Suchergebnisse

Many separate economics after world economic crises are looking to help their economies improve faster through export. Recently some accusations between main world exporters to USA have risen for possible exchange rate manipulation, with intention to increase export. According to results of the paper, these accusations are reasonable. In the first part of the paper the theory analysis on export and exchange rate is presented. Also there is a review of other researches of exchange rate influence on export and possible manipulation of same exchange rate. In the second part of the paper hypothesis of the research, data and econometric model is presented. In the last part of the study there are results of the research. According to the results, Mexico's and Canada's exports to USA have elasticity of exchange rate. Also Granger causality of exchange rate on separate exports of Mexico, Canada, Japan, China and European Union has been found. These results justify the accusations and tension between mentioned exporters

Many separate economics after world economic crises are looking to help their economies improve faster through export. Recently some accusations between main world exporters to USA have risen for possible exchange rate manipulation, with intention to increase export. According to results of the paper, these accusations are reasonable. In the first part of the paper the theory analysis on export and exchange rate is presented. Also there is a review of other researches of exchange rate influence on export and possible manipulation of same exchange rate. In the second part of the paper hypothesis of the research, data and econometric model is presented. In the last part of the study there are results of the research. According to the results, Mexico's and Canada's exports to USA have elasticity of exchange rate. Also Granger causality of exchange rate on separate exports of Mexico, Canada, Japan, China and European Union has been found. These results justify the accusations and tension between mentioned exporters

Many separate economics after world economic crises are looking to help their economies improve faster through export. Recently some accusations between main world exporters to USA have risen for possible exchange rate manipulation, with intention to increase export. According to results of the paper, these accusations are reasonable. In the first part of the paper the theory analysis on export and exchange rate is presented. Also there is a review of other researches of exchange rate influence on export and possible manipulation of same exchange rate. In the second part of the paper hypothesis of the research, data and econometric model is presented. In the last part of the study there are results of the research. According to the results, Mexico's and Canada's exports to USA have elasticity of exchange rate. Also Granger causality of exchange rate on separate exports of Mexico, Canada, Japan, China and European Union has been found. These results justify the accusations and tension between mentioned exporters

This paper presents the instruments of internationa lization of enterprises operating within the Eurasian Economic Union. Research contai ns answers of 108 enterprises exporters located in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the p aper is to show the main forms of the internationalization of enterprises in Kazakhstan. The paper also presents the following instruments o f enterprises' internationalization including: indire ct export, direct export, cooperative export, assem bly operations, management contracts, turnkey operation s, contract manufacturing, licensing, franchising, international alliances cooperation, foreign branch es and companies. We analyzed these forms of participation in international business enterprises from the Republic of Kazakhstan. The degree of internationalization of the Kazakh enterprises in r elation to the Polish was compared. The basic factors of comparison taken into consideration: the directi ons of international expansion, dividing them into the countries included in the Eurasian Economic Union, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries of the European Union and others.

This paper presents the instruments of internationa lization of enterprises operating within the Eurasian Economic Union. Research contai ns answers of 108 enterprises exporters located in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the p aper is to show the main forms of the internationalization of enterprises in Kazakhstan. The paper also presents the following instruments o f enterprises' internationalization including: indire ct export, direct export, cooperative export, assem bly operations, management contracts, turnkey operation s, contract manufacturing, licensing, franchising, international alliances cooperation, foreign branch es and companies. We analyzed these forms of participation in international business enterprises from the Republic of Kazakhstan. The degree of internationalization of the Kazakh enterprises in r elation to the Polish was compared. The basic factors of comparison taken into consideration: the directi ons of international expansion, dividing them into the countries included in the Eurasian Economic Union, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries of the European Union and others.

The article, based mainly on the method of data and document analysis and other methods such as comparative, linguistic, logical and summative, analyses the procedure of issuing documents proving the management of collectively managed product and/or packaging waste, with the exception of waste collected under the deposit system, the types of documents proving the management of product and/or packaging waste, specifies which documents proving the management of product and/or packaging waste shall be assessed in the broad sense and which in the narrow sense, documents proving the management of product and/or packaging waste shall also be classified according to the status and role of the entities issuing them. The article analyses the amendments in the existing legislation on the procedure of issuing documents proving the management of products and/or packaging waste, which established the linking testimony (confirmations) held by the waste sorters or keepers in the product and/or packaging waste management system, indicated the reasons for the need to adjust the procedure for issuing documents proving the management of product and/or packaging waste that have come into effect after the amendments to the legal acts, as well as the gaps and possible problems caused by the amendments of the legal acts. It was concluded that the legal regulation of the product and/or packaging waste management system must be improved. Proposals have therefore been made to amend the Law on Waste Management of the Republic of Lithuania and the secondary legislation, providing that entities that have to issue linking testimony (confirmations) in the product and/or packaging waste management system following the amendment of legal acts, as well as processors/exporters or collectors/mixed municipal waste handlers must be added to the List of waste managers entitled to issue documents proving the management of product and/or packaging waste so that they would have a legal interest in the legality of the linking testimony (confirmations) issued as well as, inter alia, to ensure the principle of equality of waste managers taking part in the product and/or packaging waste management system.

The article, based mainly on the method of data and document analysis and other methods such as comparative, linguistic, logical and summative, analyses the procedure of issuing documents proving the management of collectively managed product and/or packaging waste, with the exception of waste collected under the deposit system, the types of documents proving the management of product and/or packaging waste, specifies which documents proving the management of product and/or packaging waste shall be assessed in the broad sense and which in the narrow sense, documents proving the management of product and/or packaging waste shall also be classified according to the status and role of the entities issuing them. The article analyses the amendments in the existing legislation on the procedure of issuing documents proving the management of products and/or packaging waste, which established the linking testimony (confirmations) held by the waste sorters or keepers in the product and/or packaging waste management system, indicated the reasons for the need to adjust the procedure for issuing documents proving the management of product and/or packaging waste that have come into effect after the amendments to the legal acts, as well as the gaps and possible problems caused by the amendments of the legal acts. It was concluded that the legal regulation of the product and/or packaging waste management system must be improved. Proposals have therefore been made to amend the Law on Waste Management of the Republic of Lithuania and the secondary legislation, providing that entities that have to issue linking testimony (confirmations) in the product and/or packaging waste management system following the amendment of legal acts, as well as processors/exporters or collectors/mixed municipal waste handlers must be added to the List of waste managers entitled to issue documents proving the management of product and/or packaging waste so that they would have a legal interest in the legality of the linking testimony (confirmations) issued as well as, inter alia, to ensure the principle of equality of waste managers taking part in the product and/or packaging waste management system.

Relevance of the topic: For the last three decades Lithuania is part of global economy affected directly by world market movements. Rapidly improving economic conditions and Gross Domestic Product growth is strongly influenced by Lithuanian export to foreign markets. Small and Medium-sized enterprises are a driving force behind competitiveness and export increase in Lithuania. SME importance in the local and national arena is undeniable, but they are still bounded by trade barriers when entering new markets. Most countries in the world are promoting export activities by various programs and initiatives but not always these actions reflect the direct needs of SMEs. Most recently Middle East region has become an attractive destination for Lithuanian export. This market is quite strong economically because of its abundant oil resources. Also, citizen living, and income standard is another aspect that is attracting businesses to consider this region for trade. Middle East region is experiencing economic growth, for these reasons it is important to foster Lithuanian SMEs export to this market. Research object: Overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium-sized enterprises operating in the market of the Middle East. Research aim: Validate the solutions of overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium enterprises operating in the Middle East market. Research objectives: 1. To examine theoretical and practical trade barrier research assumptions; 2. To develop methodology of the research; 3. To execute the study and identify trade barriers; 4. To structure the solutions to overcome trade barriers. Findings of the research: It is important to study trade barriers affecting Lithuanian Small and Medium –sized enterprises while exporting to the Middle East because this region is becoming more important in the global trade. The region is attractive for businesses because of its political stability, economic and demographic growth and vast natural resources. As the time goes on the Middle East region becomes more Westernized because of the Globalization and International Trade. This makes it easier for Lithuanian SMEs to attract partners and trade in these states. Unfortunately, Lithuanian companies are affected by various trade barriers while doing business with these countries. This study identified 11 factors that could be considered trade barriers of various strength. The most powerful barriers experienced by Lithuanian SMEs were of political origin, lack of speed with political cooperation between regions and assistance for newly decided exporters. Secondly, the Lithuanian companies imply that the competition in the region is quite hard to deal with when your company is small. Also, the research has found that insurance and goods transportation is a trade barrier of reasonable strength. Despite the political and economic trade barriers, it was found that sociocultural differences, such as language, is a strong export barrier for SMEs trading in or providing services in the Middle East.

Relevance of the topic: For the last three decades Lithuania is part of global economy affected directly by world market movements. Rapidly improving economic conditions and Gross Domestic Product growth is strongly influenced by Lithuanian export to foreign markets. Small and Medium-sized enterprises are a driving force behind competitiveness and export increase in Lithuania. SME importance in the local and national arena is undeniable, but they are still bounded by trade barriers when entering new markets. Most countries in the world are promoting export activities by various programs and initiatives but not always these actions reflect the direct needs of SMEs. Most recently Middle East region has become an attractive destination for Lithuanian export. This market is quite strong economically because of its abundant oil resources. Also, citizen living, and income standard is another aspect that is attracting businesses to consider this region for trade. Middle East region is experiencing economic growth, for these reasons it is important to foster Lithuanian SMEs export to this market. Research object: Overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium-sized enterprises operating in the market of the Middle East. Research aim: Validate the solutions of overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium enterprises operating in the Middle East market. Research objectives: 1. To examine theoretical and practical trade barrier research assumptions; 2. To develop methodology of the research; 3. To execute the study and identify trade barriers; 4. To structure the solutions to overcome trade barriers. Findings of the research: It is important to study trade barriers affecting Lithuanian Small and Medium –sized enterprises while exporting to the Middle East because this region is becoming more important in the global trade. The region is attractive for businesses because of its political stability, economic and demographic growth and vast natural resources. As the time goes on the Middle East region becomes more Westernized because of the Globalization and International Trade. This makes it easier for Lithuanian SMEs to attract partners and trade in these states. Unfortunately, Lithuanian companies are affected by various trade barriers while doing business with these countries. This study identified 11 factors that could be considered trade barriers of various strength. The most powerful barriers experienced by Lithuanian SMEs were of political origin, lack of speed with political cooperation between regions and assistance for newly decided exporters. Secondly, the Lithuanian companies imply that the competition in the region is quite hard to deal with when your company is small. Also, the research has found that insurance and goods transportation is a trade barrier of reasonable strength. Despite the political and economic trade barriers, it was found that sociocultural differences, such as language, is a strong export barrier for SMEs trading in or providing services in the Middle East.

Relevance of the topic: For the last three decades Lithuania is part of global economy affected directly by world market movements. Rapidly improving economic conditions and Gross Domestic Product growth is strongly influenced by Lithuanian export to foreign markets. Small and Medium-sized enterprises are a driving force behind competitiveness and export increase in Lithuania. SME importance in the local and national arena is undeniable, but they are still bounded by trade barriers when entering new markets. Most countries in the world are promoting export activities by various programs and initiatives but not always these actions reflect the direct needs of SMEs. Most recently Middle East region has become an attractive destination for Lithuanian export. This market is quite strong economically because of its abundant oil resources. Also, citizen living, and income standard is another aspect that is attracting businesses to consider this region for trade. Middle East region is experiencing economic growth, for these reasons it is important to foster Lithuanian SMEs export to this market. Research object: Overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium-sized enterprises operating in the market of the Middle East. Research aim: Validate the solutions of overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium enterprises operating in the Middle East market. Research objectives: 1. To examine theoretical and practical trade barrier research assumptions; 2. To develop methodology of the research; 3. To execute the study and identify trade barriers; 4. To structure the solutions to overcome trade barriers. Findings of the research: It is important to study trade barriers affecting Lithuanian Small and Medium –sized enterprises while exporting to the Middle East because this region is becoming more important in the global trade. The region is attractive for businesses because of its political stability, economic and demographic growth and vast natural resources. As the time goes on the Middle East region becomes more Westernized because of the Globalization and International Trade. This makes it easier for Lithuanian SMEs to attract partners and trade in these states. Unfortunately, Lithuanian companies are affected by various trade barriers while doing business with these countries. This study identified 11 factors that could be considered trade barriers of various strength. The most powerful barriers experienced by Lithuanian SMEs were of political origin, lack of speed with political cooperation between regions and assistance for newly decided exporters. Secondly, the Lithuanian companies imply that the competition in the region is quite hard to deal with when your company is small. Also, the research has found that insurance and goods transportation is a trade barrier of reasonable strength. Despite the political and economic trade barriers, it was found that sociocultural differences, such as language, is a strong export barrier for SMEs trading in or providing services in the Middle East.

Relevance of the topic: For the last three decades Lithuania is part of global economy affected directly by world market movements. Rapidly improving economic conditions and Gross Domestic Product growth is strongly influenced by Lithuanian export to foreign markets. Small and Medium-sized enterprises are a driving force behind competitiveness and export increase in Lithuania. SME importance in the local and national arena is undeniable, but they are still bounded by trade barriers when entering new markets. Most countries in the world are promoting export activities by various programs and initiatives but not always these actions reflect the direct needs of SMEs. Most recently Middle East region has become an attractive destination for Lithuanian export. This market is quite strong economically because of its abundant oil resources. Also, citizen living, and income standard is another aspect that is attracting businesses to consider this region for trade. Middle East region is experiencing economic growth, for these reasons it is important to foster Lithuanian SMEs export to this market. Research object: Overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium-sized enterprises operating in the market of the Middle East. Research aim: Validate the solutions of overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium enterprises operating in the Middle East market. Research objectives: 1. To examine theoretical and practical trade barrier research assumptions; 2. To develop methodology of the research; 3. To execute the study and identify trade barriers; 4. To structure the solutions to overcome trade barriers. Findings of the research: It is important to study trade barriers affecting Lithuanian Small and Medium –sized enterprises while exporting to the Middle East because this region is becoming more important in the global trade. The region is attractive for businesses because of its political stability, economic and demographic growth and vast natural resources. As the time goes on the Middle East region becomes more Westernized because of the Globalization and International Trade. This makes it easier for Lithuanian SMEs to attract partners and trade in these states. Unfortunately, Lithuanian companies are affected by various trade barriers while doing business with these countries. This study identified 11 factors that could be considered trade barriers of various strength. The most powerful barriers experienced by Lithuanian SMEs were of political origin, lack of speed with political cooperation between regions and assistance for newly decided exporters. Secondly, the Lithuanian companies imply that the competition in the region is quite hard to deal with when your company is small. Also, the research has found that insurance and goods transportation is a trade barrier of reasonable strength. Despite the political and economic trade barriers, it was found that sociocultural differences, such as language, is a strong export barrier for SMEs trading in or providing services in the Middle East.