Suchergebnisse

The "2013-2014 Data & Trends of the European food and drink industry" report provides a comprehensive description of the food and beverage industry, the largest manufacturing sector in the EU. That report emphasises the consumer expectations as the driving force for in- dustrial innovation. Consumer expectations are classied in five axes: pleasure, health, physical, convenience and ethics. Although price remains a key criterion of most purchasing decisions, pleasure, convenience and health are driving factors of food market evolution. In a largely atomised sector, with thousands of SME companies in Europe accounting for more than the 50% of food and drink industry turnover, the challenge to remain competitive, is not only to spot the product that will deliver business, but to be the first in developing and delivering it to the market. Typically the food industry largely relied on tradition for the formulation of new food products or the improvement of existing ones. However, this approach is no longer suitable due to the necessity to respond rapidly to changes in consumers' preferences. As a consequence, there is currently a great deal of technological de- velopment in food industry both at the "product" and at the "process" levels. New product developments combine strategic and organisational actions with technical effort; the former dealing with the management of the development process, strategic placement and launch of the new product; the latter concerned with the design of the product and its manufacturing process (Charpentier and McKenna, 2004; Costa et al., 2006). From a practical point of view, the design of a new product involves the embodiment of two major pillars: i) components and properties (or attributes), and ii) processes, storage and usage conditions. Attributes are often used to characterise the quality of the product from the consumer perspective, and will be referred as quality factors from now on. In many cases, as in fried or baked foods, these quality factors are inherently subjective such as appearance, smell, texture, colour, and flavour, frequently examined by human inspectors. Inconsistency and variability associated to such a kind of inspection accentuates the necessity for objective parameters to measure quality. Nowadays, different quantitative parameters can be determined by the composition and physico- chemical properties of the components of the food product, the product structure which is in general dependent of the processing conditions, and the food storage and usage conditions. In fact, it is widely accepted that the creation of novel foods or improvement of existing foods largely depends on a strong understanding and awareness of the intricate interrelationship among the food features at different scales and their physico-chemical properties, sensory attributes and healthfulness. In general, food processes are applied for one or more of the following reasons: preservation; availability; safety; quality; convenience; health and wellness; and sustainability (Floros et al., 2010). Computer aided process engineering tools (CAPE) enable the possibility of: i) automating and controlling processes for the sake of efficiency and reproducibility, ii) facilitating changeovers among different products and iii) analysing new operation/product scenarios through simulation. ; A industria alimentaria é unha das máis importantes en ratios de produción na Unión Europea, en "2013-2014 Data & Trends of the European food and drink industry" pódese atopar unha descrición clara e actual da mesma. Dito informe enfatiza a importancia da demanda por parte dos consumidores como forza impulsora da innovación industrial. Neste senso, aínda que o prezo segue a ser un criterio clave á hora de comprar alimentos, outros factores como son a comodidade e a calidade están a emerxer collendo cada vez máis peso na evolución do mercado. De feito, os actuais patróns de consumo a nivel alimentario dependen principalmente de factores coma o pracer, a saúde, a comodidade e a ética. Nun sector enormemente disgregado, con miles de PEMEs en toda Europa que moven máis do 50% do mercado alimentario, o reto para ser competitivo xa non se basea exclusivamente na produción e venda de bens de consumo, senón que agora é clave ser o primeiro en desenvolver novos produtos e levalos ao mercado. Tradicionalmente, a industria alimentaria fundamentou a formulación de novos produtos e mellora dos existentes en experiencias previas. Pero este enfoque resulta ineficiente na actual escena mundial, na que se require de respostas rápidas e efectivas ás exixencias do mercado. Enténdese, entón, que un punto importante á hora de satisfacer as crecentes demandas dos consumidores dependa da capacidade de intervir, non só a nivel de proceso, senón tamén a nivel de produto. As innovacións a realizar a nivel de produto deben combinar accións estratéxicas e organizacionais con esforzo a nivel técnico. As accións estratéxicas e organizacionais están dirixidas ao desenvolvemento do proceso, á localización estratéxica e ao lanzamento de novos produtos. Mentres que o esforzo técnico está encamiñado ao deseño e proceso de fabricación do novo produto (Charpentier and McKenna, 2004; Costa et al., 2006). Desde un punto de vista práctico o deseño de novos produtos inclúe dúas pezas fundamentais: i) compoñentes e propiedades, e ii) procesamento, almacenamento e condicións de uso. Algúns atributos dos alimentos son empregados para caracterizar a súa calidade desde a o punto de vista do consumidor, son os denominados factores de calidade. Pero en moitos casos estes factores de calidade son subxectivos, é o caso da aparicencia, textura, cor e sabor entre outros. É por isto, que existe unha enorme variabilidade á hora de medir e cuantificar a calidade de un alimento. Hoxe en día, existen relacións que permiten conectar parámetros subxectivos, xa sexan factores sensoriais ou de salubridade e seguridade do alimento, con propiedades psicoquímicas medibles, ou como mínimo calculables. Este feito é crítico se temos en conta que a creación de "novos" alimentos e a mellora dos xa existentes depende do coñecemento existente relativo ás características dos mesmos en diferentes escalas, ás súas propiedades psico-químicas, aos seus atributos sensoriais, etc. Por norma xeral, o procesamento de alimentos é levado a cabo por unha ou varias das seguintes razóns: conservación, dispoñibilidade, seguridade, calidade, comodidade, saúde e benestar, e sustentabilidade (Floros et al., 2010). O deseño de procesos alimentarios que permita asegurar seguridade, calidade, comodidade e produtos saudables para o consumidor, á vez que garantir un emprego sustentable dos recursos, require de metodoloxías baseadas na enxeñaría de procesos asistida por ordenador ou CAPE (do inglés: computer aided food process engineering). ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. SMART-QC AGL2008-05267-C03-01 ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. Is-for-Quality AGL2012-39951-C02-01 ; Xunta de Galicia | Ref. IDECOP 08DPI007402PR ; Unión Europea | Ref. FP7 CAFE KBBE-2007-1-212754

Tese de doutoramento em Estudos Clássicos, no ramo de Filologia Clássica, apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra ; The research work is divided into two basic parts: the translation and commentary of some sections of the book Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata by Plutarch. In particular they have been taken into consideration the Dedicatory epistle to Trajan and the sections dealing with Agathocles, Antipater, Aristides, Alcibiades, Iphicrates, Timotheus, Phocion, Teleclus, Lysander and Pelopidas. The translation was prepared on the basis of the Latin translation by Xylander, the Italian ones by Adriani and Pettine, the English one by Babbitt, the Spanish one by Lόpez Salvá and the French one by Fuhrmann. For each anecdote the different interpretative proposals of the translators have been highlighted in the footnotes. The commentary has been developed along two lines, the former intratextual, the latter intertextual. In the first istance, the attention was paid to the study of the words used by the author, which helped to identify the frequency of some fundamental themes of ethical and political thought of Plutarch, such as the need for the governor not to be tormented by lust for wealth, not to be led astray by private interests and friendships in the management of public affairs, to be able to evaluate flexibly critical circumstances that occur from time to time, shaping the policy and operational positions to them and avoiding fruitless and stiffness intransigence. Before the eyes of the reader the author slides the long series of anecdotes, inviting them to consider which are the virtues, but also the vices that led eminent people to prosperity or to ruin. And what emerges consistently from each short story is the importance of reflection and pondering every time you are about to perform an action or reply to a question not without insolence. It is recommended and appropriate learning to tame irrational forces of the soul through the exercise of λόγος; in fact they cannot be eradicated completely. It is because of this constant and gradual exercise of self improvement that energy, which man has, can be harnessed and directed to noble deeds for those who make them and fruitful for those who benefit them. The policy ultimately cannot be separated from ethics; a politician, who is not persistent in improving his mind and free it from all forms of selfishness, will not benefit at all to those who are subjected to his command. In many cases it is possible to find in the text the words which introduce explicitly the above issues, as, for example, φιλοπλουτία, ἀδικία, δίκη, τóλμα, θάρσος, ἀργία; in other cases it can be deduced from the meaning of the anecdote which category of values the author is referring to. The presence of the terms relating to each theme, in the commentary of the individual anecdotes, are then summarized in a synoptic table in order to allow an immediate comparison of the characters and the vices/virtues attributed by the author. Another aspect investigated thoroughly is the author's appeal to rhetorical devices to give the apophthegms incisiveness, especially when the author summarizes episodes which are more extended and articulated in the Lives and other plutarchian books. In the Apophthegmata you can find especially the chiasmus, which the author often uses to contrast the thinking and acting of the character to that of his detractors; the etymological figure and the polyptoton, with which the main theme of the plutarchian reflection is repeatedly drawn inside the anecdote. It was further highlighted that in the collection of apofthegms there are two types of anecdote; there is, in most cases, the presence of apophthegmata placed at the conclusion of a synthetic context, outlined with rapid hints; but it also notes the introduction of a specific episode of war and customs of characters, devoid of judgment in the epigraph, which are also designed to emphasize an ethical feature and behavior of the character in question. The second line, that we proceeded in the research work, was the comparison of each anecdote with versions of the same occurring in other works by Plutarch. The comparison showed that in some cases the versions coincide almost entirely in the vocabulary and meaning, but on many occasions the perspective, from which the story is presented by the author, varies slightly and sometimes considerably. It has been noted in fact that some details of the anecdote are eclipsed or modified by the author based on the context in which they are placed; the same story is then molded according to the theme that the author is dealing with. In general it was found that in Apophthegmata the presentation of the characters tends to be more positive than in other works by Plutarch, operation where the author comes removing from anecdotes details that could negatively connote the character. At the base of the anecdotes they could hypothetically be the so-called ὑπομνήματα, ie raw notes that Plutarch would be recorded in the course of its various readings and which he would use in the composition of his works. It is given adequate account about this problem in a specific chapter of the thesis, which examines the theories proposed in particular by Van der Stockt, Van Meirvenne, Pelling, Städter and Beck on the nature of ὑπομνήματα. According to some of them the content of the clusters, which are groups of ὑπομνήματα, would mainly philosophical in nature, according to others mainly historical. Furthermore on the one hand it is believed that the Apohthegmata constitute a drafting stage intermediate between the hypothetical sketched ὑπομνήματα and anecdotes as are processed in different works by Plutarch. On the other hand however the collectionof apophthegms is considered complete and independent from the drafting of the Lives and Moralia, theory that appeared to me more convincing on the basis of the rhetorical and stylistic analysis that I developed. The anecdotes do not appear to a stage of stylistic poor structuring and the use of a certain category of rhetorical devices and the tendency to obscure incriminating details for the characters seem to respond to a specific purpose of the author. Another chapter is devoted to the presentation of the debate on the problematic attribution of the work to Plutarch. In this chapter we review the opinions expressed in particular by Xylander, Wyttenbach, Benseler, Volkmann, Schmidt, Sass, Weissenberger, Hartman, Babbitt, Ziegler, Flacelière, Fuhrmann and Beck, noting that the most recent studies, particularly those of Beck, the scholars tend to recognize the paternity of the collection of anecdotes. According to him and other scholars the conciseness of anecdotes than the versions, which are read in the other works by Plutarch, would not be valid indication of inauthenticity; instead it would respond to the specific needs required by the type of the literary genre.

The artistic project of the Mexican Teresa Margolles is one of the most vast, complex and coherent in the international scene, although there is not a complete catalog, monograph or rigorous study of it. Her focus of interest, her radical post-minimalist aesthetic, her display of ethical conflicts and the political implications that locate her within a post-autonomy art, give her work the highest validity and raise her as one of the leading figures in contemporary art. All her production is crossed by death and violence issues, addressed in a Baroque and visceral way at the beginning of her career in the hands of the artists' collective SEMEFO, with whom she produced eminently performative works in which the instinctive, the ritual and the sacrificial were essential. Later on, during her solo career, the obsession for the life of the corpse, the fauna that originates in the putrefaction is replaced by a less aesthetically aggressive speech, erected on what she calls the periphery of the body, where she uses the remains of the body to represent death. Her work as a forensic technician at the Mexico City's morgue leads her to make of this her studio and to consider it as a social thermometer, capable of reflecting the prevailing impunity and injustice. When the levels of violence reached their peak, Margolles moves outside, to the streets and begins to formally clean up her work, as the corpse is understood as a social body, collective. The necrophilia of her beginnings undergoes a displacement to necropolitics, focused on social traces of violence, its urban and demographic consequences. The general aims of this thesis have been to reveal how both philosophy and image emerge as a result of human kind's concerns over death. In the same way, it is shown that representations of death have been a constant throughout the history of art, and that precisely at the time when the general attitude toward death began to be its denial, a strong trend emerged in contemporary art that insisted upon claiming it. The specific aims of this thesis consist of the outline of the historical, political, social and artistic context in which Teresa Margolles's project emerges, as well as the conduction of a thorough mapping of its production, analyzing her interests and the different phases, aesthetic and stylistic shifts of her work. My intention is to unravel the complexity of its rhetoric language in order to understand how the tension between ethics and aesthetics, between reality and fiction, between denunciation and reproduction of violence, between emotion and reason; between art and politics are the keys to her project. My methodology is transdisciplinary, because despite placing this thesis within the field of art history, I rely on philosophical, anthropological, sociological, cultural, aesthetic and even political teachings. The conclusions of this study posit that the representation of death is impossible, and that the most appropriate way is through void or absence; that in the contrast of opposites, the tension between form and content – the impossible suture between the beautiful and the sinister, is the essence of Margolles's project; and that art is a form of philosophy and politics. El proyecto artístico de la mexicana Teresa Margolles es uno de los más vastos, complejos y coherentes del panorama internacional, del que sin embargo no existe ningún catálogo completo, monografía o estudio realmente riguroso. Sus focos de interés, su estética radical posminimalista, los conflictos éticos que despliega, y las implicaciones políticas que la ubican dentro de un arte postautónomo, dotan a su obra de una máxima vigencia y la erigen como una de las figuras más destacadas del arte contemporáneo. Toda su obra está atravesada por la muerte y la violencia, temas que son abordados de una manera barroca y visceral en los comienzos de su carrera artística de la mano del colectivo SEMEFO, con el que produjo obras de carácter eminentemente performativo en las que lo instintivo, lo ritual y lo sacrificial eran imprescindibles. Más tarde, ya en solitario, la fijación por la vida del cadáver, esa fauna que se origina en la putrefacción, va siendo sustituida por un discurso menos agresivo estéticamente, erigido sobre lo que ella denomina la periferia del cadáver, momento en el que se sirve de los restos del cuerpo para representar la muerte. Su labor como técnico forense en la morgue de México D.F. le lleva a hacer de ésta su estudio y a considerarla como un termómetro social, capaz de reflejar la impunidad e injusticia reinantes. Cuando los niveles de violencia alcanzan sus máximas cotas Margolles se traslada al exterior, a la calle, y comienza a depurar formalmente su trabajo, a la vez que el cadáver es entendido como un cuerpo social, colectivo. La necrofilia de sus comienzos sufre un desplazamiento hasta posicionarse en una necropolítica, centrada en las huellas sociales de la violencia, sus consecuencias urbanísticas y demográficas. Los objetivos generales de esta tesis han consistido en revelar cómo tanto la Filosofía como la imagen surgen como resultado de las preocupaciones del hombre por la muerte. Del mismo modo se demuestra que las representaciones de la muerte han sido una constante a lo largo de la historia del arte, y que precisamente en el momento en el que la actitud generalizada hacia la muerte comenzaba a ser la de negarla, surgió una fuerte tendencia dentro del arte contemporáneo que insistía en reivindicarla. Los objetivos específicos han supuesto el esbozo del contexto histórico, político, social y artístico en el que surge el proyecto de Teresa Margolles, así como la realización de una exhaustiva cartografía de su producción, analizando la deriva de sus intereses, las diferentes fases de su trabajo y sus fluctuaciones estéticas y estilísticas. La intención aquí ha sido desentrañar la complejidad retórica de su lenguaje para entender cómo la tensión entre ética y estética, entre realidad y ficción, entre denuncia y reproducción de la violencia, entre emoción y razón; entre arte y política son las claves de su proyecto. La metodología empleada es de carácter transdisciplinar, pues aún ubicando este tesis dentro del ámbito de la historia del arte, me apoyo en enseñanzas filosóficas, antropológicas, sociológicas, culturales, estéticas e incluso políticas. Las conclusiones de este estudio se concretan en que la representación de la muerte es un imposible, y que la forma más apropiada de hacerlo es mediante el vacío o la ausencia; que en el contraste de opuestos, la tensión entre forma y contenido –la sutura imposible entre lo bello y lo siniestro–, está la esencia del proyecto de Margolles; y que el arte es una forma de filosofar y de hacer política.

La investigación que se desarrolló parte de la pregunta ¿Cuáles estrategias de escritura implementadas por los profesores y mediadas por la ética del lenguaje y por las herramientas de la web 2.0 como Facebook y Zotero, permiten prevenir las prácticas de plagio académico en los estudiantes de primer semestre de lengua materna del Politécnico Jaime Isaza Cadavid? La metodología utilizada es con un enfoque cualitativo, utilizando como instrumentos la Entrevista, la observación participante y los diarios de campo y el análisis de la conversación. Para el análisis de resultados se utilizó la descripción narrativa de las categorías analíticas acorde con la "Matriz de resultados informada por una perspectiva sociohistórica y por la teoría de la actividad (adaptada de Fernández- Cárdenas, 2004 y 2009. Posterior al análisis de resultados se llegaron a conclusiones como: pese a que el Politécnico Jaime Isaza Cadavid contempla dentro de sus políticas institucionales sanciones para el plagio académico que van desde implicaciones con las notas hasta la destitución, se han realizado campañas físicas y virtuales en contra del plagio y se tiene un sistema virtual anti plagio; sin embargo, no se evidencia una conciencia plena del mismo en docentes y estudiantes y al parecer solo algunos maestros exigen el cumplimiento de la norma. De igual forma, con respecto a la mediación a través de herramientas tecnológicas se muestra una importante inversión en equipos y salas de cómputo, pero falta más conciencia y capacitación del docente para su utilización y que se vuelva política institucional el uso de las mismas, al interior de los cursos. ; Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) ; Capítulo 1: Marco teórico 1.1 Introducción al capítulo………………………………………….1 1.2 Perspectiva sociocultural hacia la educación y el desarrollo moral.2 1.2.1 Perspectiva sociohistórica/sociocultural……………………….2 1.2.2 Desarrollo moral…………………………………………….4 1.2.3 Comunidades………………………………………………….9 1.2.4 Diálogo……………………………………………………….17 1.2.5 El plagio académico………………………………………….25 1.2.6 Apropiación y dominio de herramientas culturales………….27 1.3 Evaluar perspectiva sociocultural…………………………………….35 1.3.1 Relación entre conceptos ……………………………….35 1.3.2 Atributos de la perspectiva sociocultural………………….36 1.3.3 Inconsistencias……………………………………….…….37 1.3.4 Contradicciones de la teoría sociohistórica…………….….37 1.3.5 Limitaciones………………….…………………………….38 1.4 Pregunta de investigación…………………………………………….39 1.5 Justificación de la relevancia, pertinencia y viabilidad de la pregunta………………………………………………………………….40 1.5.1 La Relevancia……………………………………………………….40 1.5.2 La pertinencia……………………………………………………….40 1.5.3 La viabilidad……………………………………………………….41 1.6 Cierre……………………………………………………………….41 Capítulo 2. Planteamiento del problema 2.1 Introducción al capítulo…….………………………………….….42 2.2 Antecedentes de la pregunta de investigación…………………….42 2.3 Planteamiento situado del problema………………………………….44 2.3.1 Plagio académico mediado por el uso de la tecnología digital.….44 2.3.2 Plagio académico…………………………………………….44 2.3.3 Mediación…………………. ……………………………….46 2.3.4 Web 2.0: El Facebook y Zotero…………………………….47 2.3.5 Estrategias de escritura……………………………………….48 2.3.6 Ética del lenguaje……………….………………….…………49 2.3.7 Relación entre constructos…………………….…….…….50 2.4 Objetivos 2.4.1 Objetivo general……….………………………………….52 2.4.2 Objetivos específicos…………………………………….52 2.5 Justificación……………………………………………………….53 2.6 Limitaciones……………………………………………………….54 2.7 Cierre………………………………………………………………….55 Capítulo 3. Metodología: Entrevista y observación participante 3.1 Introducción al capítulo….……………………………….…………56 3.2 Pregunta y planteamiento del problema…………………………….56 3.3 El enfoque metodológico cualitativo…………………………………57 3.3.1. La observación participante y la elaboración de diarios de campo………………………………………………………………………60 3.3.2. La entrevista………………………………………………….63 3.3.3. Análisis de la conversación………………………………….65 3.4 Justificación………………………………………………………….68 3.5 Participantes………………………………………………………….69 3.6 Instrumentos………………………………………….……………….70 3.7 Procedimiento……………………………………………………….71 3.8 Análisis de datos…………………………………….………….….74 3.9 Cierre….……………………………….…………………………….75 Capítulo 4. Resultados 4.1 Introducción………………………………………………………….76 4.2 Planteamiento del problema……………………………………….76 4.3 Datos recolectados……………………………………………………77 4.3.1. Listado de datos recolectados………………….……………….77 4.4 Descripción narrativa de las categorías analíticas, de acuerdo a la 'Matriz de Resultados Informada por una Perspectiva Sociohistórica y por la Teoría de la Actividad (adaptada de Fernández-Cárdenas, 2004 y 2009)'……………………………………………. ……….…………….79 4.4.1. Categorías analíticas………………………………………….80 4.4.2. Identidad de los participantes como miembros de la comunidad…………………………………………….………………80 4.4.3. Sentido de pertenencia……………………………………….83 4.4.4. Metas explícitas e implícitas definidas por los participantes.84 4.4.5. Artefactos mediadores disponibles en el sistema de actividad situado………………………………………………….…………….87 4.4.6. Reglas de participación y acceso a la práctica y sus herramientas…………………………………………….…………….89 4.4.7 .Valores e intereses de la comunidad de práctica/comunidades escolares/comunidad académica………………………….………….90 4.4.8. Roles formales e informales disponibles en las trayectorias de participación……………………………………………….………….92 4.4.9. ¿Qué características tiene el sistema de actividad? ¿Cómo se creó inicialmente?.94 4.4.10. ¿Cuáles son los atributos ("Affordances" de acuerdo a Gibson) del sistema de actividad?.95 4.4.11. ¿ Cuáles son las restricciones ("Constraints" de acuerdo a Gibson) del sistema de actividad…………………………………….97 4.4.12. Introducción y transformación de conceptos disciplinares- ¿cómo se negocian y transforman?.98 4.4.13. Introducción y transformación de ideología pedagógica ¿cómo se negocian y transforman? (Análisis de la conversación)……….….99 4.5 Categoría de los participantes………………………………………….100 4.5.1. Concepción del plagio académico……………………………100 4.5.2. Estrategias de escritura…………………………………….….100 4.5.3. Utilización de herramientas tecnológicas en el aula……….…100 4.5.4. La importancia del trabajo colaborativo…………………….101 4.6 Construcción de una respuesta……………………………………….101 4.6.1. Respuesta ofrecida a la pregunta y al problema de Investigación………………………………………………………………….101 4.7 Cierre…………………………………………………………………….103 Capítulo 5. Conclusiones 5.1Introducción……………………………………………….…….104 5.2 ¿Cómo se respondió la pregunta de investigación?.105 5.3 Interpretación teórica de los hallazgos………………………….105 5.3.1. Principales conceptos que influyeron en el análisis………….105 5.3.1.1. Plagio académico………………………………………….106 5.3.1.2. El contexto sociocultural/sociohistórico………….….107 5.3.1.3. El diálogo………………………………………………….108 5.3.1.4. Apropiación y dominio de herramientas culturales……….109 5.3.2.1 La naturaleza del aprendizaje……………………….…….111 5.3.3. La naturaleza del conocimieto……………………….….113 5.3.4. La naturaleza del participante……………………………….113 5.4 Evaluación de la teoría…………………………………………….113 5.5 Evaluación de la metodología……………………………………….115 5.6 Implicaciones sobre la política y las políticas educativas de la región…………………………………………………………………….116 5.7 Futuras líneas de investigación…………………………………….117 5.8 Cierre……………………………………………………………….117 Apéndices A. Fotos y datos de los estudiantes……………………………………….124 B. Preguntas de la entrevista, fotos y pantallazos de la actividad de Facebook………………………………………………………………126 C. Cartas de consentimiento…………………………………………….130 D. Fotos y actividad en Facebook y en Zotero………………………….133 E. Diarios de campo y análisis de la conversación………………………137 ; Maestría ; The research developed part of the question What writing strategies implemented by teachers and mediated by the ethics of language and tools of Web 2.0 sites like Facebook and Zotero, let prevent plagiarism in academic practices freshmen half of mother tongue Polytechnic Jaime Isaza Cadavid? The methodology used is a qualitative approach, using as instruments the interview, participant observation and field notes and analysis of the conversation. For the analysis of results narrative description of the analytical categories according to the "Results Matrix informed by a socio-historical perspective and the theory of activity (adapted from Fernandez Cárdenas, 2004 and 2009. Next was used to analyze results reached conclusions as though the Politecnico Jaime Isaza Cadavid contemplated within their political institutional sanctions for academic plagiarism ranging from implications notes to dismissal, there have been physical and virtual campaigns against plagiarism and has a anti plagiarism virtual system;. however, not fully aware of it in teachers and students is evident and apparently only some teachers require compliance with the standard Similarly, with respect to mediation through technological tools shows significant investment in equipment and computer rooms, but lack awareness and training teachers to use and the use thereof, within courses become institutional policy.

Palabras Clave: Ensayos Clínicos, ética, legislación, consentimiento informado, pediatría. Objetivos: Analizar el nivel de cumplimiento de los principales requisitos ético-legales en los ensayos clínicos pediátricos evaluados en la Región de Murcia durante los años 2006-2012; realizar una lectura crítica entre la teoría y práctica, destacando aquéllos puntos problemáticos en su aplicación y elaborar propuestas de mejora en la evaluación de los ensayos clínicos pediátricos. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo que tiene por objeto analizar determinadas variables objetivas relacionadas con los aspectos metodológicos, legales y éticos de los ensayos clínicos pediátricos. La obtención de la información necesaria para el desarrollo de la investigación se ha realizado mediante el análisis de los protocolos y hojas de información al paciente de los ensayos clínicos pediátricos con medicamentos existentes en el Comité Ético de Investigación Clínica del Área I (Murcia-Oeste). Resultados: El número de ensayos clínicos pediátricos con medicamentos realizados en la Región de Murcia se encuentra dentro de la media nacional y europea (10% del total de ensayos realizados). Prevalecen los estudios en oncohematología pediátrica y neuropediatría. El prototipo de ensayo clínico realizado en la Región de Murcia es el estudio fase II-III, doble ciego, controlado, paralelo, multicéntrico, y con una duración entre 1 y 3 años, financiados por la industria farmacéutica en un 50% de los supuestos, con preponderancia de estudios frente a placebo superior a la media (37,5%) y con un beneficio potencial indirecto para la población investigada (83,3%). En un 38,5% de los ensayos analizados, no se especifica, el derecho del paciente a consultar y reflexionar con aquellas personas que desee. En un 87,5% de los ensayos no existe cláusula de revocación. No se fija con claridad el derecho a reintegro de gastos (desplazamiento, alojamiento, manutención) de los sujetos del ensayo. En un 41,7% de los supuestos no se hace constar expresamente que a los investigadores se les va a retribuir por su trabajo. Si bien se suele hacer una referencia genérica a la Ley Orgánica de Protección de Datos, se obvian cuestiones tales como la relativa a la información de la existencia de un fichero (en un 54,2%), la identidad del responsable del fichero (en un 70,8%), la necesidad de la inscripción del fichero en la Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (en un 95,8%) o la transferencia internacional de datos (en un 50%). La contratación de un seguro continúa siendo preferido en la totalidad de los casos a la de una garantía financiera. En un 75% de las ocasiones se utiliza el término "estudio" como sinónimo de ensayo clínico, suavizando las connotaciones semánticas; en un 20,8% de los ensayos el lenguaje empleado en la hoja de información utiliza con frecuencia tecnicismos inapropiados. En ocasiones se ha detectado un "exceso" de información, con estudios clínicos de hasta dieciocho hojas destinadas al paciente. Nunca se obtiene respuesta a la información remitida al Ministerio Fiscal e incluso se llega a obviar su remisión en un 41,7% de las ocasiones. Solamente un 4,2% especifica el derecho del paciente a acceder a las pruebas realizadas y un 16,7% a los resultados del ensayo. No resulta admisible que un 62,5% de los ensayos no contengan claramente el compromiso de publicación de los resultados. Conclusiones: No existe un cumplimiento riguroso de algunos aspectos relacionados con el proceso de obtención del consentimiento informado y de normativa de protección de datos; No existe un control riguroso sobre los publicación de los resultados de los ensayos clínicos; Debe aclararse la función que debe desarrollar el Ministerio Fiscal en el curso de un ensayo clínico con menores. Keywords: Clinical Trials, ethics, legislation, informed consent, pediatrics. ABSTRACT Objectives: To analyse the degree of compliance of the main ethical and legal requirements regarding the tested pediatric clinical trials in the Region of Murcia between 2006 and 2012. To do a critical reading between theory and practice and highlighting the problematic issues in its implementation and making proposals to improve the evaluation process of pediatric clinical trials. Methodology: Descriptive study which aim is to analyze specific factual variables related to methodological, legal and ethical aspects of the pediatric clinical trials. The acquisition of the information necessary for the development of the investigation has been obtained through the analysis of the protocols and the patient´s information sheets of the pediatric clinical trials with the existing drugs in the Ethical Committee of Clinical Investigations of the area 1 (Murcia-Oeste) Results: The number of pediatric clinical trials (PCTs) with drugs conducted in the Region of Murcia is within the national and european average(10% of all clinical trials conducted). Pediatric oncohematology studies and neuropediatrics prevail.The prototype for clinical trials conducted in the Region of Murcia is phase II-III studies, double – blind, controlled, parallel, multicenter,with a length of time between one and three years, and sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry in 50% of cases,with a preponderance of studies compared to placebo above average (37,5%) with a potential indirect benefit for the researched population(83,3%). On 38,5% of trials studied it is unspecified , the right of the patient to consult and to reflect with those persons that he wishes.On 87,5 % of trials ,there is no revocation clause.The right to get expenses refunded is not fixed clearly((travel, accommodation, support).On 41,7 % It is not stated specifically that the investigator are going to be remunerated for their work. Although There is a generic reference to the Organic Law on Personal Data Protection, there are obviated such questions as the Knowledge of the existence of a file (in 54,2 %), the identity of the person in charge of the file (in 70,8 %), the need for the inscription of the file in the Spanish Data Protection Agency (in 95,8 %) or the international data transference (in 50 %). The hiring of an insurance keeps on being preferred in the totality of the cases to that of a financial guarantee. In 75 % of the occasions the term used is "study" as synonymous of clinical essay, smoothing the semantic connotations; in 20,8 % of the essays the language used in the information sheets is often inappropriate due to technicality. In ocations an information "excess" has been detected, with clinical studies of up to eighteen sheets destined for the patient. There is never an answer to the information sent to the Public Prosecutor and even goes as far as to obviate its reference in 41,7 % of the occasions. Only 4,2 % it specifies the right of the patient to gain access to the realized tests and 16,7 % to the results of the trial. It does not turn out to be admissible that 62,5 % of the trial does not contain clearly the commitment of publication of the results. Conclusions: There is not a strict compliance of some aspects related to the process of obtaining informed consent and data protection regulations .There is not a rigurous control over the publication of the results of clinical trials .It must be clarified the role of the Public Prosecutor in the development of the clinical trial under age subjects.

Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit ethisch-politischen Vorstellungen im 12. Jahrhundert. Dieses Thema lässt sich auch in die Fragen der Mentalitätsgeschichte einordnen. Die Vielfalt der menschlichen Mentalitäten kann aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven analysiert werden. Hier ist aus diesem Grund der aus Beumanns politischer Ideengeschichte hervorgegangenen Vorstellungsgeschichte gefolgt worden. Dadurch gewinnt die Diskussion über die ethisch-politischen Vorstellungen im 12. Jahrhundert an Vielfalt. Die Studien zu dem Zusammenhang von politischen Tugendvorstellungen und politischen Idealisierungen sind, vor allem aber bezüglich dieses Jahrhunderts, aber selten. Daher ist die Thematisierung dieser Fragen wünschenswert. Die Studie musste auf einige Elemente und Quellen beschränkt werden. Die klassischen politischen Schriften des 12. Jahrhunderts wurden in der Untersuchung übergangen. Das leitende Prinzip bei der Quellenauswahl war die Bedeutung des Autors in seinem Aktionsgebiet sowie dessen Behandlung von politischen Problemen in seinen Schriften. In dieser Hinsicht sind Otto von Freising und Bernhard von Clairvaux eine interessante Auswahl. Otto von Freising wird in erster Linie wegen seiner Geschichtsschreibung gepriesen, während Bernhard von Clairvaux wegen seiner Beiträge zur mönchischen Reformbewegung des 12. Jahrhunderts, zur christlichen Mystik und zu theologischen Diskussionen seiner Zeit angesehen wird. Indirekt aber haben beide Autoren politische Themen in ihren jeweiligen Schriften behandelt und dadurch ihre politischen Anschauungen und Vorstellungen vermittelt. Mithilfe der vorstellungsgeschichtlichen Analyse wurden einige Schriften dieser mittelalterlichen Autoren untersucht und wichtige Aspekte ihres Denkens herausgestellt. Analysiert wurden beide historiografische Werke Ottos von Freising sowie die Briefe und zwei Traktate – De consideratione und De laude novae militae – Bernhards von Clairvaux. Die Kardinaltugenden stellen die Grundlage der politischen Tugendvorstellungen sowohl Ottos als auch Bernhards dar. Sie deuten aber dieses traditionelle Thema der politischen Ideen neu. Ihre Anschauungen bezüglich der politischen Tugenden sind von ihrer Weltanschauung und ihren Erfahrungen geprägt. Sie nennen die Kardinaltugenden Ciceros, liefern aber ein im 12. Jahrhundert angepasstes Bild dieser Tugenden, das den Erwartungen dieses Zeitalters entspricht und die Fragen ihrer Zeit in den Mittelpunkt stellt. Die Vorstellungen der beiden Denker weisen viele Gemeinsamkeiten auf. So erscheint die fortitudo als militärische Tugend bzw. als Tugend des Schlachtfelds. Sie ist politisch, indem sie zur Erzeugung und Erhaltung eines politischen Ideals durch die Kriegsführung beiträgt. Wie ein Herrscher gut regiert, wird ihm mithilfe der sapientia und der prudentia offenbart. Die iustitia soll anschließend die richtige Ordnung bewahren und jedem das Seine zuteilen, was erneut auf die Vorstellungen von gemeinem Wohl und auf die Erhaltung eines politischen Ideals hindeutet. Letztlich sollen Herrschaften in allen ihren Aspekten mit moderatio geführt werden, damit auch keine der anderen Tugenden im Übermaß geübt wird. Neben den Kardinaltugenden präsentieren beide untersuchten Denker andere Tugenden, die eine politische Bedeutung in Zusammenhang mit ihren Idealen und Erwartungen beinhaltet: Bernhard stellt seine Auffassung der humilitas als Grundlage seiner Idealanschauungen dar, sodass diese Tugend seine politischen Erwartungen bestimmt, wenngleich sie in politischen Schriften bzw. Kontexten zumeist nur indirekt erfasst wird. Otto von Freising schreibt dagegen in seinen Werken deutlich über die Rolle von fides, constantia und largitas in Zusammenhang mit seinen politischen Idealvorstellungen. Fides und largitas deuten auf Ottos Wahrnehmung der sozio-politischen Strukturen seiner Zeit und seine Versuche, diese in seinen Erwartungen und Idealisierungen zu berücksichtigen und einzublenden. Die constantia weist schließlich auf die Betonung der politischen Stabilität als ein zentrales Thema in den Vorstellungen des Freisinger Bischofs hin. Diese Ergebnisse präsentieren neue Erkenntnisse über die politische Vorstellungswelt des 12. Jahrhundert. Sie lassen auf die Vorstellungen eines wichtigen Anteils der Zeitgenossen Ottos und Bernhards schließen. Wie herausgestellt wurde, sind die politischen Tugendvorstellungen dieser Denker kein Einzelfall, sondern repräsentieren eine bedeutsame Gedankenrichtung des 12. Jahrhunderts, die kaum in der aktuellen Forschung untersucht wurde. Insoweit stellt die vorliegende Studie über die politischen Tugendvorstellungen und ihre Rolle in den politischen Idealen des 12. Jahrhunderts einen Fortschritt in der historischen Forschung dar. Sie ergänzt die Kenntnisse über die politischen Ideen des Mittelalters und weist auf weitere Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung dieses Themas, nicht nur in Hinsicht auf das 12. Jahrhundert, sondern bezüglich des ganzen Mittelalters hin. ; This study addresses the topic of ethical and political ideas of the 12th century. The present study follows the German Vorstellungsgeschichte, which developed from Beumann's politische Ideengeschichte. Through this methodological option the discussion of ethics and politics in the 12th century is enriched by diversity. This period is regarded among medievalists as one of the most important of the Middle Ages: the Renaissance of the 12th century. This renaissance also pertains to the political thought of the period, which has already, though insufficiently, been researched. Studies on the relation between political ideals and political virtues in this century are also rare. The discussion of these topics is therefore desirable. It was necessary to reduce this study to the research of specific elements and sources of the 12th century, however, avoiding the classical political treatises of this period, though the De consideratione from Bernard of Clairvaux is regarded by some historians as a central piece of political writing for this century. The guiding principle, however, in this source selection was the authors dealing with political problems in their writings. In this regard, Otto of Freising and Bernard of Clairvaux were an interesting choice. Both were influential churchmen in their time and attained important positions inside the ecclesiastical hierarchy. They were supporters of the 12th century reform movements in the Church, were considered politically very active and were highly regarded in their respective circles. However, neither of them produced writings whose core was the discussion of political ideas. Their significance is due to their contribution to other areas. Otto of Freising is mainly praised on account of his historical writing, while Bernard of Clairvaux is celebrated for his contributions on the monastic reform, Christian mysticism, and theological debates of his time. Yet both authors touched indirectly on political issues in their writings and thus presented their own views and ideas on such matters. Through an analysis based upon the Vorstellungsgeschichte, some of the writings of these medieval thinkers were examined and important aspects of their thinking were pointed out. These complement the knowledge about the political views of these authors and contribute to the research of the (political) mentalities of the 12th century. Both historical works of Otto of Freising – Historia de duabus civitatibus and Gesta Friderici – were analysed as well as the Letters of Bernard of Clairvaux and two of his treatises: De consideratione and De laude novae militae. The cardinal virtues – iustitia, fortitudo, sapientia/prudentia, temperantia/moderatio – represent the basis upon which the entire idea of political virtues is built in the writings of both authors. They are therefore part of a tradition which reaches back to the Ciceronian origins of the cardinal virtues theme. Both thinkers interpret however this traditional theme of political thought in a new way. Their beliefs about political virtues are determined by their own experiences and shaped by their own worldview. They mention Cicero's cardinal virtues, but deliver particular interpretation of them, meeting the expectations of their own age and putting them into focus. The ideas of both Otto and Bernard show similarities which point to a typical tendency for a significant part of 12th century thought. For example, fortitudo appears as a military or battlefield virtue and it turns political when in connection with the creation and preservation of an ideal government. According to both authors, one needs sapientia and prudentia to become a good ruler. Primarily, however, the government is considered good if it seeks the common good. The iustitia looks further to the maintenance of the right order of the world and finds its application in the just distribution of all things, referring again to the common good and the political ideals of these medieval thinkers. Finally, all rulers should govern with moderatio by avoiding all excesses. In addition to the cardinal virtues, both thinkers present other virtues which can be applied to their political ideals and expectations. Thus Bernard sets humilitas as the foundation of his concept of (political) virtue and Otto shows the connection between fides, constantia and largitas in his political expectations. These results offer new insight into the political thought of the 12th century. The ideas on political virtue presented by these thinkers represent a significant trend of thought of the 12th century, which so far has scarcely been studied. In this respect, applying the ideas of political virtue to political thought of the 12th century represents an advance in historical research. It complements current knowledge of political ideas and presents them in a new perspective, taking into consideration not only the 12th century, but the whole of the Middle Ages.

This thesis explores how the teacher profession in Norway constructs and negotiates professionalism when teacher professionalism is reconstructed in national policy. I am particularly concerned with the increased policy emphasis on accountability and how accountability policies influence senses of professionalism. There is limited knowledge about how teachers in Norway respond to accountability policies. Moreover, existing international research on changes in teacher professionalism in the last two decades largely rely on document analysis or interviews. In this study, the empirical data consists of white papers, policy documents from the union, participant observation of teacher meetings, focus group interviews, individual interviews with teachers, and in addition, 28 peer-reviewed articles. Theoretical perspectives on policy enactment and professionalism are employed, and in what ways and to what extent educational policy discourse intersects with teachers' professional discourse are investigated through a discourse-inspired approach. Taken together, these perspectives enable discussions around relationships between constructions of professionalism made by different actors, how it is related to more defining, substantial aspects of teaching, and in what ways language is used to create legitimacy and relevance for teachers' work. In the first article, I investigate how policy makers and the teachers' union have constructed teacher professionalism over the last decade in particular. Both actors are increasingly being concerned with professionalism, yet give different meaning to the term. While the policy makers place emphasis on teacher accountability, research-based practise and specialisation, the teachers' union emphasises research-informed practise, responsibility for educational quality and professional ethics. The constructions from the teachers' union are, however, more closely related to classical professional ideals. The union mainly resists accountability policies, but appears increasingly proactive in terms of how it places emphasis on research as a way of enhancing professionalism, in combination with an emphasis on taking responsibility for quality in education. In the second article, I examine how groups of teachers locally give meaning to accountability. Through using internal and external accountability as sensitising concepts, I attempt to 'open up' the concept of accountability by studying how teachers themselves construct discourses around being accountable. Being accountable for student learning, to the curriculum, to laws and regulations, and to principals and parents, is highlighted as important, particularly by younger teachers. Veteran teachers are more concerned with being accountable for broader aims of education and to professional knowledge and experience, which are also used to de-legitimise accountability policies. However, in this tension between internal and external accountability, an alternative legitimation discourse of being accountable to research and scientific knowledge has developed. In the third article, I elaborate on what takes place when accountability policies are implemented locally and more precisely how teachers in meetings negotiate around the concrete and mandated practise of national testing. Tensions that are created in interaction revolve around what is seen as internal (teachers' everyday work) and external (policies and practises outside the main frame of teaching) to teachers' work. There are particularly four issues that are found to be at stake for teachers with national testing: professional knowledge, the curriculum, the formative aspects of teaching and loyalty to the students. These aspects are mainly placed as internal to the participating teachers. However, even though national testing mainly is placed as external to teachers' work, teachers involve in boundary work and reshape professional discourse to create relevance and maintain legitimacy following new expectations. In the fourth article, I add an international perspective by reviewing what existing research reports on possible changes in teachers' relations to students and colleagues following accountability policies and standardised testing in particular. This study provides knowledge about what might be social effects of accountability policies as implemented in more high-stakes contexts. A greater focus on testing and performance is reported to often lead to less attention to caring and relational aspects of teaching. However, the same emphasis on positive social relationships might prompt teachers to resist such developments. Relationships to colleagues are also affected, yet reported to be changing in both positive and negative directions. These findings point to the importance of the organisational context of teaching in terms of how accountability is realised. The findings in this thesis contribute empirically to document shifts in discourses of teacher professionalism among policy makers and the teachers' union, and suggest that the profession in Norway has become more proactive in terms of creating legitimacy for their work. Both the union and teachers locally make forms of resistance toward external control, such as national testing. This is more strongly articulated by the union whilst being more subtle and varied among teachers' locally. First, younger teachers seem to be more balanced over new demands. Second, an alternative legitimation discourse has developed as the profession places more emphasis on what can be described as research-informed practise. While accountability mainly is placed outside teachers' value systems, research is more greatly placed within. However, accountability policies such as national testing influence teacher work also in a low-stakes context such as Norway. The thesis has shown different ways in which the profession does legitimation and boundary work in this context, and how teachers create relevance and legitimacy for accountability practices that are mandated (national tests) even though they challenge professional knowledge and values. Therefore, an answer to the question whether accountability policies reshape teacher professionalism is yes, partly. On the one hand, teachers have become more concerned with evidence and justifying practise. On the other hand, they are more resistant in terms of outcomes and more specifically the tools that are implemented to enhance outcomes. The ways that this is done, that is, what is placed inside and outside of teachers' main frame of teaching, is important knowledge for politicians given the relatively strong belief in accountability as a policy theory of action. Theoretically, the thesis can contribute to how including perspectives on professions and professionalism adds a dimension to the study of accountability policies that can suggest possibly interpretations of why teachers resist external accountability, and how this takes place through discursive legitimation and boundary work. This discursive work can be interpreted in light of what I describe as the 'double-loop' character of teacher accountability, that is, how teachers are accountable for what the students in turn are accountable for. If policies intersect with teachers' work in classrooms in ways that they experience as decreasing rather than enhancing student motivation and engagement and emphasising a more instrumental view on learning rather than a broader view, this creates tensions for teachers that needs to be resolved to create relevance and legitimacy. How teachers attempt to resolve such tensions that take place can be interpreted from a performative perspective, how teachers reshape what they do or not do in their classrooms due to aspects of professional knowledge and values, or from an organisational perspective, that teachers reshape professional discourse to remain in control over the classroom. Methodologically, this thesis contributes to how analysis of language-use provides a useful and fruitful lens into these processes. I have discussed how discourse analysis can be used to think about the relation between policy and practise, yet in ways that combines attention to actors' first-order constructs and theoretical interpretations. ; CC-BY-SA

AbstractBackground and aim:The repairing effect of glucose on brain cognition functioning, especiallyattention has been studied widely.Cognitive performance and attention is a vital aspect in nursingpractice. Decreased attention and nursing errors may result in substantial mortality, morbidity, andadditional health care costs. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the blood glucoseconcentration on night work nurses' attention accuracy in military hospitals in Tehran ,Iran.Materials and Methods:A quasi-experimental study was carried out. A convenience sample of 60nurses working in, two military hospitals in Tehran participated in the study. These nurses wererandomly allocated in intervention and control groups. The study was carried out from Sep2009 toApril 2010. Data were collected using a demographic data form and attention accuracy wasevaluated by Toulouse- Pieron and Bonnardel test. Data collection and intervention was carried outduring 4 to 5 am. The blood glucose concentration was measured before intervention, then nurses inintervention group receivedPQ gr glucose solution, and nurses in control group drank water. Onehour after intervention attention accuracy and blood glucose reevaluated in both groups. Data wereanalyzed by SPSS V.15 software.Findings:The results indicated that glucose consumption improved the attention accuracy of nurses(P<0.001).Conclusion: Based on the results, glucose consumption or carbohydrate diet in night work nursingeffects on brain cognition performance especially accuracy.Keywords: Glucose, accuracy, nurse, night work shiftREFERENCES-Atkinson R L et al (2009). [Hilgards introduction to psychology] Translated by Baraheni et al, Tehran, Roshd publisher(Persian).-Abedi M (2008). [Laboratory Methods & Diagnosis] 6th edition, Tehran, Noordanesh Publisher (Persian).-Benton D Parker PY (1998). Breakfast, blood glucose, and cognition. 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This research is a case study which sought to explore and map the religious identity of a group of thirty primary school student teachers in their third and fourth year of teacher education. The questions arose because of my personal experience of primary school teachers over the last twenty years in schools under religious patronage, where there is a requirement to teach religious education. The study was framed in the social, political and economic landscape of Ireland from 1990 ? 2010, which broadly encompasses the life-span of these students. The country witnessed great socio-economic change: the rise of a vibrant economy and industrial stability; the arrival of immigrants from all over the world; the building boom and the rise of a consumerism not seen in Ireland before. There was a changing political landscape: the election of two female Presidents of Ireland; political stability; and the success of the Northern Ireland Agreement. As well as this secular change, it was a period of religious change, when religious affiliation and attendance at religious services continued to decline. It was also a period which saw the failures of the Catholic Church uncovered and laid out in public. Religious Congregations and Dioceses were investigated by Government Inquiries as the sexual, physical and psychological abuse of children was exposed. The aim of the literature review is to survey identity theory in a number of different ways. It is divided into three sections to investigate identity theory, teacher identity and religious identity. The identity theory is also divided into three sections to review social identity, personal identity and self-concept. The section on teacher identity is concerned with emerging or beginning teacher identity and how teachers begin to negotiate their role as teachers and the concept of professionalism. In both general identity and teacher identity a number of concepts emerge ? identity is seen both as an internal and an external entity: how a person reconciles internally one?s identity and how a person?s identity comes across to the people one encounters. In a similar manner, identity is both personal and social - as much about a person on their own, as it is about them as part of a group. Another common concept is narrative identity is interpreted through the story of a teacher?s life: their experiences and how they learn from them; their mistakes and how they correct them; their aspirations and how they attain them. The religious identity section is divided into two parts ? public religion and religious identity. The public religion looks at secularization theory and the situation of religion in Ireland as might be experienced by student teachers. The section on religious identity looks as how this identity is manifest in the individual, in particular with the concept of spiritual versus religious. This separation of one from the other is increasingly prevalent, which makes for the separation of individual spiritual life from mainstream religious denomination. A final component of the identity section is the chapter on the writings of Karl Rahner. As the primary function of the study is to investigate and map the religious identity of primary school student teachers, Rahner?s writings are used to provide a more comprehensive identity - a thick description. Three elements are explored ? his Theological Anthropology; his Epistemology; and his Pastoral Theology. Rahner?s writing echoes a great deal of what is said here about identity theory, teacher identity theory and obviously religious identity theory, but it gives it a final dimension - he orientation towards God. This orientation is not just in terms of who we are as people, but also how we understand and make meaning of that identity. The literature review and chapter on Rahner are then framed theoretically so as to give a comprehensive basis for creating the interrogative stage and writing the research questions. There are three questions: What characterises the religious identity of a Primary School Student Teacher? How does a Primary School Teacher understand their Religious Identity? How does their religious identity influence their teaching religion in Primary Schools? The first two questions are answered by the thick description - the rich, comprehensive description of the religious identity of the student teachers and how they understand that identity. The third question will be answered by exploring the student teachers? initial experience of teaching and teaching religion. The general research paradigm is social constructivism/ interpretivism; a paradigm which is concerned with the way that individuals interpret their world. Part of this interpretation will include the use of narrative and phenomenology as methods. The principal at the heart of the work is the ?double hermeneutic? - my interpretation of their interpretation. This is a case study of thirty students, bounded geographically, chronologically, and demographically. The case study offers both a unity of purpose, a sufficient depth of study, and an expansive level of description to meet the purposes of the research. All five colleges of Education in the Republic of Ireland were approached; one declined to be involved, one was uncooperative and the remaining three allowed me to interview some of their third-year students. I met with the students in each college as a group and invited them to participate. I also spoke to a number of fourth-year students and eight of these were willing to be interviewed. A semi-structured interview method was used with the thirty students with all considerations of ethics, confidentiality and anonymity duly noted and attended to. The interviews were transcribed by a team of typists. The data generation and collation was undertaken manually. Codes were applied to the interview transcripts and these were gathered in to sets of codes, themes and concepts. The explanation and exposition of the themes and concepts was then completed. This exploration of the data is divided into five sections, along the same lines as the literature review and the research questions: identity theory; teacher identity; religious identity; understanding religious identity; and teaching and religion. The eighth chapter returns to the three research questions. The first two research questions regarding religious identity and the student?s understanding of it encompass the ?thick description? outlined in chapter seven. This description of the three modes of identity is outlined in the literature review and used at the interrogative stage is enriched by Rahner?s anthropology and it provides the basis for four typologies of religious identity which are employed to create an image of the student teachers who were interviewed. The third research question lays out the findings concerning religious identity and teaching religion and takes into consideration the current debate concerning school patronage and management and the religious education background of the student teachers. The final chapter is a summative chapter and as well as outlining some of the limitation of the study, provides the research findings in a summative form along with major recommendations and areas of further research. ; TARA (Trinity?s Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

ÖZET2011 GENEL SEÇİMLERİ SÜRECİNDE YAZILI BASININ SİYASAL İLETİŞİM YÖNÜNDEN İNCELENMESİSiyaset ve iletişim disiplinlerinin kesişim noktasından doğan "siyasal iletişim" kavramı, hayatımızda yalnızca teorik anlamda var olmamaktadır. Öyle ki, etrafımızı çevreleyen neredeyse her kitle iletişim aracı her an siyasal iletişim mesajları taşımakta fakat aynı zamanda bu mesajları farklı anlatım biçimleriyle yansıtmaktadır. Yazılı basın da bu kitle iletişim araçlarının geçmişten bu yana en etkili olanlarından biridir. Bu nedenle, yalnızca seçim dönemlerinde değil, seçim dışı zamanlarda da gazetelerin siyasal iletişim açısından önemli bir rolü vardır.Siyasal iletişim kavramı, 20. Yüzyılın sonlarına doğru popülerlik kazanmış olsa da, Antik Yunan'dan günümüze varlığını sürdürmektedir. Platon'un "Sokrates'in Savunması" ve "Gorgias", Aristoteles'in ise "Retorik" adlı eserlerinde siyasal iletişimden izler bulmak mümkündür. Özellikle retorik (ikna edici dil kullanımı), siyasal iletişim tekniklerinin temel öğelerinden birini oluşturmaktadır. Zaman içinde gelişen siyasal sistemler ve iletişim sistemleri, kavramın etki alanını genişletmiştir. Pazarlama öğelerinin hemen hepsi "siyasal iletişim yönetimi" adı altında birleşip, siyasal reklam, siyasal propaganda ve siyasal pazarlama gibi kollara ayrılmıştır. Özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle birlikte siyasal iletişimin önemi artmış; seçim dışındaki dönemlerde de uzun vadeli stratejik planlar yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu noktada, kitle iletişim araçlarının toplum üzerinde kısa ve uzun vadede yarattığı etkilere örnek olarak çeşitli kuramlar/modeller üretilmeye başlanmıştır. Siyasal iletişimi de ilgilendiren bu kuramlardan biri Gündem Belirleme Modeli (Agenda Setting)'dir. Bu modele göre, medya yansıttığı gündemle, bizim ne konuşacağımızı değil ama "ne hakkında konuşacağımızı" belirlemektedir. Diğer bir deyişle, bizi yönlendirmektedir. Dolayısıyla medyanın (tez konusu gereği basının) elinde bulundurduğu bu güç, siyasi parti liderleri tarafından bir manipülasyon aracı olarak görülmektedir. Bu durum, basın ve siyaset ilişkisini konunun içine dahil etmektedir. Basın tarihi boyunca, siyaset ve iktidarla ilişkiler hep gündemde olmuştur. Özellikle Türk Basın Tarihi'nde yapılan sansürler, kapatılan dergi ve gazeteler, hapis cezası alan gazeteciler bu ilişkilerin boyutunu gözler önüne sermektedir. Elbette ilişkilerin bu girift (çapraşık) hali almasında ilk gazetelerin devlet eliyle çıkması, sonrasında basında yaşanan holdingleşmeler, hükümetler tarafından verilen teşvikler ve değişen habercilik anlayışının da etkileri olmuştur. Neticede, değişen habercilik anlayışı "haberin metalaşması" sorununu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bunun yanında, basın-siyaset arasında yaşanan çıkar çatışmaları haber diline yansımış; nesnellik, objektiflik ve dengelilik gibi unsurlar belirgin şekilde göz ardı edilmeye başlanmıştır. Tüm bu nedenlerden ötürü, bu çalışmada 2011 Genel Seçimleri sürecinde partilerin ve liderlerin siyasal iletişim çalışmalarının yazılı basında nasıl sunulduğu ve yansıtıldığı incelenmiştir. 1 Mayıs 2011- 12 Haziran 2011 tarihleri arasında Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet ve Zaman gazetelerinde partilerin seçim çalışmaları ile ilgili yer alan haberler, eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi modeli örnek alınarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, Siyaset, İletişim ve Siyasal İletişim kavramlarının yanında, Siyasal İletişimin Tarihçesi, Öğeleri ve Türkiye'deki Gelişimi ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde, Yazılı Basın ve Siyaset İlişkisi, Siyasal İletişimde Yazılı Basının Yeri , Siyasal İletişim ve Habercilik Etiği incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, partilerin 2011 Milletvekili Seçimleri sürecinde kullandıkları sloganlar, ilanlar, seçim vaatleri ve tanıtım faaliyetleri irdelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde ise, Eleştirel Söylem Çözümlemesi Modeli örnek alınarak seçilen gazetelerin analizleri yapılmıştır. ABSTRACTANALYSIS OF THE PRESS IN TERMS OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION DURING 2011 GENERAL ELECTIONSPolitical communication, which arises out of the crossroads of politics and communication disciplines, does not exist just theoretically in our lives. Such that, every means of mass communication that surrounds our environment carry political communication messages at any moment by reflecting these messages using different wordings at the same time. Press is one of the most effective means of mass communication from past to present. Because of this reason, not only in the election periods, but also during non-election periods, newspapers have an important role in terms of political communication. Even though political communication started to gain popularity towards the end of the 20th century, it's been in existence since Ancient Greeks. It's possible to find the traces of political communication in Platon's works, "Sokrates's Defence" and "Gorgias" and, Aristoteles's work "Rhetoric". Especially rhetoric (persuasive use of the language) is one of the basic elements of the political communication techniques.In time, the developing political and communication systems has broadened the influence area of the term. Almost all the components of marketing came together under the name of "political communication management" and ramify in to the branches like political advertisement, political propaganda and political marketing. Mainly, by the development of communication technologies in the United States, the importance of political communication has increased and long-term strategical plans (including non-election period) has started. At this point, various theories and models have started to be produced as a sample for the long/short term effects of the means of mass communication on the society. One of these theories which concerns political communication is Agenda Setting. According to this model, the media do not determine "what we are going to talk" but "about what we are going to talk". In other words, it redirects us. Thereby, the power that press has is seen as a mean of manipulation by the political party leaders. This situation directly takes press and politics in to the subject. Throughout the history of the press, politics and power relations were always on the agenda. Especially in the history of Turkish press, the censorship, banned magazines and newspapers, the journalists who were sentenced reveal the size of these relationships. Certainly, the emergence of first newspapers by the hand of state, the incentives provided by the governments, the conglomeration in the press immediately afterwards, and the changing understanding in the journalism all have had an impact on the relationships which reached this perplexed state, too. Eventually, the changing understanding in the journalism has brought the problem of "commoditization in the news", as well. Besides, the conflicts between the press and politics have affected the language of the news; the elements like objectivity and balance in the news have clearly begun to be ignored. Because of all these reasons, how the political communication process of the leaders and parties were presented and reflected during 2011 general elections in Turkey is analyzed. Between May 1 and June 12, the election studies of political parties in the news of the daily national newspapers Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet and Zaman is analyzed by using the model of critical discourse analysis. In the first chapter of this study, the History, Elements and Development of Political Communication in Turkey were discussed, beside the concepts of Politics, Communication and Political Communication. In the second chapter, Relationship between Press and Political Communication, Place of the Press in Political Communication, Political Communication and Journalism Ethics are studied. In the third section, slogans, advertisements, election promises and promotional activities of the parties in the process of 2011 general elections are widely examined. Finally in the fourth chapter, selected newspapers were analyzed through Critical Discourse Analysis Model.

This edition of the U. S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy continues to reflect the structure and approach of the core national security strategy and policy curriculum at the War College. The fourth edition is published in two volumes that correspond roughly to the Department of National Security and Strategy's core courses: "Theory of War and Strategy" and "National Security Policy and Strategy." Like previous editions, this one is largely an expansion of its predecessor rather than a major rewriting. About a quarter of the chapters are new, and several others have undergone significant rewrites or updates. However, approximately half of the book remains unchanged. Although this is not primarily a textbook, it does reflect both the method and manner we use to teach strategy formulation to America's future senior leaders. The book is not a comprehensive or exhaustive treatment of either strategic theory or the policymaking process. Both volumes are organized to proceed from the general to the specific. Thus the first volume opens with general thoughts on the nature and theory of war and strategy, proceeds to look at the complex aspect of power, and concludes with specific theoretical issues. Similarly, the second volume begins by examining the policy/strategy process, moves to a look at the strategic environment, and concludes with some specific issues. This edition adds several short case studies that can be used to illustrate the primary material in the volume. ; "July 2010." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; V. II. National security policy and strategy -- The national system and environment. Crafting national interests in the 21st century / Alan G. Stolberg -- The national security community, revisited / Walter H. Leach -- Making national security policy in the 21st century / Alan G. Stolberg -- National security and the interagency process / Gabriel Marcella -- PDD-56 : a glass half-full / John F. Troxell -- National security powers : are the checks in balance? / Marybeth P. Ulrich -- National military strategies : 1990-2009 / Richard M. Meinhart -- Present at the counterrevolution : an essay on the 2005 national defense strategy and its impact on policy / Nathan P. Freier -- Securing America from attack : the Defense Department's evolving role after 9/11 / Frank L. Jones -- The appropriate role of intelligence in the making of national security policy / Anthony R. Williams -- The international system and environment. The international system in the 21st century / Alan G. Stolberg -- International relations theory and American grand strategy / Janeen M. Klinger -- Multilateralism and unilateralism / James A. Helis -- Regional studies in a global age / R. Craig Nation -- "Lawyers, guns, and money" : transnational threats and U.S. national security / Paul Rexton Kan -- Ethical issues in war : an overview / Martin L. Cook -- Strategic issues and considerations. Ethics and war in comparative religious perspective / David L. Perry -- International law and the new world order : redefining sovereignty / Thomas W. McShane -- A nationalist's view of lawfare / David G. Bolgiano -- The United States and the International Criminal Court / Thomas W. McShane -- Retooling U.S. public diplomacy as a strategic instrument of foreign policy / Marybeth P. Ulrich -- A primer on civil-military relations for senior leaders / Marybeth P. Ulrich -- New requirements for a new challenge : the military's role in border security / Bert B. Tussing -- Creating strategy in an era of change : the Plains Indian wars / Clayton K.S. Chun -- U.S. relations with North Korea, 1991-2000 / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Painting yourself into a corner : conflict termination, unconditional surrender, and the case of Japan / Clayton K.S. Chun -- The guerrilla warfare problem : revolutionary war and the Kennedy administration response, 1961-1964 / Frank L. Jones. ; V. I. Theory of war and strategy -- Introduction / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Strategic theory. Why is strategy difficult? / David Jablonsky -- A survey of the theory of strategy / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Toward a theory of strategy : Art Lykke and the U.S. Army War College strategy model / H. Richard Yarger -- The strategic appraisal : the key to effective strategy / H. Richard Yarger -- Managing strategic risk / James F. Holcomb -- A theory of victory / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Toward a strategic theory of terrorism : defining boundaries in the ongoing search for security / Frank L. Jones -- Thucydides and contemporary strategy / R. Craig Nation -- The elements of power. National power / David Jablonsky -- National power / R. Craig Nation -- Strategic communication : wielding the information element of power / Dennis M. Murphy -- Diplomacy as an instrument of national power / Reed J. Fendrick -- Theory and practice of modern diplomacy : origins and development to 1914 / Louis J. Nigro, Jr. -- Economic diplomacy : views of a practitioner / Constance Phlipot -- Economics : a key element of national power / Clayton K.S. Chun -- Political economy and national security : a primer / Janeen M. Klinger -- Military power and the use of force / John F. Troxell -- Strategic issues and considerations. Systems thinking in campaign design / Charles D. Allen and Glenn K. Cunningham -- Intelligence as a tool of strategy / John Aclin -- Air power theory : an analytical narrative from the First World War to the present / Tami Davis Biddle -- John Warden's five ring model and the indirect approach to war / Clayton K. S. Chun -- Naval theory for soldiers / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- The network-centric warfare journey : realizing the power of information / Jeffrey L. Groh -- Space power : a strategic assessment and a way forward / Jeffrey A. Farnsworth. ; This edition of the U. S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy continues to reflect the structure and approach of the core national security strategy and policy curriculum at the War College. The fourth edition is published in two volumes that correspond roughly to the Department of National Security and Strategy's core courses: "Theory of War and Strategy" and "National Security Policy and Strategy." Like previous editions, this one is largely an expansion of its predecessor rather than a major rewriting. About a quarter of the chapters are new, and several others have undergone significant rewrites or updates. However, approximately half of the book remains unchanged. Although this is not primarily a textbook, it does reflect both the method and manner we use to teach strategy formulation to America's future senior leaders. The book is not a comprehensive or exhaustive treatment of either strategic theory or the policymaking process. Both volumes are organized to proceed from the general to the specific. Thus the first volume opens with general thoughts on the nature and theory of war and strategy, proceeds to look at the complex aspect of power, and concludes with specific theoretical issues. Similarly, the second volume begins by examining the policy/strategy process, moves to a look at the strategic environment, and concludes with some specific issues. This edition adds several short case studies that can be used to illustrate the primary material in the volume. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Previously titled: U.S. Army War College guide to national security policy and strategy.

DIRECTOR'S FOREWARD (Daniel Pauly). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. PART 1: PAPERS. Prohibited species bycatch in the eastern Bering Sea flatfish fisheries - an analysis of institutions and incentives (Joshua K. Abbott and James E. Wilen). Modelling short-term choice behaviour of Danish fishermen in a mixed fishery (Bo S. Andersen and Annie-Sofie Christensen). Modeling effects of habitat closures in ocean fisheries (Matthew Berman). High seas fisheries governance: a framework for the future? (Stan Crothers and Lindie Nelson). Investing in natural capital - the case of fisheries (Ralf Doering). The catch 22 of licensing policy: socio-economic impacts in British Columbia's commercial ocean fisheries (Danielle N. Edwards, Astrid Scholz, Eric E. Tamm and Charles Steinback). The impact of rights-based management regimes on fishery productivity (Stephanie F. McWhinnie). Data fouling in marine fisheries: findings and a model for Newfoundland (Kaija I. Metuzals, C. Michael Wernerheim,Richard L. Haedrich, Parzival Copes and Ann Murrin). Early attempts at establishing exclusive rights in the British Columbia salmon fishery (Frank Millerd). Industrial evolution in response to changes in the demand for traceability and assurance: a case study of Chilean salmon aquaculture (Tyler K. Olson and Keith R. Criddle). Optimal location of marine protected areas in an international context (Arjan Ruijis and John Janmaat). An economic analysis of management options in the western rock lobster fishery of Western Australia (Neil Thomson and Nick Caputi). Testing the stability of recreational fishing participation probabilities (Eric M. Thunberg and Charles M. Fulcher). Improving utilization of the Atlantic sea scallop resource: an analysis of rotational management of fishing grounds (Diego Valderrama and James L. Anderson). PART 2: ABSTRACTS. Preferences for a buyout program: survey results from U.S. Atlantic shark fishermen (Charles M. Adams and Sherry L. Larkin). Measuring welfare effects of multispecies quota management systems (J. Agar). Economic evaluation of marine ecosystem restoration in northern British Columbia (Cameron H. Ainsworth). Valuing U.S. marine habitats: fantasy or fact? (Jackie Alder, William Cheung, Gakushi Ishimura and U. Rashid Sumaila). Price discovery in laboratory tradable fishing allowance markets with concurrent leasing (Christopher M. Anderson and Jon G. Sutinen). Excessive shares in ITQ fisheries (Lee G. Anderson). Framework for the evaluation of socio-economic and environmental indicators of sustainability in marine ecosystem based fisheries management: The Veracruz Reef system case (Patricia Arceo, Leonardo Ortiz, and Alejandro Granados). Measuring performance in a multi-output industry (Frank Asche, Daniel Gordon and Carsten Lynge Jensen). Experimental analysis of the political economics of fisheries governance(Sam Bwalya, Christopher M. Anderson and Jon G. Sutinen). Effort response, harvest, and climate in the Gulf of Mexico recreational red snapper fishery (D.W. Carter and D. Letson). Socioeconomic impacts of fishery subsidies: a review (Tony Charles). The buyback subsidy problem: time inconsistencies and the ITQ alternative (Colin W. Clark, Gordon R. Munro and U. Rashid Sumaila). Deterrence and compliance in the artisanal Lake Victoria fisheries (H. Eggert and R. Lokina). Reconciling the revocable (or impermanent) privilege of IFQs with economic needs of fishermen (Mark Fina and Joseph Sullivan). Fraser salmon and the species-at-risk act: socio-economic impacts (Gordon S. Gislason). Genetic resources for fun and profit - the role of the interest rate in natural selection (Atle G. Guttormsen, Dadi Kristorfersson and Eric Naevda). Bering Sea pollock fisher response to the Steller sea lion conservation area (Alan C. Haynie and David F. Layton). Dynamic discrete choice modleing: Monte Carlo analysis (Robert Hicks and Kurt E. Schnier). Individual habitat quotas for fisheries: the influences of regulatory scale and spatial heterogeneity (Daniel S. Holland and Kurt E. Schnier). Fisheries cooperartives - varieties and consequences (Daniel D. Huppert and Jennifer Kassakian). Treadmill effects and capitalization of resource rent in Norweigian fisheries (Gakushi Ishimura and Rognvaldur Hannesson). Global cost and regional benefit of open ocean aquaculture with ocean nourishment (Ian S.F. Jones and Ibrahem Al Tarawneh). A dynamic spatial model to predict net distribution of fishing effort in relation to changes in fish abundance in the global tuna longline fishery (Heather Keith, Carl Walters and U. Rashid Sumaila). Simulating with ISIS-Fish V2.0 the dynamics of a north-east Atlantic mixed fishery subject to spatial closures (Stephanie Mahevas, Dominique Pelletier, Paul Marchal, Olivier Guyader, Raul Prellezo and Marina Santurtun). Entering and exiting a fishery: a strategic choice? (S. Mardle and T. Hutton). International trade, fisheries, and Canadian marine ecosystems: an empirical analysis (A. Dale Marsden and U. Rashid Sumaila). Ecosystem of a small lake (Kawahara-oike, Japan) invaded by two alien species: bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Takashi Matsuishi, Md. Monir Hossain, Akira Goto and Mikio Azuma). Decision structuring to alleviate embedding in environmental valuation (Timothy L. McDaniels, Robin Gregory, Jospeh Arvai and Ratana Chuenpagdee). A preliminary look at the Hawai'ian swordfish regulations at reducing sea turtle bycatch (Jeffrey K. O'Hara and Theodore Groves). Importation of tasteless smoke (CO) treated tuna and its impacts to local market and fisheries (Minling Pan and Timothy Ming). Risk-shifting in farm-raised catfish marketing channels (K. Quagrainie and I. Neira). Stranded capital and impacts to processors of ITQs (Kate Quigley). Modeling economic efficiency in a fishery: the Norwegian cod trawl fishery (Kristin H. Roll, Frank Asche and Atle G. Guttormsen). Protecting marine biodiveristy: a comparison of inidividual habitat quotas (IHQs) and the marine protected areas (Kurt E. Schnier and Daniel S. Holland). Outside the realmn of economics: what are the implications of environmental ethics for fisheries management? (Donald M. Schug). Spatial management of metapopulations in fisheries : the bioeconomic effects of source-sink configurations (J.C. Seigo and J.F. Caddy). Valuing ecosystem services with fishery rents: a lumped-parameter approach to hypoxia in the Neuse River estuary (Martin D. Smith and Larry B. Crowder). A hierarchical Bayes approach to discrete choice fisheries modeling: the effect of marine reserves on fishing behaviour (Marin D. Smith, Junjie Zhang and Felicia C. Coleman). Amending the Alaska halibut/sablefish IFQ program to address community needs (P.J. Smith). Ecological and economic analysis of sablefish aquaculture in British Columbia (U. Rashid Sumaila, John Volpe and Yajie Liu). On the economics of fisheries governance: a Presidential address (Jon G. Sutinen). The economic costs of regulation: a bioeconomic comparison of legislative mandates for rebuilding fish stocks in the United States and New Zealand (Gil Sylvia, Sherry L. Larkin and Michael Harte). Bayesian estimation of technical efficiency in fisheries (D. Tomberlin, X. Irz and G. Holloway). Beyond ITQs: transactions costs and self-governance in New Zealand (Ralph E. Townsend). The effect of regulatory regimes on productivity development in fisheries: a comparative country study (Ragnar Tveteras and Hakan Eggert). Market power, sharing rule and fishery co-management (J. Uchida and J. Wilen). Moving toward market based management regimes: implementing days at sea leasing in the northeast (USA) multispecies fishery (John B. Walden and Charles Fulcher). Like counting sheep from a helicopter on a cloudy day: the effects of scientific uncertainty on stock assessment and ITQ fisheries management (T. Yandle). The contribution of fisheries to GDP: underestimating the role of small-scale fisheries (Dirk Zeller, Shawn Booth and Daniel Pauly). ; Fisheries Centre (FC) ; Unreviewed ; Faculty ; Researcher ; Graduate

[spa] La importancia otorgada a la evaluación en educación, desde su prescripción o condición para acceder al financiamiento extraordinario de instituciones o programas, acrecienta su complejidad no sólo técnica sino ética, con riesgos de reproducir las desigualdades de origen de las entidades evaluadas, mediante la desacreditación de un servicio público ajeno a los intereses y modelos de calidad que así lo califican. Inscrita en este contexto, como otras universidades públicas cuyo desarrollo depende de los recursos adicionales a un subsidio cada vez más exiguo, la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) participa en recientes procesos de evaluación-acreditación de sus programas educativos. Ahora que la evaluación emerge protagonista del cambio y la calidad de la educación, como nunca antes se soslayan las reflexiones sobre la supuesta neutralidad de sus procedimientos, resultados y juicios; el ambiente politizado y una cultura de utilitarismo, relegan el cuestionamiento sobre la calidad de la evaluación. Se elige el estudio de casos como enfoque de investigación evaluación, con un diseño cualitativo orientado a ofrecer una visión sobre la manera en que las políticas y prácticas de la evaluación institucional responden a los principios de la educación universitaria y de la UAEM; y, contribuir a mejorar la comprensión que sobre la evaluación tengan los participantes, como base de la reflexión y el cambio de perspectiva para una nueva y profesional intervención. En congruencia con estos objetivos, el problema investigación interroga sobre: ¿Cómo se realiza la evaluación universitaria y de qué manera influye en ésta el contexto en que se lleva a cabo? ¿Cuál es la comprensión que tienen los participantes sobre los procesos críticos, las características y eventos más significativos que ocurren dentro y como consecuencia de las prácticas de la evaluación universitaria? En el contexto señalado, el examen a la evaluación universitaria se centra en las prácticas del ámbito institucional, éstas son: la evaluación anual del plan de desarrollo, la evaluación del Informe Anual de Actividades por la Comisión de Glosa del Consejo Universitario, la evaluación externa de los CIEES para las funciones institucionales, la auto evaluación institucional CONAEVA y las evaluaciones para fundamentar programas de financiamiento extraordinario. El alcance del estudio se limita al campo de la docencia universitaria, e intenta englobar -con el análisis documental y las entrevistas- un periodo que suma las últimas cinco administraciones universitarias (1982-2001) La fase empírica del estudio se realiza a partir del análisis documental que comprende materiales conceptuales, normativos, planes e informes; la observación no participante (2002 y 2003) centrada en sucesos y actuaciones que informan sobre los componentes de la evaluación (fundamentos, resultados, juicios e interpretación, y recomendaciones); y, finalmente pero como recurso principal, la entrevista con autoridades, y evaluadores. Los resultados preliminares alcanzados con estas técnicas se organizan y analizan para redactar el informe del estudio de caso evaluativo, teniendo por bastidor los criterios fundamentales de la evaluación (veracidad, estética y justicia) propuestos por Ernest R. House (1997), los estándares para la evaluación educacional (utilidad, factibilidad, honradez y precisión) del Centro de Evaluación de la Universidad de Werstern, Michigan (1994). El informe de evaluación (resultados del estudio), bajo el propósito principal de promover la identificación y comprensión de los lectores, presenta una redacción informal, narrativa, con abundantes citas que ilustran juicios, descripciones y explicaciones; presenta las diversas voces que analizan, discuten y reflexionan sobre la evaluación universitaria y cómo influyen en ésta las contingencias del contexto. Una síntesis de los resultados perfila una evaluación institucional universitaria con diversas debilidades en su veracidad, credibilidad y justicia, por factores de naturaleza política y económica, y una cultura que la ritualiza y burocratiza; la actual evaluación está desconectada de los principios universitarios y anclada cada vez más a la política educativa federal para la obtención de recursos; la importancia ahora concedida a la evaluación, no está en su contribución para mejorar la educación, más bien en una «calidad certificada» que facilita el acceso a fondos públicos. Las reflexiones de los participantes plantean: ¿Por qué después de años de evaluaciones se ha mejorado tan poco? ¿por qué si la evaluación ha de hacerse, no aclarar sus intereses, buscar que sea de calidad y obtener los mejores beneficios para la institución y los universitarios? ; [eng] The importance given to the educational evaluation, since the prescription or condition to accede through the extraordinary financing of programs or institutions, increases the complexity, not just in the technique, but the ethics, with risks of reproducing the original inequalities of the assessed entities, by bringing discredit on, of a public service unaware of interests and quality models. Enrolled on this context, as other public universities which development depends of additional resources and a much more scanty grant, The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico (UAEM) takes part in recent praxis of evaluation-accreditation of its educative programs. Nowadays, that the evaluation and quality in the education appears as a main character, as never before, the reflection have been avoided, about the supposed neutrality of its process, results and judgments; the political atmosphere and the utilitarian culture, relegate the interrogation about the quality in the evaluation. I chose the chases focused in the evaluation research, with a qualified design oriented to offer a different view about the way, politics and institutional praxis evaluation reply to the university educative principles (UAEM); by the way assisting to improve comprehension in the participants about evaluation, as a basis in the reflection and «a change of view» applying a new and professional intervention. In the appointed context, the university evaluation is focused on the praxis immersed in this institutional atmosphere; these are: the evaluation of The Development Plan, the evaluation of the Annual Activity Report, by the Glosa Commision of the University Council, The external evaluation of the CIEES for their institutional functions, an institutional self-evaluation CONAEVA and some evaluations to establish programs with extraordinary financing. The empirical phase of this research come across the documental analysis, the non-participant observation (2002 and 2003), ultimately, interviews with authorities and evaluative personnel, all of these, as a main resource. The reached preliminary results are analyzed and organized, to draft the research inform of the evaluative subject, holding as a basis the fundamental criterion of evaluation, proposed by Ernest R. House (1997) of veracity, esthetic and justice, and the educational evaluation standard, as utility, facility, honesty and precision of the Evaluation Centre of the Western University of Michigan (1994). The evaluation report, trying to instigate the comprehension and identification of the reader, presents an informal writing, narrative, with some quotations that illustrates judgments, descriptions and explications; proposing the different voices that analyze, debate and reflect about the university evaluation, and how the context eventualities have influence on these.

The proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on PO Res, held May 16-29 at the Hotel Sagamore, Lake George, NY, are presented as follows: (1) Ronald Gatty & Raymond Fink, Proceedings Editors, offer a brief summary of events. (2) Contents of Proceedings; (3) The AAPOR Reward for Exceptionally Distinguished Achievement was awarded to the Roper PO Res Center. A brief mention of previous recipients is made. (4)Abstracts of Papers, Third Annual Student Paper Competition, Chairman: William Paisley (Stanford U, Calif). lst, 2nd & 3rd prize were won as follows: David Knoke (U of Michigan, Ann Arbor), 'The Political Consequences of Economic Class Inconsistencies;' Charles K. Atkin (U of Wisconsin, Madison), 'The Influence of Pre-Election Poll Information on Political Preferences;' & Drury R. Sherrod (Stanford U, Calif), 'A Balance Theory Approach to Candidate Perception.' Honorable mention was made of: Douglas C. Hall (Stanford U, Calif), 'Political Partisanship - An Unobtrusive Field Experiment;' Kent L. Anderson (Stanford U, Calif), 'A Hierarchial Decision Model for Questionnaire Analysis and Interpretation;' & Jonathan Kelley (U of California, Berkeley), 'Dress as Nonverbal Communication.' Mention was made of: Milton Richards (Syracuse U, NY), 'The Effects of Overt Behavior of Alternative Mass Communication Persuasion Strategies - A Controlled Field Experiment;' & Matilda B. Rees, 'Linguistic Problems in Attitude Scales.' Abstracts of all these papers are presented. Then abstracts of contributions under the following headings are offered: Herbert Abelson (Response Analysis Corp), Chairman, THE POLITICAL YEAR THAT WAS: 1968: Warren J. Mitofsky (CBS News), 'Who Voted for Wallace?' Thomas E. Coffin & Sam Tuchman (Nat'l Broadcasting Corp), 'The Influence of Television Election Broadcasts in a Close Election;' Ernest Dichter (Instit for Motivational Res, Inc) & Henry Brenner (Home Testing Instit), 'Personality Characteristics of Undecided Voters;' & John P. Robinson (U of Michigan, Ann Arbor), 'Voter Reaction to Chicago 1968.' Yvan Corbeil (Centre de Recherches sur L'Opinion Publique, Paris, France), Chairman, RESPONSES TO STUDENT PRO- TEST: Joe L. Spaeth (Nat'l Opinion Res Center), 'Public Reactions to College Student Protests;' Stephen Cole (State U of New York, Stony Brook) & Hannelore Adamson (Columbia U, NY), 'The Student Demonstration at Columbia U: Determinants of Faculty Support;' Emanuel H. Demby, 'All the Lonely People;' Richard B. Wirthlin (Brigham Young U, Provo, Utah), &Vincent J. Breglio (California State Coll, Long Beach) 'Public Reaction to Student Protest: The California Case;' S. C. Dodd (U of Washington, Seattle), 'A Feedback Poll for Standardizing Change in Human Systems - A University Case,' Charles Winick (City U of New York, NY), Chairman, THE ISSUE OF OBSCENITY AND PORNOGRAPHY IN CONTEMPORARY MEDIA: Edward Sagarin (City Coll of New York, NY) 'Obscenity in the Underground Press;' David Sonenschein (U of Texas, Austin), 'Sex and Love in the Romance Magazines;' Richard Maisel (New York U, NY), Chairman: CAPAC: AN EXAMPLE OF A MULTI- STUDY: Robert S. Weiss (Harvard Med Sch, Boston), 'Studying Life Organization;' James H. Laue (Harvard Med Sch, Boston), 'Application of the Research by the U.S. Government: Issues of Public Policy and Professional Ethics;' James S. Bacharach (Trendex Inc), 'Methodology of the Study;' Richard Maisel (New York U, NY), 'The Impact of Events.' Ronald Gatty (City U of New York, NY), Chairman, IS OUR METHODOLOGY RELE- VANT TO THE TIMES: Joseph J. M. Saleh (Cantex Corp), 'Observations on the Sociology of Mass Communications;' Eric Josephson (Columbia U, NY) 'Sources and Forms of Resistance to Surveys;' & G. Ray Funkhouser & Nathan Maccoby (Stanford U, Calif), 'The Roll of a Poll in Resolving a University Crisis.' Sidney Hollander (Sidney Hollander Associates), Chairman, DRUGS, TELEVISION, INTEGRATION: TOPICS OF THE TIMES: Hope Lunin Klapper (New York U, NY), "Did Anyone Do Anything That Would be Wrong for You to Do?': Children's Perceptions and Moral Evaluations of Television Programs;' Hugh J. Parry, Mitchell B. Balter, & Ira H. Cisin (George Washington U, Washington DC & Nat'l Instit of Mental Health, Buthesda, Md), 'Primary Levels of Underreporting Psychotropic Drug Use with and without Visual Aids.' Allen H. Baron (Columbia U, NY), Chairman, SPECIAL SESSION ON TRAINING STUDENTS FOR SURVEY METHODOLOGY: Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann (Instit for Demoscopy, Allensbach, Germany), 'Training in Survey Methodology;' Morris Axelrod (Joint Center for Ur Studies of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Mass), 'Training Students in Survey Research.' Herbert E. Krugman (General Electric Co), OPEN MEETING ON AAPOR/ APA EARLY INTERNSHIP PROGRAM. Paul B. Sheatsley (Nat'l Opinion Res Center), Moderator, PUBLIC OPINION RESEARCH AS A PUBLIC OPINION ISSUE: Leo Bogart (Bur of Advertising, ANPA), 'Public Priorities, Power Politics, and Polls;' Burns W. Roper (Roper Res Associates, NYC), 'Responsibilities of the Public Opinion Researcher to the Public;' & Philip Meyer (Knight Newspapers), 'The Journalist as Public Opinion Researcher.' Kurt Lang (State U of New York, Stony Brook), Chairman, PUBLIC OPINION, GOVERN- MENTAL COMMISSIONS, AND SOCIAL POLICY: Paul N. Borsky (Columbia U, NY), 'The Use of Social Surveys in Policy;' Fred Schindeler & C. Michael Lanphier (Instit for Behavioral Res), 'Participatory Democracy in Canada: Paths for Survey Research;' Robert Shellow (Office of Public Safety, Washington, DC), 'Social Scientists and Social Action from Within the Establishment.' Robert Brictson (Systems Development Corp), Chairman, A LOOK AT THE FUTURE THROUGH INTERNATIONAL EYES: Jiri Nehnevajsa (U of Pittsburgh, Pa), 'Czechoslovak Intelligentsia Looks at the Future of Czechoslovakia;' G. N. Levine (U of California, Los Angeles), 'A Case Study in Comparative and International Research: Some Perils, Problems, and Solutions;' R. C. Brictson 'Expectations of Colombian Elites Toward Education.' Laure M. Sharp (Bur of Soc Sci Res Inc), Chairman, PUBLIC OPINION AND THE CRISIS IN PUBLIC EDUCATION: Richard M. Johnson (State U of NY, Buffalo), 'Public Schools and Confrontation Politics: The Views of Urban Blacks and Whites;' Jack Schwartz (Philadelphia Board of Educ, Pa), 'A Community Views Its Schools: The Philadelphia Story;' Harland Randolp (Federal City Coll, Washington, DC) 'Public Opinion Research: A Form of Community Participation for Urban Universities.' William T. Moran (Lever Brothers), Chairman, MODELS AND THEIR USE: Eric Marder (Eric Marder Associates Inc), 'A Consumer Behavior Model;' J. T. Linthorst-Homan (Young & Rubicam, NY), 'Which End Is UP? How to Use Marketing Models.' Harold K. Kassarijian (U of California, Los Angeles), Chairman, CONSUMER BEHAVIOR UNDER CHANGING SOCIAL CONDITIONS: Thomas S. Robertson, Douglas J. Dalrymple, & Michael Y. Yosbino (Harvard U, Cambridge, Mass, Indiana U, Bloomington & UCLA, Calif), 'Ethnic Purchasing Behavior As An Aspect of Desired Assimilation;' Harry L. Davis (U of Chicago, Ill), 'A Longitudinal Analysis of Family Decision Making; George S. Day (Stanford U, Calif), 'Attitude Change and the Influence of Brand Advertising;' Joel B. Cohen (U of Illinois, Urbana), 'Product Choice and Consumer Response: Post-Decision Processes.' Norman Perlstein & Charles H. Stember (Brotherhood-in-Action, & Rutgers U, New Brunswick, NJ), Co-Chairmen, BLACK VS. WHITE: BLACKS AND WHITES? Albert E. Gollin (Bur of Soc Sci Res Inc), 'Poor People's Campaign and the March on Washington: Mobilization for Collective Protest;' Landon G. Haynes (Miami Herald, Fla), 'Changes in Negro Attitudes Following the Assassinations of Martin Luthur King and Robert F. Kennedy;' Ann F. Brunswick (Columbia U, NY), 'What Generation Gap? A Comparison of Some Generational Differences Among Blacks and Whites.' The 'Annual Advisory AAPOR Business Meeting' concluded the Conference. M. Maxfield.

Generative Picturing uses photography as a relational, ambivalent and undisciplined medium for education and research. - Wir alle sind Fotografie! – Wir fotografieren, betrachten Fotos, sind darauf abgebildet und verwenden sie. Die Fotografie berührt und verstört, sie verbindet und trennt, sie beweist und ist vieldeutig.
Das Beziehungshafte, das Ambivalente und die Undiszipliniertheit – als wesentliche Eigenschaften der Fotografie – werden in der Generativen Bildarbeit für Bildungs- und Forschungsprozesse genutzt. Die Fotografie wird dabei zum transdisziplinären Praxisfeld, in dem Menschen Fotos machen, diese in Gruppenprozessen zeigen und miteinander in Dialog treten. Auf prozesshafte und partizipative Weise gelangen dabei die Beteiligten und ihre generativen Themen in den Fokus. Anhand ihrer Bilder, beim Betrachten und Diskutieren darüber, erkunden sie die eigene Wahrnehmung und die "der Anderen", hinterfragen die Kategorien "Eigen" und "Fremd" und die sozialen Grenzziehungen, die damit verbunden sind.
Forschen und Lernen gehen dabei Hand in Hand und werden als Erkenntnis- und Transformationsprozesse wirksam.
Durch Generative Bildarbeit wird die Fotografie als beziehungshaftes, ambivalentes und undiszipliniertes Medium für Bildungs- und Forschungsprozesse zum Einsatz gebracht.