Suchergebnisse

Il tema sullo sviluppo urbano sostenibile ricopre un ruolo centrale nelle politiche urbane di molte città europee e non. Le indicazioni dei documenti programmatici dell'Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite (ONU), dell'Unione Europea e degli Stati Membri della Comunità Europea propongono linee guida al fine di «rendere le città e gli insediamenti umani più inclusivi, sicuri, resilienti e sostenibili». Ad una prima fase in cui il dibattito sulla sostenibilità ha riguardato la necessità di fronteggiare il rapido cambiamento climatico attraverso la salvaguardia e la tutela delle componenti ambientali e naturali, a partire dagli inizi del XXI secolo è seguita una fase in cui si è avvertita la necessità di indirizzare le trasformazioni insediative delle città considerando congiuntamente, quindi in chiave ecosistemica integrata, gli aspetti relativi sia alle risorse naturali e ambientali esistenti, sia ai servizi da essi generati, con gli effetti e le ricadute di tipo economico, sociale e culturale. La Commissione Europea propone iniziative volte a migliorare lo stato delle città per mezzo di ecologically sound urban design practices utili allo sviluppo economico del territorio, al benessere della collettività e alla salvaguardia della componente naturale esistente. L'integrazione di azioni di forestazione urbana e peri-urbana con gli aspetti urbanistici, architettonici, tecnologici, impiantistici, naturalistici e ambientali del progetto può contribuire ad innalzare il livello di qualità ambientale, sociale e culturale, nonché la capacità reddituale di porzioni di territorio urbanizzato. Si tratta di benefici plurimi per la collettività da valutare in termini di servizi eco-sistemici. La possibilità di progettare interventi ricomprendenti anche la forestazione urbana, definibili come Integrated Ecosystem Urban Projects (IEUP), richiede strategie d'azione volte alla sostenibilità urbana integrata. In questa prospettiva, s'intende proporre un protocollo di valutazione economica definito con logica multi-criteriale ...

The aim of the article is to apply an economic model -- the theory of contests -- to al-Qaeda's operating procedures, in order to account for two of its distinct features: the rise of self-starters and their inclination to mass killing. According to the model, al-Qaeda can be considered as a firm rewarding a prize -- namely, official membership. Since al-Qaeda's goal is to spread terror, the efforts of a candidate member can be assessed by proxy observing the number of casualties. As a result, the argument is that groups that wish to join the network compete to get the price, and their performance is measured in terms of mass murdering. This model is also tested on an empirical case: the July 2005 London bombings, which displays many features of a contest. Policy implications for counter-terrorism are then discussed: following the insights of the model, action should be undertaken in order to falsify or at least confuse al-Qaeda's internal communication. Second, since al-Qaeda's reward is as ideological as economics, efforts should be dedicated to tracking down, and possibly halt, financial flows. Finally, the article suggests further lines of research. Adapted from the source document.

The recent Nobel Prize assigned to Paul Krugman "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity" witnesses the important role that the scienti�c community gives to the insights of the so-called New Economic Geography (NEG) literature. This field of economic analysis has always been particularly appealing to policy makers, given the direct link between its results and regional policy rules. For the same reason it is useful to deepen the analysis of its most important outputs by testing the theoretical robustness of some of its more relevant statements. This thesis tries to o¤er a contribution in this direction by focusing on a particular sub-field of NEG literature, the so-called New Economic Geography and Growth (NEGG) literature, having in Baldwin and Martin (2004) and Baldwin et. al (2004) the most important theoretical syntheses. These two surveys collect and present in an uni�ed framework the works by Baldwin, Martin and Ottaviano (2001), where capital is immobile and spillovers are localized, Martin and Ottaviano (1999) where spillovers are global and capital is mobile. Other related papers are Baldwin (1999) which introduces forward looking expectations in the so-called Footloose capital model developed by Martin and Rogers (1995); Baldwin and Forslid (1999) which introduces endogenous growth by means of a q-theory approach; Baldwin and Forslid (2000) where spillovers are localized, capital is immobile and migration is allowed. Some more recent developments in the NEGG literature can be distinguished in two main strands. One takes into consideration factor price differences in order to discuss the possibility of a monotonic relation between agglomeration and integration (Bellone and Maupertuis (2003) and Andres (2007)). The other one assumes firms heterogeneity in productivity (first introduced by Eaton and Kortum (2002) and Melitz (2003)) in order to analyse the relationship between growth and the spatial selection e¤ect leading the most productive firms to move to larger markets (see Baldwin and Okubo (2006) and Baldwin and Robert-Nicoud (2008). These recent developments are related to our work in introducing some relevant departures from the standard model. Indeed this thesis develops and extends the theoretical framework of New Economic Geography theory along several routes. In the third chapter of the thesis we develop a New Economic Geography and Growth model which, by using a CES utility function in the second-stage optimization problem, allows for expenditure shares in industrial goods to be endogenously determined. The implications of our generalization are quite rel-evant. In particular, we obtain the following novel results: 1) catastrophic agglomeration may always take place, whatever the degree of market integration, provided that the traditional and the industrial goods are su¢ ciently good substitutes; 2) the regional rate of growth is affected by the interregional allocation of economic activities even in the absence of localized spillovers, so that geography always matters for growth and 3) the regional rate of growth is af- fected by the degree of market openness: in particular, depending on whether the traditional and the industrial goods are good or poor substitutes, economic integration may be respectively growth-enhancing or growth-detrimental. In the fourth chapter of the thesis we build a New Economic Geography and Growth model based on Baldwin, Martin and Ottaviano (2001) with an additional sector producing Non-tradable goods (services). By assuming intersectoral and localized knowledge spillovers from the innovation sector to the service sector, we show that firms'allocation affects regional real growth. More precisely we assume that the unit labour requirements (and thereby the prices) in the service production are a negative function of the output of innovation, i.e. the stock of knowledge capital. Due to this new specification, real growth rates in the two regions always diverge when the firms allocation pattern differs from the symmetric one. This result is a novelty in the standard theoretical NEGG literature where regional gap in real growth rate is always zero. Moreover, this result has strong policy implications because it suggests that concentrating in- dustries in only one region may also bring a dynamic loss for the periphery. By analyzing the trade-o¤ between the dynamic gains of agglomeration (due to localized intertemporal spillovers) and the dynamic loss of agglomeration (due to localized intersectoral spillovers), we also discuss different notions of optimal level of agglomeration. The thesis will proceed as follows: in the chapters one and two we describe the state of the art in New Economic Geography and its further developments such as the New Economic Geography and Growth, the possibility of a monotonic relation between agglomeration and integration, and finally the firms heterogeneity in New Economic Geography models. Instead in chapters three and four we present our original contribution to the theory, i.e. the analysis of endogenous expenditure shares and intersectoral knowledge spillovers on the agglomeration patterns and economic growth.

Economists have widely investigated the framework of politics and politicians, its mechanisms and its results. We collect some works, both theoretical and empirical, that describe some typical behaviour of politicians. In particular we focus on the following topics: political accountability, through the electoral systems and the role of citizens, the function of bureaucracy, the issue of multitasking. Finally we present a dynamic model that focuses on the degree of trust among voters.

Il presente lavoro di ricerca intende analizzare l'importanza dei modelli organizzativi a reti per rispondere alla sfida della complessità del momento storico, politico, sociologico, economico; in modo particolare in Sanità per rispondere all'esigenza di mettere al centro la persona nel percorso di cura ed ottenere una migliore integrazione delle cure. Sebbene i vantaggi delle reti siano bene descritti in letteratura sono ancora pochi gli studi nell'ambito della valutazione. Il caso di studio ha riguardato la rete oncologica romagnola così come percepita dagli informatori chiave, dagli operatori (medici, infermieri, amministrativi) e dalle persone con esperienza di tumore. Dall'analisi degli informatori chiave emerge forte che la rete nasce per dare risposte di qualità ai bisogni dei pazienti, mentre per gli operatori quanto sia importante la dimensione delle relazioni umane e avere valori condivisi per raggiungere obiettivi di efficacia e qualità delle cure. Per quanto riguarda invece la percezione delle persone con esperienza di tumore si rileva quanto sia importante l'appropriatezza della traiettoria di cura nonché l'avere continuità in un percorso, già di per sé difficile, oltre all'importanza dell'umanizzazione dei servizi e della corretta comunicazione medico paziente. ; The purpose of the present research project is to analyze the importance of the networks organization model to answer to the challenge of the complexity of this historical, political, sociological and economic period; in particular, as far as the health networks are concerned, to respond to the exigency of putting the person in the centre of the care pathway and obtain a better integration of cares. Although the advantages of the networks model are well described in the literature , still there are only few studies in the area of evaluation. The case of study has treated the cancer network in the Romagna area as well as it was perceived from key informants, stakeholders (doctors, nurses, administrative workers) and persons with tumour experience. The analysis of the key informants brought out strongly the fact that the network was born to give quality answers to the patients needs, while from the analysis of the stakeholders emerged how the human relationships are important and the significance of having shared values to achieve the goals of care efficacy and quality. Instead, as far as the perception of the persons with tumour experience is concerned, the importance of the appropriateness of the care trajectory emerged as well as to have a continuity in the pathway , already difficult by itself, in addition to the importance of the services humanization and the correct doctor-to-patient communication.

The article outlines the model of Russian economic policy that emerged on the eve of the 21st century, in the aftermath of the consequential 1998 crisis. That crisis did not challenge the dominant – neoliberal – ideology that reigned in Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union. But it exacerbated the distributive conflict between the state and the big business, "oligarchy", which eventually resulted in the victory of the state and in establishing a new balance of interests in the Russian establishment. The same crisis induced the government to follow rigorous macroeconomic regulation. The current crisis has not changed the essentially neoliberal nature of economic policy so far. Yet, as is shown in the paper, this crisis indicates at limits to the established model of economic policy. ; L'articolo delinea il modello di politica economica russa emerso alla vigilia del XXI secolo, all'indomani della crisi del 1998. Quella crisi non ha messo in discussione l'ideologia dominante – neoliberista – che regnava in Russia dalla caduta dell'Unione Sovietica. Ma ha esacerbato il conflitto distributivo tra lo stato e le grandi imprese, "l'oligarchia", che alla fine ha portato alla vittoria dello stato e alla definizione di un nuovo equilibrio di interessi nell'establishment russo. La stessa crisi ha indotto il governo a seguire una rigorosa regolamentazione macroeconomica. L'attuale crisi non ha finora modificato la natura essenzialmente neoliberista della politica economica. Tuttavia, come viene mostrato nell'articolo, questa crisi indica i limiti del modello di politica economica stabilito.

This paper analyze the effect of green energy, carbon dioxide emission, and militarization on green economic development. This study uses Turkey as a research country. Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model has been used to examine the time series data of Turkey over the years between 1980 and 2015.

L'integrazione nell'area dell'Unione Europea ha significativamente contribuito, in un primo tempo a stabilizzare e, successivamente, a sostenere la crescita economica della Polonia che, a differenza di molti altri paesi del Continente è riuscita a riassorbire lo shock della crisi del 2008 in tempi molto brevi. Infatti, già con il 2010, pur subendo l'effetto della lenta crescita di tutta la compagine europea, il paese è riuscito a restituire vigore alla propria economia sino a riposizionarsi, stabilmente, su di un livello d'incremento del proprio PIL intorno a tassi del 4% annui. La ricerca che si presenta in questa sede intende, in primo luogo, dimostrare come l'adesione all'UE, attraverso investimenti mirati, gestiti a livello centralizzato in funzione di ben calibrati obiettivi di sviluppo, abbia consentito al paese di migliorare le condizioni di vita della propria popolazione e stabilire valide premesse per il suo inserimento in un contesto di internazionalizzazione dell'apparato produttivo e del modello dei consumi interni. Il contributo, inoltre, affronta la delicata questione della coesione territoriale dello sviluppo regionale evidenziando come, a fronte di aree intensamente attive nel processo di crescita economica, tra le quali la regione della Pomerania, sussistano tutt'ora sacche di stagnazione e realtà affatto inserite nel contesto di un moderno processo di innovazione e crescita. Il nucleo centrale della ricerca di cui si presentano i risultati, ruota intorno all'approfondimento dei meccanismi virtuosi di pianificazione regionale per evidenziare e isolare le prassi da cui sia possibile far discendere i risultati maggiormente positivi in termini di rimodulazione e vivacizzazione del tessuto produttivo. Infine, con l'intento di avanzare talune ipotesi circa la permeabilità e replicabilità delle politiche territoriali, vengono prospettate alcune considerazioni in ordine alla sussistenza dei vincoli che, in concreto, rischiano di comprometterne la pratica trasferibilità nelle regioni tuttora marginali. ; The integration in the European Union has contributed significantly, initially to stabilize and, subsequently, to support the economic growth of Poland, which, unlike many other countries of the Continent, has managed to absorb the shock of the crisis in the 2008 very quickly. In fact, already in 2010, despite suffering the slow growth of the entire European frame, the country has managed to restore vigor to its economy until it repositions, steadily, on a level of increase of its GDP around rates 4% per year. The proposed contribute primarily aims to demonstrate how access to the EU, through targeted investments, managed at centralized level according to well-calibrated development objectives, has enabled the country to improve the living conditions of the own population and establish valid premises for its insertion in a internationalization context both of the productive apparatus and both of the model of internal consumption. The contribute also addresses the delicate issue of territorial cohesion in regional development, highlighting how, despite of intensively active areas in the process of economic growth, such as the Pomeranian region, there are still ones of stagnation and reality neither included in the context of a modern process of innovation and growth. The core of the research revolves around the deepening of the virtuous mechanisms of regional planning to highlight and isolate the practices from which it is possible to bring down the most positive results in terms of remodeling and vivacization of the productive context. Finally, with the intention of making certain assumptions about the permeability and repeatability of territorial policies, some considerations are envisaged with regard to the existence of the constraints which, in practice, risk compromising the practical transferability in the still marginal regions.

This paper develops an analytical model to calculate the amount by which individuals are expected to modify their values (the relationship between lifestyle and happiness, as measured by subjective well-being, SWB) and to adopt innovative technologies (to increase the sustainability of production and consumption, measured by the ecological footprint, EF) to allow current and future generations to achieve sustainable happiness (the pursuit of happiness that does not exploit other people, the environment, or future generations). The paper also examines the dependence of these changes on an individual's concern for future generations and on their country's current state of economic development. Individuals in developed countries can change their values by showing greater concern for future generations as well as by adopting new technologies, thereby reducing the required change in values and achieving sustainability at a high SWB. In contrast, individuals in developing countries must rely solely on technological innovation (and to a greater extent than in developed countries), and their concern for future generations is less relevant, with sustainability achieved at a low SWB. Finally, maximising the concern for future generations will make individuals in developing and developed countries coincide in terms of their potential to substitute values for technologies or vice versa, but not in terms of their potential to achieve sustainable happiness.

Negli ultimi anni le istituzioni e la regolamentazione hanno svolto un ruolo sempre più importante nell'analisi della crescita economica. Tuttavia, non è facile interpretare le istituzioni e gli effetti dei regolamenti sulla crescita attraverso indicatori che tendono a "misurare" le istituzioni. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è analizzare la relazione di lungo periodo tra la crescita economica e la regolamentazione e il ruolo della regolamentazione antitrust sulla crescita economica. La stima econometrica dei modelli di crescita con la concorrenza e gli indicatori di potere di mercato si base su un dataset appositamente costruito che copre 211 Paesi, su un arco temporale massimo di 50 anni (da 1960 a 2009). In particolare, cerchiamo di identificare un quadro analitico volto a integrare l'analisi istituzionale ed economica al fine di valutare il ruolo della regolamentazione e, più in generale, il ruolo delle istituzioni nella crescita economica. Dopo una revisione della letteratura teorica ed empirica sulla crescita e le istituzioni, vi presentiamo l'analisi dell'impatto normativo (RIA) in materia di concorrenza, e analizziamo le principali misure di regolamentazione, la governance e le misure antitrust. Per rispondere alla nostra domanda di ricerca si stimano modelli di crescita prendendo in considerazione tre diverse misure di regolamentazione: la Regulation Impact (RI), la Governance (GOV), e la libertà economica (LIB). Nel modello a effetti fissi, RI, gli effetti della legislazione antitrust sulla crescita economica sono significativi e positivi, e gli effetti di durata antitrust sono significativi, ma negativi. Nel pannel dinamico, GOV, gli effetti dell'indicatore di governance sulla crescita sono notevoli, ma negativo. Nel pannel dinamico, LIB, gli effetti della LIB sono significativi e negativi. ; During last years institutions and regulations have played an increasingly and important role in the growth economic analysis. However, it is not easy to interpret the institutions and regulations effects on growth using indicators which tend to "measure" institutions. The purpose of this research is analyse the long-run relationship between economic growth and regulation, and the role of antitrust regulation on economic growth. Our econometric estimation of growth models with competition and market power indicators based on an expressly conceived dataset including 211 countries, over a maximum period range of 50 years (from 1960 to 2009). In particular, we try to identify an analytical framework aiming to complement the institutional and economic analysis in order to assess the regulation role and more generally, the role of institutions in economic growth. After a theoretical and empirical literature review on growth and institutions, we present the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) on competition, and we analyse the main regulation, governance and antitrust measures. To answer our research question we estimate several growth models considering three regulatory measures: Regulation Impact (RI), Governance (GOV), and Economic Freedom (LIB). In the RI fixed effect model, the effects of antitrust legislation on economic growth are significant and positive, and the effects of antitrust duration are significant but negative. In the GOV dynamic panel, the effects of governance index on growth are significant but negative. In the LIB dynamic panel the effects of LIB are significant and negative.