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This paper focuses on one of the key facets of the global art market, the art fair. Art fairs, which have proliferated in recent years and can be found in large numbers all over the globe, provide a crucial infrastructure for the sale and exhibition of works of art. Despite their current popularity, however, the history of the art fair, the development of its organisational form, and its importance to the market and society have largely been neglected in scholarly studies. Therefore, this paper adopts an evolutionary approach to better understand the development of the art fair, including its network-like structure, and how it became the core business structure of the contemporary art world. This paper demonstrates that art fairs inherited a great number of business practices from previous times, such as observational principles for the creation of prices, aesthetic features, and branding strategies to emphasize their outstanding and almost religious nature. Furthermore, the paper shows that the network-like structure of the art fair has contributed to its contemporary success.

"This paper aims at explaining the role and importance of the evolution of institutions for sustainable agri-environments during the transition process by referring to examples of agri-environmental problems faced in Central and Eastern European countries. It is often stated that the replacement of institutional structures in post socialist countries would bring a unique opportunity to implement new policies and institutions needed to ensure that economic growth is environmentally sustainable. This idea stems from the assumption that the breakdown of the socialist system resembles that (of the Schumpeterian type) of creative destruction - a process that incessantly revolutionizes economic structures from within. However, not all kinds of institutions, especially at local level, can simply be implemented, and even more, not incessantly. Instead, they evolve as a response to ecosystem and social system characteristics, and this is a rather slow process. A central question therefore is whether the required institutional arrangements for achieving sustainability in the area of agri-environmental resource management can be built more easily in periods of transition as they fill institutional gaps, or whether processes of transition make institution building a more difficult and far more time consuming task than previously thought. Above all, we want to find out, how these two processes of institution building at different scales affect the sustainable management of resources such as water and biodiversity in agriculture? It will become clear that the agri-environmental problem areas faced during transition are complex and dynamic and require adequate institutions both by political design and from the grassroots, to be developed by the respective actors involved. Transition from centrally planned to pluralistic systems has to be considered as a particular and in some respect non-typical process of institutional change. Popular theories of institutional change do not necessarily apply. The privatisation experience from many CEE countries will serve as an example. Finally, we will provide some examples of missing or insufficient interaction between political actors or agencies and people in CEE countries. Substantial investments into social and human capital, particularly regarding informal institutions are needed for institutions of sustainability to evolve." (author's abstract)

"Juridical concepts -specialized terms used in legal reasoning- have adaptive properties which allow for their coevolution with the social relations that they describe and constitute. Concepts form a bridge between empirical facts and legal norms. As such they allow data about the social world to enter legal discourse and frame normative judgments. Their defeasibility allows them to adjust to changes in their social and economic context. Studying juridical concepts in their historical context opens up new perspectives on institutional change and contributes to our understanding of social reality." (author's abstract)

Music in Evolution and Evolution in Music by Steven Jan is a comprehensive account of the relationships between evolutionary theory and music. Examining the 'evolutionary algorithm' that drives biological and musical-cultural evolution, the book provides a distinctive commentary on how musicality and music can shed light on our understanding of Darwin's famous theory, and vice-versa.

Comprised of seven chapters, with several musical examples, figures and definitions of terms, this original and accessible book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in the relationships between music and evolutionary thought. Jan guides the reader through key evolutionary ideas and the development of human musicality, before exploring cultural evolution, evolutionary ideas in musical scholarship, animal vocalisations, music generated through technology, and the nature of consciousness as an evolutionary phenomenon.

A unique examination of how evolutionary thought intersects with music, Music in Evolution and Evolution in Music is essential to our understanding of how and why music arose in our species and why it is such a significant presence in our lives.

Der Verfasser argumentiert, dass die Auffassung einer kontinuierlich fortschreitenden Evolutionsgeschichte, bei es der auf dem Wege der Mechanismen von Mutation und Selektion zu einer allmählichen Auslese der am besten an ihre Umwelt angepassten Lebewesen im Kampf ums Dasein und durch graduelles Gleiten zu einer sukzessiven Höherentwicklung der Lebewesen kommt, deren höchste Form, womöglich als Endziel der Evolution, dasjenige Lebewesen ist, das sich selbst als homo sapiens bezeichnet, zumindest die Lehren Darwins stark verkürzt. Man muss vielmehr mit Darwin davon ausgehen, dass sich auch die Evolution im Laufe ihrer Geschichte ihrerseits weiterentwickelt hat, einer Evolution unterworfen war, mithin eine Evolution der Evolution stattgefunden hat. Es lassen sich aus Darwins Werk mehrere Evolutionsschritte herausarbeiten. Jeder Versuch, das Prinzip der natürlichen Zuchtwahl in menschlichen Gesellschaften wieder wirksam werden zu lassen und damit die Prinzipien der sozialen und kulturellen Evolution wieder zu beseitigen, käme nach Darwin einer Entmenschlichung des Menschen und der von ihm geschaffenen ökologischen Nische, der Gesellschaft, käme und wäre gleichbedeutend mit einem Rückfall auf eine vormenschliche Evolutionsstufe. Es ist eine besondere Tragik der Rezeptionsgeschichte der Evolutionstheorie, dass Eugenik und andere Forschungsrichtungen, die genau dies anstreben, sich immer wieder auf Darwin berufen. (ICF2)

Sammlung von Beiträgen verschiedener Wissenschaftler zur Evolution. Sie sind das Ergebnis eines Kolloquiums, das von der Stiftung des "Forums für Verantwortung" organisiert wurde. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Themen der biologischen, sozialen und kulturellen evolutionären Entwicklung des Menschen. Die Aufsätze behandeln z.B. einzelne Phasen der Anthropogenese aus genetischer und paläontologischer Sicht oder evolutionäre Strategien der Fortpflanzung sowie Entwicklungsaspekte der Ethik, Moral und des Rechts sowie soziale Phänomene im Spannungsfeld von Egoismus und Altruismus. Ähnlich wie die Beitragssammlungen "Die Evolution des Lebendigen" (ID 25/08); "Evolution" (ID 33/09) oder "Triebkraft Evolution" (BA 1/09), ist das Buch keine systematisch gegliederte und strukturierte Monografie, vielmehr stehen ausgewählte Schwerpunkte und Aspekte im Vordergrund. Für grosse Bibliotheken bei entsprechendem Bedarf. (3)