should be multi-layered in the temporal aspect. ; Предлагаемый перевод избранных фрагментов работы немецкого философа Эрнста Блоха «Наследство нашего времени» посвящен темпоральным характеристикам различных социальных групп германского общества начала ХХ века. Основными в этих характеристиках являются, во-первых, понятие «неодновременность», которое рассматривается в различных аспектах, во-вторых, понятие «наследство» как совокупность экономических, политических, культурных, ментальных элементов прошлого, сохранившихся в германском обществе 1930-х гг. Блох показывает влияние этих элементов на жизнь средних слоев — крестьян, ремесленников, мелкой городской буржуазии. Использование этих элементов в нацистской пропаганде объясняет, согласно Блоху, популярность нацизма в Германии. Дается характеристика Германии как «классической страны неодновременности». Автор ставит задачу переформулировать по-марксистски иррациональное в массовом сознании и не отдавать мечты и образы будущего реакционным силам. При этом Блох опирается на европейскую философскую традицию в лице Г. Гегеля и К. Маркса. Он вводит парные понятия «объективно неодновременные противоречия» и «субъективно неодновременные противоречия» в анализ современного капитализма. Социальная диалектика должна быть, по Блоху, в темпоральном аспекте многослойной.

The article deals with the logical and theoretical structure of K. Marx's «Capital». In the «Theories of Surplus Value», there is the ascent from the concrete to the abstract in the history of economic thought. This ascent allowed to define the goods as a starting point for the political economy of the capitalist mode of production. But there is no direct way to the economic theory of Marx, whose subject is not the products labour activity, but the material production relations arising during these activities. While researching the goods, Marx uses the «power of abstraction», which allows separating «economic matter» from the «naturally tangible» material basis: use value, concrete labour, etc. An integral system of economic categories is based on the synthesis of natural historical thinking phenomena discovered by Aristotle; Hegel's understanding of purposive activity; specific goals of social production, which are realized in property relations. K. Marx introduces into scientific knowledge the notion of economic progress as a change of social formations. He considers the significance of different models of the division of labour for determining the concept of value. In A. Smith's model, the value is determined a posteriori, after market evaluation of the products or services produced. A unit of measurement is not working time in itself, but economic information on the effectiveness of its use, i.e. money. In the model of K. Marx, the value is determined a priori, in the form of labour costs in the physiological sense. Given a choice, the labour expended receives a marginal evaluation in the form of alternative costs (loss of profits). The meaning of the «absolute, universal law of capitalist accumulation» is identified as a causa finalis, which determines the value of the commodity labour, variable capital, surplus value. I conclude that the development of the dialectics of the topic and the focus of an economic study allows using the method of rational eclecticism if the corresponding material is subject to a subsequent dialectical-materialistic interpretation. © 2018 Economy of Region. All rights reserved. ; Рассмотрена логико-теоретическая структура "Капитала" Карла Маркса. Представлено значение различных моделей разделения труда для определения субстанции стоимости. Проанализирована диалектика предмета и объекта экономического исследования в "Капитале".

Статья посвящена проблематике диалектики национально-государственной идентичности и глобализации. Целью исследования является анализ факторов, детерминирующих как трансформацию, так и возможности укрепления национально-государственной идентичности в условиях глобализационных и интеграционных процессов. Выявлены некоторые аспекты конституирования национально-государственности идентичности в условиях глобализации: роль идеологии государства в укреплении национально-государственной идентичности как фактора консолидации, согласования различных «идентификационных» типов в обществе (суб-, над-, транснациональных), а также определения общей системы ценностей и идеалов для конкретного политического сообщества; значение гражданской идентичности, как вида национально-государственной идентичности в условиях востребованности согласования различных скоростей социальных процессов глобализации; взаимосвязь национально-государственной идентичности и состояния национальной безопасности в гуманитарной сфере в условиях глобализации и необходимость укрепления национально-государственной идентичности посредством системы идеологической работы, национальных форм духовно-нравственного, гражданско-патриотического воспитания; взаимосвязь национально-государственной идентичности и суверенитета государства в условиях глобализации, которая находит свое выражение в разработке национального законодательства, выборе национальным государством партнеров в интеграционных процессах, самостоятельной внешней и внутренней политике, действенном лоббировании государством собственных интересов на международной арене. ; The article is devoted to the problems of the dialectics of national-state identity and globalization. The aim of the study is to analyze the factors determining both the transformation and the possibility of strengthening national-state identity in the context of globalization and integration processes. Some aspects of the constitution of national-state identity in the context of globalization are revealed: the role of state ideology in strengthening national-state identity as a factor in consolidation, coordination of various "identification" types in society (sub-, supra-, transnational), as well as determining a common system of values and ideals for a particular political community; the importance of civic identity as a type of national-state identity in the context of the demand for coordination of various speeds of the social processes of globalization; the relationship of national-state identity and the state of national security in the humanitarian sphere in the context of globalization and the need to strengthen national-state identity through a system of ideological work, national forms of spiritual and moral, civic-patriotic education; the interconnection of national-state identity and state sovereignty in the context of globalization, which finds expression in the development of national legislation, the choice by the national state of partners in integration processes, independent foreign and domestic policy, and effective lobbying by the state of its own interests in the international arena.

На основе анализа философских концепций К. Касториадиса, А. Бадью, С. Жижека сущность системного насилия раскрывается как деструктивная, репрессивная организация социального пространства, следствием которой является утрата смысла социального действия, отчуждение человека от социальных и политических практик. Отмечается, что идея разрыва интерпретируется не как источник насилия, а как средство восстановления пространства политического и возвращения политически мыслящего и ответственно действующего субъекта, что дает возможность говорить о двух типах насилия в постмарксизме: негативном (системном) и позитивном (политическом). В рамках философии постмарксизма возвращение политического субъекта, реализация идеала эмансипированного общества посредством социального воображения, конструирование в пространстве события как политического субъекта, так и нового порядка бытия рассматриваются как действенные способы ограничения системного насилия. ; In the article, based on the analysis of philosophical concepts of K. Castoriadis, A. Badiou, S. Zizek, the essence of systemic violence is revealed as a destructive, repressive organization of social space, the result of which is the loss of the meaning of social action, alienation of a person from social and political practices. It is noted that the idea of a gap is interpreted not as a source of violence, but as a means of restoring the political space and returning the politically minded and responsible actor, which makes it possible to talk about two types of violence in post-Marxism: negative (systemic) and positive (political). Within the framework of the post-Marxist philosophy, the return of political subject, the realization of the ideal of the emancipated society through social imagination, the construction of both a political subject and a new order of being by the event are considered as effective ways to limit systemic violence.

Introduction. The philosophy of S. Žižek is one of the challenges of our time. It should not be associated with any tradition. It influences the formation of ideas in political philosophy, postmarxism, poststructuralism, structural psychoanalysis. S. Žižek demonstrated the potential use of psychoanalysis for philosophy, actualized the use of the dialectical method in the philosophical study. The philosopher combines the ideas of ethics, philosophy of politics, philosophy of religion with the problem of gap, as an essential characteristic of any existing being In the texts. The aim and tasks are to analyse (in the historical and philosophical context) the influence of the philosophical, culturological, and political scientist conceptions of S. Žižek on the transformation of the idea of the discontinuity proposed by J. Lacan. Research methods. Our study uses a set of methods. The system-structural method has allowed to consider each element of philosophical discourse in the projection on the whole. Hermeneutical analysis of S. Žižek's texts and the comparative method, allowed to determine the main sources of influence on the views of the philosopher, in the first place, the ideas of J. Lakan and G. Hegel. Discussion. The object of our study is the phenomenon of gap in the philosophical concept of S. Žižek. It correlates with the notion of development and is inherent in the social, political, economic sphere, at every level of civilization development. S. Žižek is an outstanding representative of the philosophy of postmodernism. Conclusions S. Žižek believed that the idea of a gap is the main idea of ontological discourse. The problem of ideology, religion, ethics, politics, the subject is solved by understanding of the gap, which accumulates the postulates of dialectics, psychoanalysis, etc., and actualizes them in the postmodern reality. According to the philosopher, consideration of any existing being is possible due to the concept of the gap, which is identical to the notion of difference. In the opinion of S. ...

The present article is focused on the development of the economic zonation in the PRC. The authors highlight the reasons and prerequisites, which used to result in the changes of the zonation models and also offer the detailed analysis of the major problems, which had to be resolved by the means of the regional policy during that or another period under consideration. The article also presents the study of the dialectics within the zonation system: from the tight frameworks of "the PLAC military district the economic region" in the first period of the PRC history towards the gradual discarding of "the secluded regional economic systems" model and the transition to the regional economic belts and districts being open for the outer world.

The article gives a general theoretical assessment of utopias, utopian consciousness and strategies. It analyses the dialectics of utopia and anti-utopia, as well as strategies and tactics in the real Soviet history and politics. It features three types of utopia in the history of Russia and their connection with the styles of the Western world in corresponding periods. The social space represents the essential features of the Soviet utopia; it lacks the succession. Professional characteristics of architecture also have internal contradictions. ; В статье дается общетеоретическая характеристика утопий, утопического сознания и стратегий. Анализируется диалектика утопии и антиутопии, стратегии и тактики в реальной советской истории и политике. Выделяются три вида утопии в истории России, устанавливается их связь со стилями Западного мира соответствующих периодов. Социальное пространство репрезентирует наиболее сущностные черты советской утопии; в нем обнаруживается отсутствие преемственности. Профессиональные черты архитектуры также демонстрируют внутренне противоречивую природу.

The contemporary world is globalizing. The globalization has become the reality of contemporary human being. It has as much positive as negative sides; since any progress is at the same time a regress, form the viewpoint of the dialectics, as a science of development. Morals and morality are able to and should regulate relations among individuals as well as they should become the basic principles in education of a morally perfect personality, who would fully be able to reveal and use his/her potential in the system of the new globalized world values.We live in the XXI century, we are talking about the future of an open democratic society and now are watching as globalization absorb some culture of this society, often in contradiction with the law of a State, without violating universal principles. According to the laws of dialectics, society develops in a spiral, respectively, we are witnessing a new stage in the transition from legal to moral norms of interpersonal relations. And if humanity does not understand the importance of moral and ethical foundations of interpersonal relationships of our time, it will simply not be able to develop. The moral culture of the individual, his/her choice of the scope and responsibility for their choices - that is the ideal personality of the global information society. Of course, this is ideal, because today morality is not yet a fist necessity neither for society nor for individuals, and even though most advocates for it, knowing that the immoral society is simply impossible to live or survive. And because the moral component of a global society is an integral part of it, one might say, its attribute ; Современный мир глобализируется. Глобализация стала реальностью бытия современного человечества. Глобализация имеет как позитивные, так и негативные стороны, ибо всякий прогресс несет в себе и регресс, с точки зрения диалектики как науки о развитии. Именно мораль и нравственность – могут и должны выступить своего рода регуляторами отношений между людьми и основоположными базисными принципами для формирования нравственно совершенной личности, способной полноценно реализоваться в системе новых глобализационных мировых ценностей ; Сучасний світ глобалізується. Глобалізація стала реальністю буття сучасного людства. Вона має як позитивні, так і негативні сторони, бо ж усякий прогрес несе в собі й регрес, з точки зору діалектики як науки про розвиток. Саме мораль і моральнісність – можуть і повинні виступити своєрідними регуляторами відносин між людьми та основоположними базовими принципами для формування моральнісно довершеної особистості, здатної повноцінно реалізуватися у системі нових глобалізаційних світових цінностей.

Прагма-диалектическая теория аргументации сочетает в себе диалектический и риторический подходы к аргументации и предлагает идеальную модель ведения критической дискуссии, включающую четыре стадии разрешения конфликта мнений, а также критерии разумности, которым участники дискуссии должны следовать, стремясь преодолеть разногласие. Для преодоления диалектического и риторического напряжения прагма-диалектика расширила свою модель стратегическим маневрированием. Все это делает прагма-диалектический подход к аргументации эффективным средством тщательного изучения и оценки аргументативного политического дискурса в его реальном функционировании и дает возможность более глубоко взглянуть на аргументативную политическую реальность. ; The pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation combines a dialectical and a rhetorical perspectives on argumentation; it introduces the four-stage ideal model of critical discussion any argumentative discourse must pass through to resolve a difference of opinion, and provides the standards of reasonableness for critical discussion. The gap between dialectic and rhetoric was bridged by introducing the concept of strategic manoeuvring that represents the next nascent stage of the development of the pragma-dialectics. The pragma-dialectical approach to argumentation is considered an effective tool to scrutinize and assess argumentative political discourse in its real functioning to get more profound insights in argumentative political reality.

The article substantiates the need to use new approaches in describing the regional economic security including the institutional theory. We argue the importance of economic security for overcoming governance imperfections. Moreover, it is significant to a new paradigm unifying various theories that differ from one another according to methodological features — substantive, functional and axiological ones. In the modern theory of socio-economic development, more attention has been paid to the regional economic security and its institutional explanation. The purpose of the article is to study the economic security of a region through the prism of institutional factors. These factors allow revealing internal features that determine the nature of regional economic security. However, studying these factors using traditional economic theory remains less accessible. The research hypothesis supposes that our method of studying the economic security increases the effectiveness of scientific analysis. Moreover, it allows to identify a region as a complex phenomenon where universal standards of market behaviour can be considered as the special cases of economy. In this regard, the research contributes to the concept of regional economic security. We consider a region using the French «theory of agreements». The application of the theory of conventions allows to re-formulate the concept of the interaction of regional government bodies with a multi-institutional object of regulation. This is a typical for addressing the issue of economic security of northern regions where the problem of market behaviour has more acute and painful form. The outcome of this work can be used as a guide for the modernization of regional governance. © 2018 Institute of Economics Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. ; Изложено становление теории экономической безопасности и ее институциональной интерпретации. Представлены основные задачи управления экономической безопасностью. Рассмотрены эволюция и особенности производственной структуры Республики Коми.

The article suggests a description of the main landmarks of the development of the Mongolian art at the beginning of the 20th century. It is stated that visual arts in Mongolia have always been concerned with the reality depicting the social and political life of the country as well as the mode of life, customs and religious beliefs of the people. For example, worship of khans who were considered to be khans due to the will of the Heaven is one of the most important values of the traditional Mongolian culture. This theme is widespread in the Mongolian art. However, this doesn't mean that the Mongolian art is initially politicized. In the author's opinion, statehood is one of the symbols which have always been of great importance for the Mongolian culture. It is this symbol that becomes the matter of the picture. As to the Mongolian art, it is essentially symbolic as it resembles the dialectics between the eternal and the perishable, the divine and the human underlying the interdependency of the natural and social laws. The symbolism of the Mongolian art makes it original and distinguishes it from the European realistic art. ; В статье прослеживаются основные вехи развития монгольской живописи в начале ХХ в. Отмечается, что изобразительное искусство в Монголии всегда отражало реалии общественной и политической жизни страны, а также быт, обычаи и религиозные верования народа. Так, например, одна из важнейших ценностей традиционной монгольской культуры – это почитание хана, который является ханом по воле Неба. В живописи эта тема также получает свое освещение. Однако это не означает, что монгольская живопись была изначально политизирована. По мнению автора, государственность – это один из символов, имеющих большое значение для монгольской культуры, и именно этот символ становится предметом изображения в живописи, которая по сути своей глубоко символична, представляя диалектику вечного только тленного, человеческого и божественного и подчеркивая взаимозависимость законов природы и общества. Символизм монгольского изобразительного искусства определяет его своеобразие и отличает его от европейского реалистического искусства.Ключевые слова: монгольская живопись, символизм, реализм, монгольские художники.The development of the national art of Mongolia in the first quarter of the 20th century The article suggests a description of the main landmarks of the development of the Mongolian art at the beginning of the 20th century. It is stated that visual arts in Mongolia have always been concerned with the reality depicting the social and political life of the country as well as the mode of life, customs and religious beliefs of the people. For example, worship of khans who were considered to be khans due to the will of the Heaven is one of the most important values of the traditional Mongolian culture. This theme is widespread in the Mongolian art. However, this doesn't mean that the Mongolian art is initially politicized. In the author's opinion, statehood is one of the symbols which have always been of great importance for the Mongolian culture. It is this symbol that becomes the matter of the picture. As to the Mongolian art, it is essentially symbolic as it resembles the dialectics between the eternal and the perishable, the divine and the human underlying the interdependency of the natural and social laws. The symbolism of the Mongolian art makes it original and distinguishes it from the European realistic art.Keywords: Mongolian art, symbolism, realism, Mongolian artists.

На основе общенаучных методов (исторического, компаративного, системного), а также контент-анализа выявляется генезис неомарксизма и его эвристическая значимость для социального познания. Проанализировано поэтапное становление неомарксизма, установлены его исходная парадигма и основные теоретики. Разграничены неомарксизм, ревизионизм и идеологии рабочего движения. Определена роль диалектики в становлении неомарксистской критической теории общества. Неомарксистские концепции оптимизированы по следующим направлениям: социальная сфера, культура, политика, идеология, глобальный порядок. Выявлено теоретико-методологическое значение работы А. Негри и М. Хардта «Империя» для развития неомарксизма. обозначена перспектива становления нового направления неомарксизма – синергетического марксизма. Практическая значимость полученных результатов заключается в фундаментальном обобщении неомарксизма, определении его роли в современных исследованиях социальности. = In the article the genesis of neo-Marxism and its heuristic significance for social cognition is revealed with the scientific methods (historic, comparative, system ones) and content-analysis. Analysis is given to a phased formation of neo-Marxism, described were its source paradigm and main theorists. Neo-Marxism, revisionism and ideology of working class movement were given differentiation. The role of dialectics in establishing neo-Marxist critical theory of society was described. Social neo-Marxist conceptions were generalized into a number of directions such as social sphere, culture, politics, ideology, global order. The theoretic-methodological value of the work «Empire» by A. Negri and M. Hardt for developing neo-Marxism was revealed. The perspective of establishing a new neo-Marxist trend – that of synergistic Marxism – was sounded. The practical significance of the obtained results is seen in the fundamental generalization of neo-Marxism, highlighting its role in modern researches of sociality.

The subject. Many shortcomings in the current state of local government and self-government systems are that in the process of forming the institutions of Russian public power, there were not evolutionary qualitative changes, but, on the contrary, there were processes of quantitative complication of mechanisms and institutions for the exercise of public power, making the role of the people in administrative processes impossible or insignificant.The experience of pre-revolutionary Siberian local self-government is a proven resource in historical practice for improving the organization of local government, as well as the mechanism of public administration, which was prepared on local, Siberian soil, and was not copied from the socio-political systems of foreign countries.The purpose of the article is to identify principles and features of the peasant self-government in Siberia laid down by the reform of the outstanding Russian statesman Michael Speransky.The theoretical and methodological basis of the research are the categories and principles of materialistic dialectics, formal-logical, systemic, comparative-legal and formal-legal methods.The main results. The conditions of life and traditions of self-governing peasant communities in Siberia made it possible for a very long period, up to the revolutionary upheavals of 1917, to find a solution that freed the crown government from the costs of the lower level of local government and its performance of the functions of administration and court in the Siberian village.Conclusions. Peasant self-government was endowed with state powers and included in the mechanism of state power according to the reform of Michael Speransky. ; Рассматривается организация крестьянского самоуправления в Сибири согласно реформе выдающегося российского государственного деятеля М.М. Сперанского. Делается вывод, что крестьянское самоуправление наделялось государственными властными полномочиями и включалось в механизм государственной власти. Отмечается, что условия быта и традиции ...

This paper summarises interviews with scholars from different cities regarding the Boris Yeltsin Presidential Centre, which has been operating in Yekaterinburg since 2015. The interviews not only concern the importance of the Yeltsin Centre as a cultural and research institution, but also historical memory about the Yeltsin era, issues of glorification and hero cults in Russian history, and, more broadly, issues connected with Yeltsin's name. The key topic of the interviews was the peculiar dialectics of freedom and power which manifested themselves so vividly during Yeltsin's life. The interviews took place at different times, yet the structure and logic of the talks were similar, which makes it possible for the journal to publish them as part of one talk. The interviewees were Andrey Zorin (Dr. Hab. (Philology), Professor; Oxford University, United Kingdom), Evgeny Emelianov (PhD (History); Boris Yeltsin Presidential Centre, Yekaterinburg), Elena Burlina (Dr. Hab. (Philosophy), Professor; Samara State Medical University), Boris Orlov and Irina Lisovets (PhDs (History); Ural Federal University). ; Настоящая статья суммирует материалы бесед с учеными из разных городов на тему о работающем с 2015 г. в Екатеринбурге Президентском центре Б. Н. Ельцина. Беседы эти касались не только актуальной значимости Ельцин-центра как культурной и научной институции, но и исторической памяти о ельцинской эпохе, проблем глорификации и культа героя в отечественной истории и – в широком смысле – тех вопросов истории России, которые связаны с именем Ельцина. Лейтмотивом беседы была проблема своеобразной диалектики свободы и власти, столь ярко проявившейся в истории жизни Ельцина. Интервью были проведены в разное время, но структура и логика их были одинаковыми, а потому журнал публикует данные материалы в форме единой беседы, хотя реплики участников были разнесены во времени. В обсуждении приняли участие доктор филологических наук, профессор Андрей Зорин (Оксфордский университет, Великобритания), кандидат исторических наук Евгений Емельянов (Президентский центр Б. Н. Ельцина), доктор философских наук, профессор Елена Бурлина (Самарский государственный медицинский университет), кандидаты философских наук Ирина Лисовец и Борис Орлов (Уральский федеральный университет).