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Starting with Richard Popkin's essay of 1963, `Scepticism in the Enlightenment', a new investigation into philosophical scepticism of the period was launched. The late Giorgio Tonelli and the late Ezequiel de Olaso examined in great detail the kinds of scepticism developed during the Enlightenment, and the kind of answer to scepticism that was developed by Leibniz. Their original researches and interpretations are of great value and importance. As a result of their work Popkin modified his original claims, as shown in the last two articles in this volume. The book contains an introduction by Popkin and 10 essays, two of which have never been published before. This collection should be of interest to students and scholars of 18th century thought in England, France and Germany

Intro -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Figures -- Acknowledgements -- Contributors -- Introduction -- An "invisible" genocide -- Legacies of the Romani genocide: Persecution continues -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Part I: The forgotten genocide? Producing, circulating and silencing knowledge about the genocide of Roma -- 1. Mass arrests and persecution of "Nomads" in France, 1944-1946: Post-liberation purges or evidence of anti-"Gypsyism"? -- 1.1 Summary executions in the Massif Central region (July-September 1944) -- 1.2 Court martial judgements in the city of Clermont-Ferrand (September-October 1944) -- 1.3 Nomades before the court of justice in Riom (1945-1946) -- 1.4 Administrative internment (1944-1945) -- 1.5 Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 2. The return of Roma deportees from Transnistria in post-war Romania -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Roma in the policies of the Romanian authorities, 1945-1949 -- 2.3 The difficult return to normality -- 2.4 The problem of recovering the property lost in 1942 -- 2.5 Support for returning Roma -- 2.6 The special situation of the nomads. Combatting nomadism and the sedentarization -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 3. "The tragedy of the guilty victims"? The memory of the Roma genocide in the post-war Soviet Union -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Soviet knowledge for internal use: The ChGK -- 3.3 Knowledge "for external usage": Information channels and the shaping of the image of the occupation -- 3.3.1 Publications based on the ChGK documentation -- 3.3.2 Periodicals -- 3.3.2.1 The centralized press -- 3.3.2.1.1 The wartime central media -- 3.3.2.1.2 The post-war central media -- 3.3.2.2 Republic-level, regional and local media -- 3.3.3 The trials of local accomplices of Nazi crimes -- 3.3.4 Memoirs.

The aesthetic formation of the professionals of education and in particular of the students of the Marxism-Leninism and History career constitutes an aspect to be dealt with in their initial formation in order to guarantee a teacher who responds to the demands of the professional model, in accordance with the current needs and with the role played by this teacher as the driving force of the politics of the Communist Party of Cuba. For such reasons, it was stated as objective, to propose a Didactic model for the aesthetic formation of the students of Marxism-Leninism and History of the University of Pinar del Río, so that it contributed to their sensibility and spirituality. The proposed pattern showed as novel element the correlation between the aesthetic categories and the component of the teaching- learning process in the disciplines of the historical cycle in function of its social responsibility; it was implemented in the practice starting from a didactic strategy that implied the teachers and students. Theoretical, empirical and statistical-mathematical methods were used. The evaluation of the scientific result was carried out by means of the application of the methods: experts' approach and the experiment, in their pre experiment variant, which results endorsed their scientific validity. The didactic model propitiated the use of the potentialities of the disciplines of the historical cycle as a space for the experiences exchange from the aesthetic and historical knowledge; in function of the cultivation of the sensibility and the spirituality. ; La formación estética de los profesionales de la educación y en particular de los estudiantes de la carrera Marxismo Leninismo e Historia constituye un aspecto a tratar en su formación inicial para garantizar un docente que responda a las exigencias del modelo del profesional, acorde con las necesidades actuales y con el rol que juega este profesor como ente impulsor de la política del Partido Comunista de Cuba. Por tales razones, se planteó como objetivo, proponer un modelo didáctico para la formación estética del estudiante de la carrera Licenciatura en Marxismo Leninismo e Historia de la Universidad de Pinar del Río, de manera que contribuyera a su sensibilidad y espiritualidad. El modelo propuesto mostró como elemento novedoso la correlación entre las categorías estéticas y los componentes del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en las disciplinas del ciclo histórico en función de su encargo social; se implementó en la práctica a partir de una estrategia didáctica, que implicó a los profesores y estudiantes. Para ello se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico – matemáticos. La evaluación del resultado científico se realizó mediante la aplicación de los métodos: criterio de expertos y el experimento, en su variante prexperimento, cuyos resultados demostraron su validez científica. El modelo didáctico propició el aprovechamiento de las potencialidades de las disciplinas del ciclo histórico como un espacio para el intercambio de experiencias desde los conocimientos estéticos e históricos; en función del cultivo de la sensibilidad y la espiritualidad.

In recent years the social sciences have been asked to demonstrate that they are of some practical use. Knowledge for its own sake is a difficult policy to defend in a time of many crises, escalating costs, and shrinking resources for research. The result has been a tilt by the social sciences toward "relevance" and a growing emphasis on "applied" or "policy-oriented" or "action" research. Increasingly, the search for general, theoretical knowledge has become secondary to (or a fortuitous by-product of) more immediately "practical" endeavors.

In January 1940, the Wehrmacht had only a two-month supply of torpedo oil, an irreplaceable lubricant derived solely from the feet and shinbones of slaughtered cattle. The Wehrmacht resolved this shortage by appointing the man responsible for its supply during the First World War: Alfons Knetsch. This case study shows not only the importance of knowledge transfer from one war to the other but also how competing industrial interests shaped Nazi recycling policy and how an efficient, vigorously managed recycling organization could buy time for the research and development of substitutes, overcoming seemingly impossible raw material bottlenecks.

This article analyses how military institutions incorporated innovations in their tactics using the intermediary role of transnational soldiers in the Spanish Civil War. The Soviet experience of guerrilla warfare during the Russian Civil War was transferred to foreign volunteers during the war in Spain thanks to the collaboration of Soviet experts advising the Spanish Republican Army. After the war, these soldiers' knowledge and experience of guerrilla warfare were invaluable to the Allied Armies during the Second World War. This article analyses the role of International Brigaders in the OSS in the USA, North Africa, and Europe during the Second World War.

Expectations of a general European war before 1914 remain a contentious area of historiographical debate. This article discusses how one particular group, political and diplomatic elites, imagined a future war before 1914. In contrast to the 'short-war myth', this article argues that political elites understood that war would bring in its wake revolution, chaos, and impoverishment. This article analyses the varieties of understandings of catastrophe among European political elites before 1914, the sources of their knowledge about the consequences of war, and the implications these visions of catastrophic warfare had for the conduct of international politics.

An important aspect of the modernisation of Russia in the 18th century was the creation of academic institutions that relied on European traditions of research and education. Translation was the main mechanism of the 'transfer of knowledge', as well as a scientific method. Translation, however, was not restricted to the mere translation of academic texts into Russian: it also played a crucial role in the development of the sciences themselves in Russia and facilitated the exchange of scientific and scholarly knowledge with Western Europe (the 'circulation of knowledge'). History was one of the disciplines where translation was particularly crucial. This article studies in detail the dynamics of translation within 18th-century Russian historiography. Based on statistical data derived from the Slovar' russkikh pisatelei XVIII veka and the Katalog lichnykh arkhivnykh fondov otechestvennykh istorikov XVIII v., the article draws some interesting conclusions with regard to the constantly changing relationship between translators and historians (who were not infrequently the same people). Most of the article (and its sequel in the next issue of QR) deals with the role of translation in the emergence of Russian history as an academic discipline. It developed from a tool used for political purposes under Peter I into a method for the study of historical sources. This development led to the establishment of historiography as a discipline that relied both on verifiable sources and followed the rhetorical logic of narrative texts. At the beginning of the 19th century, translation as a tool and a historical methodology lost its significance. What did remain was the profound tradition of reference to international knowledge. Later on, Russian historiography was considerably enriched by translations of historical works. This argument makes up the first part of the article. ; Одним из главных аспектов модернизации России в XVIII в. было создание академической науки. Европейский исследовательский опыт, сложившиеся научные школы были конструктивно восприняты в нарождающейся российской науке. Важным механизмом трансляции знаний и методов исследования был перевод. Однако перевод не ограничился простым «переложением» научных работ на русский язык, но играл решающую роль как в развитии самой науки в России, так и в обмене научными знаниями и опытом с Европой («циркуляция знаний»). Среди наук, которые особенно активно обращались к переводческой деятельности, оказалась историография. В статье подробно рассматриваются динамика переводческой деятельности и ее соотношение с потребностями исторической науки. На основании статистических данных, почерпнутых из «Словаря русских писателей XVIII в.», а также материалов «Каталога личных архивных фондов отечественных историков XVIII в. и первой половины XIX в.», автор делает интересные заключения о процессе взаимоотношений переводчиков и историков, иногда представленных одним лицом. В статье оценивается роль перевода в развитии российской исторической науки от цели распространения политической пропаганды при Петре I через задачу раскрытия исторических источников (в середине XVIII в.) до становления историографии как науки, опирающейся на источники, но в то же время соответствующей правилам нарратива (риторики). Сыграв свою конструктивную роль в формировании академической истории, в начале XIX в. перевод как историографический прием и метод отодвинулся на задний план. Но осталась глубокая традиция обращения к международному опыту, и в последующие времена российская историография многократно обогащалась переводами исторических штудий. В этом номере печатается первая часть статьи.

An important aspect of the modernisation of Russia in the 18th century was the creation of academic institutions that relied on European traditions of research and education. Translation was the main mechanism of the 'transfer of knowledge', as well as a scientific method. Translation, however, was not restricted to the mere translation of academic texts into Russian: it also played a crucial role in the development of the sciences themselves in Russia and facilitated the exchange of scientific and scholarly knowledge with Western Europe (the 'circulation of knowledge'). History was one of the disciplines where translation was particularly crucial. This article studies in detail the dynamics of translation within 18thcentury Russian historiography. Based on statistical data derived from the Slovar' russkikh pisatelei XVIII veka and the Katalog lichnykh arkhivnykh fondov otechestvennykh istorikov XVIII v., the article draws some interesting conclusions with regard to the constantly changing relationship between translators and historians (who were not infrequently the same people). Most of the article (and its prequel in the previous issue of QR) deals with the role of translation in the emergence of Russian history as an academic discipline. It developed from a tool used for political purposes under Peter I into a method for the study of historical sources. This development led to the establishment of historiography as a discipline that relied both on verifiable sources and followed the rhetorical logic of narrative texts. At the beginning of the 19th century, translation as a tool and a historical methodology lost its significance. What did remain was the profound tradition of reference to international knowledge. Later on, Russian historiography was considerably enriched by translations of historical works. ; Одним из главных аспектов модернизации России в XVIII в. было создание академической науки. Европейский исследовательский опыт, сложившиеся научные школы были конструктивно восприняты в нарождающейся российской науке. Важным механизмом трансляции знаний и методов исследования был перевод. Однако он не ограничивался простым переложением научных работ на русский язык, но играл решающую роль как в развитии самой науки в России, так и в обмене научными знаниями и опытом с Европой («циркуляция знаний»). Среди наук, которые особенно актив- но обращались к переводческой деятельности, оказалась историография. В статье подробно рассматриваются динамика переводческой деятельности и ее соотношение с потребностями исторической науки. На основании статистических данных, почерпнутых из «Словаря русских писателей XVIII в.», а также материалов «Каталога личных архивных фондов отечественных историков XVIII в. и первой половины XIX в.», автор делает интересные заключения о процессе взаимоотношений переводчиков и историков, иногда представленных одним лицом. Оценивается роль перевода в развитии российской исторической науки от цели распространения политической пропаганды при Петре I, задачи раскрытия исторических источников до становления историографии как науки, опирающейся на источники, но в то же время соответствующей правилам нарратива (риторики). Сыграв свою конструктивную роль в формировании академической истории, в начале XIX в. перевод как историографический прием и метод отодвинулся на задний план. Но осталась глубокая традиция обращения к международному опыту, и в последующие времена российская историография многократно обогащалась переводами исторических штудий. В этом номере печатается вторая часть статьи.

In this paper we are going to analyze the dynamics of barriers to entry at the international level. In our model economic development takes place and continues in the long run due to the emergence of new sectors, which can compensate for the diminishing ability of mature sectors to create employment and growth. Each new sector is created by a pervasive innovation, which creates a new market and into and out of which there are entry and exit of firms. Depending on the inter-temporal coordination of the maturation of older sectors and of the maturation of new ones our model can give rise to development paths with growth rates ranging from high to negative, to fluctuations, to bubbles and to chaos. In the construction of our model we found inspiration in a number of growth models, both endogenous and evolutionary as well as on empirical work on structural change. The model also bears some similarity of style to history friendly models. Its unique feature is that it gives rise to an endogenously variable number of sectors. Unless new sectors are exact substitutes of older ones the model gives rise to growing variety. In fact, the main objective for which the model was initially constructed was to test some propositions implying that variety growth is a necessary requirement for long term economic development. Within our model the ability to create new sectors at the right times is the crucial determinant of the growth potential of an economic system. Thus, inter country differences in the barriers to entry into new sectors can be expected to give rise to different rates of growth and in the end to increasingly skewed world income distribution.

Louis Cullen's research on archival sources and of the problems they pose for the interpretation of Japanese history have appeared in Nichibunken's Japan Review and are republished here together with a collection of other papers including interpreting Tokugawa history and the knowledge and the use of Japanese by the Dutch on Dejima island.

Travelling Chronicles presents fourteen episodes in the history of news and newspapers, from the early modern period to the eighteenth century, written by some of the leading scholars in the rapidly developing fields of news studies.