The links between national social economics trends and strategic statements of EU and Lithuanian political documents are analyzed in the master thesis work. In the first part of the work, the basics of the role of the State in economics are analyzed considering Lithuania to be a transitional economics. In second part of the master thesis work, the methodic of strategic economic planning is analyzed, the model of the research is constructed and the scenarios method is selected to do empirical research in the third part. In the third part, the results of long term economic strategy till 2015 are investigated and the real socio economic situation is evaluated. The strategic goals of Europa 2020 strategy are identified and its fitness to national socio economic trends is characterized. The logics and realism of set goals are evaluated considering hypothetical picture of Lithuania in 2020. In the fourth part of the master thesis work, the conclusion is drawn and recommendations for forward economic policy are suggested.
Wages and labour productivity are important economic indicators and their relationship is has been analysed not only by economists but also by employers and politicians. Relationship between wages and labour productivity is important for every region or economic sector since the standard of living and distribution of incomes between labour and capital depend upon it. The paper presents evaluation of the relationship between wages and labour productivity in Lithuania by regions and economic sectors. The results of performed analysis show that regional dissimilarities of labour productivity are greater than of wages. The correlation coefficient of wages and labour productivity analysed by regions and economic activities in 2005-2010 showed that dissimilarities of wages were higher than of labour productivity.
Wages and labour productivity are important economic indicators and their relationship is has been analysed not only by economists but also by employers and politicians. Relationship between wages and labour productivity is important for every region or economic sector since the standard of living and distribution of incomes between labour and capital depend upon it. The paper presents evaluation of the relationship between wages and labour productivity in Lithuania by regions and economic sectors. The results of performed analysis show that regional dissimilarities of labour productivity are greater than of wages. The correlation coefficient of wages and labour productivity analysed by regions and economic activities in 2005-2010 showed that dissimilarities of wages were higher than of labour productivity.
The article deals with organization and administration of activities of Lithuanian courts, their ways and means, which helps to ensure independence of judges and courts from internal and external factors, limiting the possibilities of other powers to interfere in the judiciary. Lithuanian legislation on judicial independence, their change and improvement over the last decades in order to delimit the judiciary from interference of executive power are also investigated in this article. The article also deals with local authorities of courts and public judicial organizations, ensuring the independence of the judiciary, enhancing the prestige of the profession of judges and improving the public opinion. Problems of organization and administration of courts and weaknesses of courts administration are also indicated in the article.
The article deals with organization and administration of activities of Lithuanian courts, their ways and means, which helps to ensure independence of judges and courts from internal and external factors, limiting the possibilities of other powers to interfere in the judiciary. Lithuanian legislation on judicial independence, their change and improvement over the last decades in order to delimit the judiciary from interference of executive power are also investigated in this article. The article also deals with local authorities of courts and public judicial organizations, ensuring the independence of the judiciary, enhancing the prestige of the profession of judges and improving the public opinion. Problems of organization and administration of courts and weaknesses of courts administration are also indicated in the article.
The article deals with organization and administration of activities of Lithuanian courts, their ways and means, which helps to ensure independence of judges and courts from internal and external factors, limiting the possibilities of other powers to interfere in the judiciary. Lithuanian legislation on judicial independence, their change and improvement over the last decades in order to delimit the judiciary from interference of executive power are also investigated in this article. The article also deals with local authorities of courts and public judicial organizations, ensuring the independence of the judiciary, enhancing the prestige of the profession of judges and improving the public opinion. Problems of organization and administration of courts and weaknesses of courts administration are also indicated in the article.
The article deals with organization and administration of activities of Lithuanian courts, their ways and means, which helps to ensure independence of judges and courts from internal and external factors, limiting the possibilities of other powers to interfere in the judiciary. Lithuanian legislation on judicial independence, their change and improvement over the last decades in order to delimit the judiciary from interference of executive power are also investigated in this article. The article also deals with local authorities of courts and public judicial organizations, ensuring the independence of the judiciary, enhancing the prestige of the profession of judges and improving the public opinion. Problems of organization and administration of courts and weaknesses of courts administration are also indicated in the article.
Currently, the use of cryptocurrency is becoming global in nature around the world. In this regard, there is a need to regulate cryptocurrency business. However, due to novelty and complexity, the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies requires a special approach on the part of legislators. Many countries were not ready for a quick response to the settlement of cryptocurrency relations. Uncertainty in understanding the new type of virtual money did not allow representatives of the legislative power of the states to adopt specific legal provisions in the field of cryptocurrency. This is also the relevance of the study - the lack of a unified legal approach to cryptocurrencies, and, as a result, uncertainty in the sphere of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The purpose of this master's work is to develop the most correct and effective methods of legal regulation of cryptocurrency, taking into account the experience of the countries in question, which already have features in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve several of the most important tasks. The Tasks of the master's work are as follows: 1) to uncover the essence of cryptocurrency from an economic and technological point of view. 2) to reveal the legal nature and the main issues of legal regulation of cryptocurrency. 3) to identify the most acceptable unified approach to critical case. 4) to analyze the experience of the countries in question in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. 5) to conduct a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of the countries in question. 6) to identify the most progressive and effective legislation in the field of cryptocurrency activities. 7) based on the analysis of the countries, to determine the most favorable and effective directions in the field of further legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The object of the research is the legislation's of countries in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. The methods in this master's work are: analysis, synthesis, comparison, synthesis of scientific literature and authors' works in the field of cryptocurrency, theoretical and historical methods in determining the essence of cryptocurrency. The study revealed the essence of cryptocurrency. In disclosing the essence of cryptocurrency, historical reasons for their occurrence, as well as economic and technological features were taken into account. The main legal issues of cryptocurrency that states are currently facing were also identified. The paper also analyzed the legal and public experience of the Republic of Belarus and several foreign countries. As a result, it was concluded which of the countries has the most developed legislation in the field of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The study concluded that the main problem in the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies in the countries in question is the lack of a uniform approach to the nature of cryptocurrencies, as a result of which the state authorities, both legislative and executive, cannot come to a common consensus in establishing and securing cryptocurrencies as new type of virtual money at the highest legislative level; in the conditions of almost complete lack of practical experience in the regulation of this type of money, states face the difficulty of defining the civil legal sphere of cryptocurrencies, the problem of attributing cryptocurrencies to any object of civil rights, therefore, it is problematic to establish the legal nature of cryptocurrencies in private law . This master's work is of interest to: legislators, government agencies, heads of cryptocurrency organizations, researchers and authors exploring issues of a new type of virtual money, individuals and individual entrepreneurs engaged in cryptocurrency activities.
Currently, the use of cryptocurrency is becoming global in nature around the world. In this regard, there is a need to regulate cryptocurrency business. However, due to novelty and complexity, the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies requires a special approach on the part of legislators. Many countries were not ready for a quick response to the settlement of cryptocurrency relations. Uncertainty in understanding the new type of virtual money did not allow representatives of the legislative power of the states to adopt specific legal provisions in the field of cryptocurrency. This is also the relevance of the study - the lack of a unified legal approach to cryptocurrencies, and, as a result, uncertainty in the sphere of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The purpose of this master's work is to develop the most correct and effective methods of legal regulation of cryptocurrency, taking into account the experience of the countries in question, which already have features in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve several of the most important tasks. The Tasks of the master's work are as follows: 1) to uncover the essence of cryptocurrency from an economic and technological point of view. 2) to reveal the legal nature and the main issues of legal regulation of cryptocurrency. 3) to identify the most acceptable unified approach to critical case. 4) to analyze the experience of the countries in question in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. 5) to conduct a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of the countries in question. 6) to identify the most progressive and effective legislation in the field of cryptocurrency activities. 7) based on the analysis of the countries, to determine the most favorable and effective directions in the field of further legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The object of the research is the legislation's of countries in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. The methods in this master's work are: analysis, synthesis, comparison, synthesis of scientific literature and authors' works in the field of cryptocurrency, theoretical and historical methods in determining the essence of cryptocurrency. The study revealed the essence of cryptocurrency. In disclosing the essence of cryptocurrency, historical reasons for their occurrence, as well as economic and technological features were taken into account. The main legal issues of cryptocurrency that states are currently facing were also identified. The paper also analyzed the legal and public experience of the Republic of Belarus and several foreign countries. As a result, it was concluded which of the countries has the most developed legislation in the field of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The study concluded that the main problem in the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies in the countries in question is the lack of a uniform approach to the nature of cryptocurrencies, as a result of which the state authorities, both legislative and executive, cannot come to a common consensus in establishing and securing cryptocurrencies as new type of virtual money at the highest legislative level; in the conditions of almost complete lack of practical experience in the regulation of this type of money, states face the difficulty of defining the civil legal sphere of cryptocurrencies, the problem of attributing cryptocurrencies to any object of civil rights, therefore, it is problematic to establish the legal nature of cryptocurrencies in private law . This master's work is of interest to: legislators, government agencies, heads of cryptocurrency organizations, researchers and authors exploring issues of a new type of virtual money, individuals and individual entrepreneurs engaged in cryptocurrency activities.
Bribery is one of the corruptive criminal acts. Criminal liability for this criminal offence is established in article 225 of Criminal Code of Lithuania. In this master's work approach of bribery offence in Criminal Code is revealed by analyzing the configuration of bribery: the subject - matter, the objective part, the subject and the subjective part. Moreover, there is examined history of treatment of bribery offence in Lithuania since 1918 when Lithuania proclaimed its independence. Also this criminal offence is distinguished from other offences against public authority (such as backhander, misuse and bribery of agent) accenting main differences among those criminal offences which all together defines corruption. Furthermore, in this work there is analyzed treatment of bribery in main European Union, Council of Europe and United Nations Organization international documents in which this offence is called passive corruption or passive bribery and which are compulsory for the Republic of Lithuania. In the end, there is reviewed regulation of bribery criminal offence in main criminal laws of foreign countries – Latvia, Estonia, Sweden, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, United States of America and Canada.
Bribery is one of the corruptive criminal acts. Criminal liability for this criminal offence is established in article 225 of Criminal Code of Lithuania. In this master's work approach of bribery offence in Criminal Code is revealed by analyzing the configuration of bribery: the subject - matter, the objective part, the subject and the subjective part. Moreover, there is examined history of treatment of bribery offence in Lithuania since 1918 when Lithuania proclaimed its independence. Also this criminal offence is distinguished from other offences against public authority (such as backhander, misuse and bribery of agent) accenting main differences among those criminal offences which all together defines corruption. Furthermore, in this work there is analyzed treatment of bribery in main European Union, Council of Europe and United Nations Organization international documents in which this offence is called passive corruption or passive bribery and which are compulsory for the Republic of Lithuania. In the end, there is reviewed regulation of bribery criminal offence in main criminal laws of foreign countries – Latvia, Estonia, Sweden, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, United States of America and Canada.
Bribery is one of the corruptive criminal acts. Criminal liability for this criminal offence is established in article 225 of Criminal Code of Lithuania. In this master's work approach of bribery offence in Criminal Code is revealed by analyzing the configuration of bribery: the subject - matter, the objective part, the subject and the subjective part. Moreover, there is examined history of treatment of bribery offence in Lithuania since 1918 when Lithuania proclaimed its independence. Also this criminal offence is distinguished from other offences against public authority (such as backhander, misuse and bribery of agent) accenting main differences among those criminal offences which all together defines corruption. Furthermore, in this work there is analyzed treatment of bribery in main European Union, Council of Europe and United Nations Organization international documents in which this offence is called passive corruption or passive bribery and which are compulsory for the Republic of Lithuania. In the end, there is reviewed regulation of bribery criminal offence in main criminal laws of foreign countries – Latvia, Estonia, Sweden, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, United States of America and Canada.
Bribery is one of the corruptive criminal acts. Criminal liability for this criminal offence is established in article 225 of Criminal Code of Lithuania. In this master's work approach of bribery offence in Criminal Code is revealed by analyzing the configuration of bribery: the subject - matter, the objective part, the subject and the subjective part. Moreover, there is examined history of treatment of bribery offence in Lithuania since 1918 when Lithuania proclaimed its independence. Also this criminal offence is distinguished from other offences against public authority (such as backhander, misuse and bribery of agent) accenting main differences among those criminal offences which all together defines corruption. Furthermore, in this work there is analyzed treatment of bribery in main European Union, Council of Europe and United Nations Organization international documents in which this offence is called passive corruption or passive bribery and which are compulsory for the Republic of Lithuania. In the end, there is reviewed regulation of bribery criminal offence in main criminal laws of foreign countries – Latvia, Estonia, Sweden, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, United States of America and Canada.
National minority language policy is an object of this master thesis. It aims at analyzing how minority language policy is being formed in Lithuania and Romania. Goals of the thesis are: to analyze types of language policy and models of language planning; concept of national minority in social sciences, international law and European countries – Lithuania and Romania; development and regulations of European minorities' linguistic rights as well as language policy of the European Union; to research minority language policy in Lithuania and Romania as well as reception of minority language policy in Lithuania and Romania and to compare implementation of minority language policy in these two countries. There is no single description neither for national minority nor for language policy. However, national minority is often understood as a group of people, who historically live in the territory of another country, and have unique linguistic, cultural, sometimes – religious identity. Therefore, language is a part and parcel of minority's identity. So, it is very important that language policy would ensure rights of minority language's users and help to preserve minority's linguistic identity. Language policies in Lithuania and Romania can be described as combining types of official language valuation policy and different judicial status policy. Romanian language policy also meets definition of bilingualism (territorialized personal rights), because it allows usage of minority language in local public administration and public inscriptions. In Lithuania main laws regulating minority language policy are law of national minorities (expired in 2010) and law of education. Current law of education will be replaced by new one in July, 2011. This law, which strengthens education of minorities in the State language, caused lots of discussions in the society and pretty negative evaluation of the biggest national minorities, especially Polish. Meanwhile Romania recently directed its minority language policy in different way. Here new law of education was also accepted in the beginning of 2011. It ensured teaching of all subjects in the language of national minority. The law was followed by various reactions and critics in society. However, it can be considered as a victory of national minorities. Another law, important for Romania's minorities, is law of local public administration, which grants right to regional bilingualism. Focus group research as well as content analysis in Lithuania and Romania helped to investigate reception of minority language policy in the society. It may be described as quite positive, especially in Lithuania. Even if in both countries respondents admitted that they didn't look for information about minority language policy on purpose, they were interested and sensitive towards focus groups' topics, especially regarding education and integration of national minorities. Respondents critically valued aims of biggest minorities (Polish and Hungarians) to gain more rights. However, at the moment of the research they didn't feel threat for the State language. Content analysis revealed that recently Lithuanian media allotted more attention to minority language policy than Romanian media. However, the most popular minority language policy issue in both countries' was education and new law of education. Variety of opinions and arguments (of both national majority and minorities) was presented here. At the moment main aim for Lithuanian legislators while forming minority language policy is to solve coalition between laws' regulations regarding bilingual inscriptions and approve new law of national minorities. Meanwhile Romania should approve one single law, dedicated to minorities and foreseeing their rights. Both countries should keep on improving minority language policy's legislation in order to satisfy interests and ensure rights of both state and minority languages users.
National minority language policy is an object of this master thesis. It aims at analyzing how minority language policy is being formed in Lithuania and Romania. Goals of the thesis are: to analyze types of language policy and models of language planning; concept of national minority in social sciences, international law and European countries – Lithuania and Romania; development and regulations of European minorities' linguistic rights as well as language policy of the European Union; to research minority language policy in Lithuania and Romania as well as reception of minority language policy in Lithuania and Romania and to compare implementation of minority language policy in these two countries. There is no single description neither for national minority nor for language policy. However, national minority is often understood as a group of people, who historically live in the territory of another country, and have unique linguistic, cultural, sometimes – religious identity. Therefore, language is a part and parcel of minority's identity. So, it is very important that language policy would ensure rights of minority language's users and help to preserve minority's linguistic identity. Language policies in Lithuania and Romania can be described as combining types of official language valuation policy and different judicial status policy. Romanian language policy also meets definition of bilingualism (territorialized personal rights), because it allows usage of minority language in local public administration and public inscriptions. In Lithuania main laws regulating minority language policy are law of national minorities (expired in 2010) and law of education. Current law of education will be replaced by new one in July, 2011. This law, which strengthens education of minorities in the State language, caused lots of discussions in the society and pretty negative evaluation of the biggest national minorities, especially Polish. Meanwhile Romania recently directed its minority language policy in different way. Here new law of education was also accepted in the beginning of 2011. It ensured teaching of all subjects in the language of national minority. The law was followed by various reactions and critics in society. However, it can be considered as a victory of national minorities. Another law, important for Romania's minorities, is law of local public administration, which grants right to regional bilingualism. Focus group research as well as content analysis in Lithuania and Romania helped to investigate reception of minority language policy in the society. It may be described as quite positive, especially in Lithuania. Even if in both countries respondents admitted that they didn't look for information about minority language policy on purpose, they were interested and sensitive towards focus groups' topics, especially regarding education and integration of national minorities. Respondents critically valued aims of biggest minorities (Polish and Hungarians) to gain more rights. However, at the moment of the research they didn't feel threat for the State language. Content analysis revealed that recently Lithuanian media allotted more attention to minority language policy than Romanian media. However, the most popular minority language policy issue in both countries' was education and new law of education. Variety of opinions and arguments (of both national majority and minorities) was presented here. At the moment main aim for Lithuanian legislators while forming minority language policy is to solve coalition between laws' regulations regarding bilingual inscriptions and approve new law of national minorities. Meanwhile Romania should approve one single law, dedicated to minorities and foreseeing their rights. Both countries should keep on improving minority language policy's legislation in order to satisfy interests and ensure rights of both state and minority languages users.
