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in the city of Montevideo, Eastern Republic of Uruguay, on 19 November 2007, at 12.21 p.m. at the Salón de los Plenarios del Edificio Mercosur, brought together members of the delegations from Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela for the 7th Ordinary Session of the Mercosur Parliament. (Paragraph taken from the text as a summary) Institute for International Relations ; En la ciudad de Montevideo, República Oriental del Uruguay, el día 19 de noviembre de 2007, siendo las 12.21 horas, en el Salón de los Plenarios del Edificio Mercosur, se reúnen los parlamentarios de las delegaciones de Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay y Venezuela para la VII Sesión Ordinaria del Parlamento del MERCOSUR. (Párrafo extraído del texto a modo de resumen) Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

We note that in the period analysed here, from March 2020 to March 2021, the relationship between the Argentine Republic and the United States experienced a series of winds. We are in a first semester characterised by the Covid-19 pandemic, the tensions generated by the situation in Venezuela and the last months of Donald Trump in the White House; on the other hand, the second semester analysed is characterised by the arrival of Joe Biden Democrat in the presidency and the possibilities this opens up in various respects. International Policy Reflection Centre Institute for International Relations ; Observamos que, en el período aquí analizado, que va desde marzo del 2020 hasta marzo del 2021, la relación entre la República Argentina y Estados Unidos experimentó una serie de vai-venes. Nos encontramos un primer semestre caracterizado por la pandemia del Covid-19, las ten-siones generadas por la situación en Venezuela y los últimos meses de Donald Trump en la Casa Blanca; el segundo semestre analizado, en cambio, se distingue por la llegada del demócrata Joe Biden a la presidencia y las posibilidades que esto abre en diversos aspectos. Centro de Reflexión en Política Internacional Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

International audience This paper assesses the shock impact of commodity prices on the macroeconomic framework in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Using a Vector autoregressive (VAR) model, we determine the impulses of each macroeconomic sector to lower prices. The results indicate that this shock leads to complex effects that can lead to systemic risks and crises. We suggest that it would be important for governments, given such shocks, to learn from and take immediate action to strengthen the resilience of the economy and the financial system to future shocks in based.

International audience This article investigates the impacts and implications of the imposition of national boundaries across islands that were unified and homogenous prior to political partition by western colonial powers. The article explores these aspects with regard to two politically divided Caribbean islands : Quisqueya (shared between Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and the Island of Saint-Martin/Sint Maarten (whose different spellings reflect the French and Dutch ownership of separate parts of the Island). The article examines the creation of 'Otherness' on either side of the borders and the manner in which territorial 'Others' sharing the same island space develop mechanisms for both separation and interaction.

1 9 114 2 ; S ; Ballester-Bolinches, A.; Kamornikov, SF.; Pedraza Aguilera, MC.; Pérez-Calabuig, V. (2020). On sigma-subnormality criteria in finite sigma-soluble groups. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales Serie A Matemáticas. 114(2):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-020-00824-4 ; [EN] Let sigma = {sigma(i) : i is an element of I} be a partition of the set P of all prime numbers. A subgroup X of a finite group G is called sigma-subnormal in G if there is a chain of subgroups X = X-0 subset of X-1 subset of center dot center dot center dot subset of X-n = G where for every j = 1,., n the subgroup X j-1 is normal in X j or X j /CoreX j ( X j-1) is a si -group for some i. I. In the special case that s is the partition of P into sets containing exactly one prime each, the sigma-subnormality reduces to the familiar case of subnormality. In this paper some sigma-subnormality criteria for subgroups of s-soluble groups, or groups in which every chief factor is a sigma(i)-group, for some sigma(i) sigma s, are showed. The first and third authors are supported by the grant PGC2018-095140-B-I00 from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades and the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, Spain, and FEDER, European Union and Prometeo/2017/057 of Generalitat (Valencian Community, Spain). The second author was supported by the State Program of Science Researchers of the Republic of Belarus (Grant 19-54 "Convergence-2020").

The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."

Failure to fulfil obligations — Directives 79/409/EEC and 92/43/EEC — Conservation of wild birds — Incorrect designation and insufficient legal protection of Special Protection Areas (SPAs) — Margin of manoeuvre for implementing the protection and management regime — Formalisation of conservation objectives in SPAs — Obligation to take specific protective measures — Geographical definition of SPAs ; Manquement d'Etat - Directives 79/409/CEE et 92/43/CEE - Conservation des oiseaux sauvages - Désignation incorrecte et protection juridique insuffisante des zones de protection spéciale (ZPS) - Marge de manoeuvre pour mettre en oeuvre le régime de protection et de gestion - Formalisation des objectifs de conservation dans les ZPS - Obligation de prendre des mesures spécifiques de protection - Délimitation géographique des ZPS

Report of Mercosur countries on the breakdown of the constitutional order in the Republic of Paraguay, expressing the firm hope that the ongoing electoral process in the country will lead to the full normalisation of its institutional life and reiterates the firm commitment to take action against any breach of democratic order in the region. It also deals with decisions to be taken on human rights in Latin America. The text is complete in Spanish and Portuguese Institute of International Relations (IRI) ; Informe de los países integrantes del MERCOSUR, respecto a la ruptura del orden constitucional en la República de Paraguay, donde se expresa la firme esperanza de que el proceso electoral en curso en el país conduzca a la plena normalización de su vida institucional y se reitera el compromiso firme de actuar contra cualquier ruptura del orden democrático en la región. Asimismo se trata sobre decisiones a tomar sobre Derechos Humanos en América Latina. El texto se encuentra completo en español y portugués Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

In this document, the UNASUR member states congratulate the people of Paraguay on their recent elections and encourage the maintenance of democracy in the country. Institute for International Relations (IRI) ; En el presente documento los estados miembros de la UNASUR felicitan al pueblo del Paraguay por sus recientes elecciones y alientan al mantenimiento de la democracia en el país. Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

Die Ereignisse vom 6. Und 7. April in der zentralasiatischen Republik Kirgisistan bilden den politischen Tiefpunkt in der Geschichte des seit fast 20 Jahren unabhängigen jungen Landes. Die Bilder aus der Hauptstadt Bischkek sowie aus den Provinzstädten Talas und Naryn, in denen blutige Proteste und Straßenschlachten zur Flucht des Präsidenten Kurmanbek Bakijew führten, sind mehr als erschütternd: 81 Tote, über 1600 Verletzte, verwüstete Gebäude und geplünderte Geschäfte. Die vorläufige Bilanz mag erschrecken genug sein, noch besorgniserregender könnten aber die langfristigen Folgen der politischen Unruhen für die gesamte Region werden. Die neue Übergangsregierung unter Rosa Otunbajewa steht vor gewaltigen Herausforderungen und muss einen drohenden Bürgerkrieg abwenden. Die Europäische Union versäumt es unterdessen Handlungsstärke zu beweisen (.).

In historiography, Auguste's matrimonial laws, in 18 BC and then 9 ap. J.-C., are generally linked to demographic or fiscal objectives and to the reform of the lifestyles of aristocratie. This article emphasises the use of large-scale honorary privilege to reward citizens who comply with the aims promoted by the laws. While the control of morals was, under the Republic, mainly covered by the morum regimen of centers, the new legislation upgraded the role of the law as a means of regulating individual pipes and, therefore, as a means of transforming everyday life. ; The Augustan marriage laws in 18 BC and 9 AD have generally been linked by historians to demographical or fiscal objectives and to the reform of the aristocratic way of life. This paper stresses the large-scale use of honorific privileges rewarding citizens who complied with the purposes encouraged by the laws. Whereas moral restraint had mostly been pertaining, until the end of the Republic, to the censorial regimen morum, the new legislation increased the role of law as control instrument over individual conducts and, therefore, as a way of transformation of the everyday life. ; In historiography, Auguste's matrimonial laws, in 18 BC and then 9 ap. J.-C., are generally linked to demographic or fiscal objectives and to the reform of the lifestyles of aristocratie. This article emphasises the use of large-scale honorary privilege to reward citizens who comply with the aims promoted by the laws. While the control of morals was, under the Republic, mainly covered by the morum regimen of centers, the new legislation upgraded the role of the law as a means of regulating individual pipes and, therefore, as a means of transforming everyday life. ; Dans l'historiographie, les lois matrimoniales d'Auguste, en 18 av. J.-C. puis 9 ap. J.-C., sont généralement reliées à des objectifs démographiques ou fiscaux et à la réforme des modes de vie de l'aristocratie. Cet article insiste sur l'utilisation de la mécanique du privilège honorifique à grande échelle pour ...

The exceptional military and political events due to the World War II have deeply modified the conditions under which the French intelligence services acted beforehand. The strict partition between military and political fields at the time of the third Republic has to be considered ail over again. The purpose of this article is to analyse the reasons of this drastic upheaval consisting in the intelligence services escaping from the military command. In London, then in Algiers there was a series of conflicts between the inner French Resistance and the de Gaulle's attendants, leading to the foundation of the SDECE (Service de documentation exterieure et de contre-espionnage). Hereafter the intelligence services, linked since 1945 to those of the Presidence du conseil became the aims of hard political struggles in parliamentary circles as in the press of the new regime. The "Passy affair" which occurred in 1946 appeared as a typical example of the new balanced political and journalistic influences from which since then, the secret officers could not escape. ; Les circonstances militaires et politiques exceptionnelles crées par la Seconde guerre mondiale ont profondément modifié les conditions dans lesquelles les services de renseignement militaire agissaient auparavant. La stricte séparation entre le militaire et le politique sous la troisième République a ainsi été entièrement remise en cause. Cette étude a pour objet d'analyser les raisons de cette révolution qui voit les services de renseignement militaire sortir du « pré carré » militaire. A Londres puis à Alger, se jouent entre la Résistance intérieure et l'entourage du général de Gaulle, les principales étapes de conflits présidant à la naissance du SDECE. Rattachés à la présidence du Conseil à partir de 1945, les services sont désormais l'enjeu de luttes politiques très vives, dans les assemblées politiques et dans la presse du nouveau régime. L'affaire Passy qui surgit en 1946 est un exemple caractéristique des nouveaux équilibres politiques et médiatiques ...

Summary On 17 August 1930, the political forces advocating the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic, including as many Republican parties as former monarchic leaders, met in San Sebastián to establish a strategic alliance to facilitate the transition from monarchy to the republic. The delegates of the Catalan forces participating, however, asked for explicit adherence to the recognition of a political self-government regime for Catalonia by the signatories to the agreement. This represented the acquisition of a constitutive commitment to be reflected in the Spanish Constitution of 9 December 1931. ; Resumen El 17 de agosto de 1930 las fuerzas políticas que propugnaban el establecimiento de la Segunda República española, incluyendo tantos a los partidos republicanos como antiguos líderes monárquicos, se reunieron en San Sebastián para establecer una alianza estratégica que facilitara la transición de la monarquía a la república. Los delegados de las fuerzas catalanistas participantes, sin embargo, solicitaron que se explicitara la adhesión de los suscriptores del acuerdo al reconocimiento de un régimen de autogobierno político para Cataluña. Ello representó la adquisición de un compromiso constituyente que habría de plasmarse en la Constitución española de 9 de diciembre de 1931.

Once again, the silence of the ballot boxes became clear. These tenths of municipal electionsorganised under the Fifth Republic record a record of abstentions, both in the first and the second round. It has been part of a general decline in electoral turnout in Francefor some 30 years. With the exception of the presidential election, which always mobilises voters, all other elections, and in particular local and European elections, face a deficit of voters. ; Une nouvelle fois, le silence des urnes s'est imposé. Ces dixièmes électionsmunicipales organisées sous la Ve République enregistrent un recordd'abstentions, au premier comme au second tour. Celui-ci s'inscrit dans unmouvement général de recul de la participation électorale en Francedepuis une trentaine d'années. À l'exception de l'élection présidentiellequi mobilise toujours les électeurs, tous les autres scrutins, etparticulièrement les scrutins locaux et européens, doivent faire face à undéficit de votants.

"In Venezuela we implemented participatory democracy, fulfilling the mandate of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, which facilitates the participation of the Communities organised on the basis of the principles of co-responsibility and solidarity. In Venezuela, the poor assumed themselves and the government supports and incentivises them. Social and Productive Missions have become the most suitable methods for reducing poverty and increasing democracy at the same time. "Conference delivered at the University of Madres de Plaza de Mayo on 30 March 2007. Institute for International Relations (IRI) ; "En Venezuela pusimos en práctica la democracia participativa, cumpliendo el mandato de la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, que facilita la participación de las Comunidades Organizadas en base a los principios de corresponsabilidad y solidaridad. En Venezuela, los pobres se asumieron así mismos y el Gobierno los apoya y los incentiva. Las Misiones Sociales y Productivas se han convertido en los métodos más idóneos para reducir la pobreza y aumentar la democracia al mismo tiempo." Conferencia pronunciada en la Universidad de las Madres de Plaza de Mayo, el 30 de marzo de 2007. Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)