Despite their theoretical and political potential, recent debates on enclosure usually lack an effective consideration of how space is mobilized in the process of dispossession. This article connects the analysis of enclosure's general spatial rationality to a range of illustrations of its particular formations and procedures. Enclosure is understood as one of capitalism's "universal territorial equivalents", a polymorphous technique with variegated expressions in time but also with a consistent logic that uses the spatial erosion of the commons to subsume non-commodified, self-managed social spaces. In response to the ever-changing nature of commoning, successive regimes of enclosure reshape the morphologies of deprivation and their articulation to other state and market apparatuses in order to meet shifting strategies of capital accumulation and social reproduction. Through a spatially nuanced account of these phenomena, I outline a tentative genealogy of enclosure formations that allows tracking diverse geographies of dispossession across different scales and regulatory contexts in various historical stages of capitalist development.
Despite their theoretical and political potential, recent debates on enclosure usually lack an effective consideration of how space is mobilized in the process of dispossession. This article connects the analysis of enclosure's general spatial rationality to a range of illustrations of its particular formations and procedures. Enclosure is understood as one of capitalism's "universal territorial equivalents", a polymorphous technique with variegated expressions in time but also with a consistent logic that uses the spatial erosion of the commons to subsume non-commodified, self-managed social spaces. In response to the ever-changing nature of commoning, successive regimes of enclosure reshape the morphologies of deprivation and their articulation to other state and market apparatuses in order to meet shifting strategies of capital accumulation and social reproduction. Through a spatially nuanced account of these phenomena, I outline a tentative genealogy of enclosure formations that allows tracking diverse geographies of dispossession across different scales and regulatory contexts in various historical stages of capitalist development.
Este artículo discute la creciente importancia que están adoptando los llamados "bienes comunes" en el ámbito de la creación cultural. Para ello se discuten críticamente dos importantes analogías que han emergido en los últimos años: la primera, entre los "bienes comunes naturales" y los "digitales" y la segunda, entre los "viejos" y los "nuevos cercamientos digitales". El artículo demuestra que, si bien es cierto que ambas comparaciones deben abordarse con cautela, las similitudes entre ambas son notables. El objetivo es presentar los "bienes comunes digitales" como aquellos dispositivos capaces de conformar una suerte de "Economía política popular del pro-común". Para ello, y a través de una doble aproximación (la técnica-jurídica y la política-económica), el articulo remarca la necesidad de contar con un contexto institucional lo suficientemente robusto como para limitar los efectos de los nuevos cercamientos sobre la actual creación y difusión cultural. ; This paper discusses the growing importance that the so-called "commons" are gaining in the sphere of cultural creation. To do so, it critically analyses two important analogies that have appeared during the recent years: the first one, between the "natural" and "digital commons", and the second, between the "old" and the "new digital enclosures". The paper demonstrates that their similitudes are prominent, although both comparisons have to be carefully studied. The main goal is to present the "digital commons" as those devices capable to shape a sort of "Popular political economy of pro-common". Throughout a double approach (the technicallegal and the political-economical one), the paper highlights the need to have an institutional environment robust enough to prevent the effects of new enclosures in contemporary creation and the dissemination of culture.
The lines from the poem Valerik that open this publication were write by the Russian poet Michael Lermontov in the year 1840, half of which he spent in the Caucasus before being shot to death in a duel just a year later. Sent to serve in the Russian imperial army fighting Caucasian highlanders, the poet had to participate in several harsh combats. Shocked by the cruelty of the war, he was also stunned by a long history of confrontation and bloodshed exerienced by the people of the Caucasus.
In January 1979, the then rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Guillermo Soberón, announced the program of celebrations in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the university autonomy. Each month of that year a celebration event took place, culminating in December with the inauguration of the Biblioteca Nacional and the Hemeroteca Nacional de México [National Library and the National Newspaper and Periodicals Library of Mexico] building. The context in which this happened will allow us to observe how the influence of political and economic events and the power networks of the 1970s promoted and guided a social spending policy that favored the construction of educational and cultural infrastructure, which made possible the construction of the University Cultural Center. Within this project, the building of the Bibliographic Unit was considered, which would provide the conditions to install the National Newspaper and Periodical Library and National Library of Mexico, on the threshold of the modern library. By itself, the inauguration event was a significant event for the librarian community, but addressing the political context highlights the fact that building infrastructure to preserve historical memory does not respond exclusively to the need for its conservation and dissemination, although in this case and in the end, it resulted in the improvement of the preservation conditions for the most important historical bibliographic heritage of Mexico. This contribution aims toward a reflective genealogy about librarian institutions, far from being perceived like solemn monuments to knowledge, in order to discover the conditions that gave birth to these and explain the reason of their presence and permanence through time. ; En enero de 1979 el entonces rector de la Universidad, Guillermo Soberón, daba a conocer el programa de celebraciones en conmemoración del Cincuentenario de la Autonomía universitaria. Cada mes del año tendría un evento de celebración, culminando en diciembre con la inauguración del edificio de la Biblioteca y la Hemeroteca Nacionales. El contexto en el que se da tal evento permitirá observar cómo la influencia de los acontecimientos políticos y económicos y las redes de poder de los años setenta promovieron y orientaron una política de gasto social que favoreció la construcción de infraestructura educativa y cultural, lo que hizo posible, entre otras, la construcción del Centro Cultural Universitario. Dentro de tal proyecto se consideró la edificación de la Unidad Bibliográfica, con lo que se darían las condiciones para instalar a la Hemeroteca y Biblioteca Nacionales de México, en los umbrales de la modernidad bibliotecaria. Por sí mismo, el evento inaugural fue un suceso significativo para la comunidad bibliotecaria de la época, pero abordar el contexto político permite hacer visible que la construcción de infraestructuras para la memoria histórica de la nación no responde exclusivamente a la necesidad de su conservación y divulgación, aunque en este caso, y a fin de cuentas, el mejoramiento de las condiciones para la preservación del acervo histórico más importante de México resultó favorecido. Esta contribución se perfila hacia una genealogía reflexiva sobre las instituciones bibliotecarias y apunta más allá de la percepción de estas como solemnes monumentos al conocimiento, descubriendo las condiciones a las que deben su existencia y que explican la razón de su presencia y permanencia a través del tiempo.
Recent applications of Foucauldian categories in geography, spatial history and the history of town planning have opened up interesting new perspectives, with respect to both the evolution of spatial knowledge and the genealogy of territorial techniques and their relation to larger socio-political projects, that would be enriched if combined with other discursive traditions. This article proposes to conceptualise English parliamentary enclosureea favourite episode for Marxist historiography, frequently read in a strictly materialist fashioneas a precedent of a new form of sociospatial governmentality, a political technology that inaugurates a strategic manipulation of territory for social change on the threshold between feudal and capitalist spatial rationalities. I analyse the sociospatial dimensions of parliamentary enclosure's technical and legal innovations and compare them to the forms of communal self-regulation of land use customs and everyday regionalisations that preceded it. Through a systematic, replicable mechanism of reterritorialisation, enclosure acts normalised spatial regulations, blurred regional differences in the social organisation of agriculture and erased the modes of autonomous social reproduction linked to common land. Their exercise of dispossession of material resources, social capital and community representations is interpreted therefore as an inaugural logic that would pervade the emergent spatial rationality later known as planning.
Recent applications of Foucauldian categories in geography, spatial history and the history of town planning have opened up interesting new perspectives, with respect to both the evolution of spatial knowledge and the genealogy of territorial techniques and their relation to larger socio-political projects, that would be enriched if combined with other discursive traditions. This article proposes to conceptualise English parliamentary enclosureea favourite episode for Marxist historiography, frequently read in a strictly materialist fashioneas a precedent of a new form of sociospatial governmentality, a political technology that inaugurates a strategic manipulation of territory for social change on the threshold between feudal and capitalist spatial rationalities. I analyse the sociospatial dimensions of parliamentary enclosure's technical and legal innovations and compare them to the forms of communal self-regulation of land use customs and everyday regionalisations that preceded it. Through a systematic, replicable mechanism of reterritorialisation, enclosure acts normalised spatial regulations, blurred regional differences in the social organisation of agriculture and erased the modes of autonomous social reproduction linked to common land. Their exercise of dispossession of material resources, social capital and community representations is interpreted therefore as an inaugural logic that would pervade the emergent spatial rationality later known as planning.
El objetivo de este artículo es examinar la forma en que se expresan los procesos de cercamiento jurídicoen torno a las semillasen Argentina. A partir de análisis bibliográfico, de legislación y de entrevistas a informates clave, se identifica una proliferacióny complejización de dispositivos: la Ley de Semillas y los diversos intentos por modificarla; los intentos por patentar las semillastransgénicas; las disputas por el cobro de las regalías de la soja RR; los contratos bilaterales firmados por Monsanto y los productoresen relación de la soja Intacta; y las resoluciones tendientes a recortar el uso propio de las semillas. Estos no se dieron de maneralineal y estuvieron atravesados por tensiones y conflictos. El tema sigue abierto y, por lo tanto, las semillas en Argentina son unelemento de importantes debates y múltiples disputas ; The objective of this article is to examine the way in which legal enclosure processes are expressed around seeds in Argentina. From bibliographical analysis, legislation and interviews to key informants, a proliferation and complexity of devices is identified: the Law of Seeds and the various attempts to modify it; attempts to patent transgenic seeds; the disputes over the collection of the RR soybean royalties; the bilateral contracts signed by Monsanto and the producers in relation to the Intacta soybean; and the resolutions tending to reduce the own use of the seeds. These processes did not occur in a linear way and were crossed by tensions and conflicts. The problematic is still open and, therefore, the seeds in Argentina are an element of important debates and multiple disputes.
The objective of this article is to examine the way in which legal enclosure processes are expressed around seeds in Argentina. From bibliographical analysis, legislation and interviews to key informants, a proliferation and complexity of devices is identified: the Law of Seeds and the various attempts to modify it; attempts to patent transgenic seeds; the disputes over the collection of the RR soybean royalties; the bilateral contracts signed by Monsanto and the producers in relation to the Intacta soybean; and the resolutions tending to reduce the own use of the seeds. These processes did not occur in a linear way and were crossed by tensions and conflicts. The problematic is still open and, therefore, the seeds in Argentina are an element of important debates and multiple disputes. ; El objetivo de este artículo es examinar la forma en que se expresan los procesos de cercamiento jurídico en torno a las semillas en Argentina. A partir de análisis bibliográfico, de legislación y de entrevistas a informates clave, se identifica una proliferación y complejización de dispositivos: la Ley de Semillas y los diversos intentos por modificarla; los intentos por patentar las semillas transgénicas; las disputas por el cobro de las regalías de la soja RR; los contratos bilaterales firmados por Monsanto y los productores en relación de la soja Intacta; y las resoluciones tendientes a recortar el uso propio de las semillas. Estos no se dieron de manera lineal y estuvieron atravesados por tensiones y conflictos. El tema sigue abierto y, por lo tanto, las semillas en Argentina son un elemento de importantes debates y múltiples disputas.
El objetivo de este artículo es examinar la forma en que se expresan los procesos de cercamiento jurídico en torno a las semillas en Argentina. A partir de análisis bibliográfico, de legislación y de entrevistas a informates clave, se identifica una proliferación y complejización de dispositivos: la Ley de Semillas y los diversos intentos por modificarla; los intentos por patentar las semillas transgénicas; las disputas por el cobro de las regalías de la soja RR; los contratos bilaterales firmados por Monsanto y los productores en relación de la soja Intacta; y las resoluciones tendientes a recortar el uso propio de las semillas. Estos no se dieron de manera lineal y estuvieron atravesados por tensiones y conflictos. El tema sigue abierto y, por lo tanto, las semillas en Argentina son un elemento de importantes debates y múltiples disputas. ; The objective of this article is to examine the way in which legal enclosure processes are expressed around seeds in Argentina. From bibliographical analysis, legislation and interviews to key informants, a proliferation and complexity of devices is identified: the Law of Seeds and the various attempts to modify it; attempts to patent transgenic seeds; the disputes over the collection of the RR soybean royalties; the bilateral contracts signed by Monsanto and the producers in relation to the Intacta soybean; and the resolutions tending to reduce the own use of the seeds. These processes did not occur in a linear way and were crossed by tensions and conflicts. The problematic is still open and, therefore, the seeds in Argentina are an element of important debates and multiple disputes.
El objetivo de este artículo es examinar la forma en que se expresan los procesos de cercamiento jurídico en torno a las semillas en Argentina. A partir de análisis bibliográfico, de legislación y de entrevistas a informates clave, se identifica una proliferación y complejización de dispositivos: la Ley de Semillas y los diversos intentos por modificarla; los intentos por patentar las semillas transgénicas; las disputas por el cobro de las regalías de la soja RR; los contratos bilaterales firmados por Monsanto y los productores en relación de la soja Intacta; y las resoluciones tendientes a recortar el uso propio de las semillas. Estos no se dieron de manera lineal y estuvieron atravesados por tensiones y conflictos. El tema sigue abierto y, por lo tanto, las semillas en Argentina son un elemento de importantes debates y múltiples disputas. ; The objective of this article is to examine the way in which legal enclosure processes are expressed around seeds in Argentina. From bibliographical analysis, legislation and interviews to key informants, a proliferation and complexity of devices is identified: the Law of Seeds and the various attempts to modify it; attempts to patent transgenic seeds; the disputes over the collection of the RR soybean royalties; the bilateral contracts signed by Monsanto and the producers in relation to the Intacta soybean; and the resolutions tending to reduce the own use of the seeds. These processes did not occur in a linear way and were crossed by tensions and conflicts. The problematic is still open and, therefore, the seeds in Argentina are an element of important debates and multiple disputes.
En las décadas de 1950 y 1960 Cortázar publicó cinco volúmenes de cuentos; en varios de ellos se hallan relatos con una temática común: el fracaso de los hijos en el intento por liberarse de una familia caracterizada por el encierro y la cohesión. En los volúmenes restantes –los publicados en las décadas de 1970 y 1980– la temática no reaparece. El artículo indaga en la manera en que una serie de factores biográficos, políticos e históricos habrían influido en dicha desaparición, subrayándose el papel de la adhesión del escritor a los procesos de liberación colectiva, como la revolución cubana y Mayo del 68. ; In the 1950s and 1960s Cortázar published five volumes of short stories, several of them are stories with a common theme: the frustrated attempts to free the offspring of a family characterized by closure and cohesion. In the remaining volumes –those published in the 1970s and 1980s– this issue does not reappear. This article examines how a number of factors biographical, historical and political have influenced their disappearance, stressing the role of the writer's adherence to the processes of collective liberation, as the Cuban Revolution and May '68. ; 67-82 ; roberto.chacana@uach.cl ; Anual
El objetivo de este artículo es examinar la forma en que se expresan los procesos de cercamiento jurídicoen torno a las semillas en Argentina. A partir de análisis bibliográfico, de legislación y de entrevistas a informates clave, se identifica una proliferación y complejización de dispositivos: la Ley de Semillas y los diversos intentos por modificarla; los intentos por patentar las semillas transgénicas; las disputas por el cobro de las regalías de la soja RR; los contratos bilaterales firmados por Monsanto y los productores en relación de la soja Intacta; y las resoluciones tendientes a recortar el uso propio de las semillas. Estos no se dieron de manera lineal y estuvieron atravesados por tensiones y conflictos. El tema sigue abierto y, por lo tanto, las semillas en Argentina son un elemento de importantes debates y múltiples disputas. ; The objective of this article is to examine the way in which legal enclosure processes are expressed around seeds in Argentina. From bibliographical analysis, legislation and interviews to key informants, a proliferation and complexity of devices is identified: the Law of Seeds and the various attempts to modify it; attempts to patent transgenic seeds; the disputes over the collection of the RR soybean royalties; the bilateral contracts signed by Monsanto and the producers in relation to the Intacta soybean; and the resolutions tending to reduce the own use of the seeds. These processes did not occur in a linear way and were crossed by tensions and conflicts. The problematic is still open and, therefore, the seeds in Argentina are an element of important debates and multiple disputes. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación
The present paper describes the development and generalized use of the double or hollow wall system in masonry enclosures in Madrilenian residential architecture in the first two thirds of the twentieth century. The question is addressed, on the one hand, from the standpoint of comparative history, in which a clear awareness of evolutionary progress can be defined through certain recognizable architectural tendencies that arose during the technological revolution taking place in Europe and somewhat later in our country; in this regard, the analysis focuses on developments in Madrid. On the other hand, consideration is given to the general construction systems and methods applied to different typologies and representative examples associated with possible modes of technical innovation in the expansive processes involved in housing of high architectural quality, characterized by material and formal consistency. The inclusion of insulation materials in wall construction and the development of the air chamber are likewise dealt with in the context of inherited tradition and the incipient new language developed in the nineteen thirties. The discussion also reflects on the parenthesis imposed by the Civil War, the interruption of the progressive trend begun prior to and continued after that conflict and the need to rebuild which materialized in an emergency housing policy mixed with a spirit of euphoria magnified and defined by the official architectural establishment. The different types of construction systems where double walls became increasingly popular are studied and classified, differentiated on the grounds of the materials used - a modern compositional solution adopted with growing frequency in contemporary models, that would gradually lead to the standardization of such enclosures in urban housing in the nineteen fifties. Also considered is the truly determining influence, particularly beginning in the nineteen forties, of the legislation applied to publicly financed housing, which called for analysis of the ...
Based on the agricultural problems of the San Carlos site in Jipijapa, it was proposed to generate an economic alternative to the processing of sugarcane; In order to obtain one more derivative of this product, such as granulated panela, for which the requirement of a bromatological analysis of the product was not only necessary, since a prefeasibility study was also necessary to determine the viability of Produce in large volumes and launch this product obtained from the study area indicated above. It was possible to determine both the quality and feasibility parameters using the processed and processed matter, which was subsequently sent to a bromatological laboratory to identify its quality and composition; and for its competitiveness with products of the same characteristics already existing in the market, it was necessary to apply information gathering techniques to the people who handle this product in the market and to those who carry out the process of generating granulated panela; It is also important to emphasize that not all producers produce granulated panela; for production costs, materials, equipment and raw material suitable for this process. From the results obtained from both the bromatological analysis and the prefeasibility study, its viability to the elaboration of this product was determined by the farmers who dedicate themselves to this work, mentioning that it would be more profitable if they had the support of governmental and financial entities; allowing economic and social development to its inhabitants. ; Basado en las problemáticas agrícolas del recinto San Carlos en Jipijapa, se propuso generar una alternativa económica del procesamiento de la caña de azúcar; para obtener un derivado más de este producto como es el caso de la panela granulada, para el cual no solo fue necesario el requerimiento de un análisis bromatológico del producto, ya que de igual forma fue necesario realizar un estudio de prefactibilidad para determinar la viabilidad de producir en grandes volúmenes y lanzar al mercado este producto obtenido de la zona de estudio antes indicada. Fue posible determinar tanto los parámetros de calidad como de factibilidad utilizando la materia procesada y elaborada, la cual posteriormente fue enviada a un laboratorio bromatológico para identificar su calidad y composición; y para su competitividad con productos de iguales características existentes ya en el mercado, fue necesario aplicar técnicas de recolección de información a las personas que manejan este producto en el mercado y a quienes realizan el proceso de generación de panela granulada; así mismo es importante recalcar que no todos los productores elaboran panela granulada; por costos de producción, materiales, equipos y materia prima idónea para este proceso. De los resultados obtenidos tanto del análisis bromatológico como del estudio de prefactibilidad se determinó su viabilidad a la elaboración de este producto por los agricultores que se dedican a esta labor, mencionando que sería más rentable si se contara con apoyo de entidades gubernamentales y financieras; permitiendo un desarrollo económico y social a sus habitantes.
