Suchergebnisse

Nous montrons, pour un système deux niveaux en interaction avec le rayonnement, comment obtenir de manière non perturbative les énergies, durées de vie et éléments de l'opérateur d'évolution décrivant les processus à un photon dans une représentation physique (c.à.d. une représentation où les niveaux d'énergie sont bien définis et où l'évolution est due à des processus conservant l'énergie). Ceci est une généralisation de travaux antérieurs par le groupe de Bruxelles sur le modèle de Friedrichs : nous ne nous limitons pas au problème de désexcitation (premier secteur) et nous incluons les transitions virtuelles dans l'hamiltonien. Ceci a des conséquences non triviales dès qu'on ne se limite pas au couplage faible : l'opérateur d'évolution n'est plus symétrique pour l'émission et l'absorption. Néanmoins, nous montrons qu'il est possible de trouver une fonction de Liapounov et d'établir un théorème 3ft.

In the reliability literature, several researches works have been developed to deal with modeling, analysis and implementation of maintenance policies for equipments subject to random failures. The majority of these works are based on common assumptions among which the distribution function of the equipment lifetimes is assumed to be known. Furthermore, the equipment is assumed to experience only one operating environment. Such assumptions are indeed restrictive and may introduce a bias in the statistical analysis of the distribution function of the equipment lifetimes which in turn impacts optimization of maintenance policies. In the present research work, these two particular assumptions are relaxed. This relaxation allows to take into account of information related to conditions where the equipment is being operating and to focus on the statistical analysis of maintenance policies without using an intermediate parametric lifetimes distribution. The objective of this thesis consists then on the development of efficient statistical models and tools for managing the maintenance of equipments whose lifetimes distribution is unknown and defined through the heterogeneous lifetimes data. Indeed, this thesis proposes a framework for maintenance strategies determination, from lifetimes data acquisition toward the computation of optimal maintenance policies. The maintenance policies considered are assumed to be performed on used equipments. These later are conduct to experience their missions within different environments each of which is characterized by a degree of severity. In this context, a first mathematical model is proposed to evaluate costs induced by maintenance strategies. The analysis of these costs helps to establish the necessary and sufficient conditions to ensure the existence of an optimal age to perform the preventive maintenance. The maintenance costs are fully estimated by using the Kernel method. This estimation method is non-parametric and defined by two parameters, namely the kernel function and ...

In the reliability literature, several researches works have been developed to deal with modeling, analysis and implementation of maintenance policies for equipments subject to random failures. The majority of these works are based on common assumptions among which the distribution function of the equipment lifetimes is assumed to be known. Furthermore, the equipment is assumed to experience only one operating environment. Such assumptions are indeed restrictive and may introduce a bias in the statistical analysis of the distribution function of the equipment lifetimes which in turn impacts optimization of maintenance policies. In the present research work, these two particular assumptions are relaxed. This relaxation allows to take into account of information related to conditions where the equipment is being operating and to focus on the statistical analysis of maintenance policies without using an intermediate parametric lifetimes distribution. The objective of this thesis consists then on the development of efficient statistical models and tools for managing the maintenance of equipments whose lifetimes distribution is unknown and defined through the heterogeneous lifetimes data. Indeed, this thesis proposes a framework for maintenance strategies determination, from lifetimes data acquisition toward the computation of optimal maintenance policies. The maintenance policies considered are assumed to be performed on used equipments. These later are conduct to experience their missions within different environments each of which is characterized by a degree of severity. In this context, a first mathematical model is proposed to evaluate costs induced by maintenance strategies. The analysis of these costs helps to establish the necessary and sufficient conditions to ensure the existence of an optimal age to perform the preventive maintenance. The maintenance costs are fully estimated by using the Kernel method. This estimation method is non-parametric and defined by two parameters, namely the kernel function and ...

International audience ; Summary One of the principal challenges of offshore wind (OW) energy is to make the operation and maintenance (O&M) of farms cost-effective, especially in the long term. Given their costly impact, maintenance strategies for OW farms (OWFs) have been extensively studied. Yet, specific aspects, appearing mainly in the long-term operation, have been unsatisfactorily addressed, as observed as failure data collection increases. Our proposition focuses on the strategic echelon of decision-making on maintenance, which has long-lasting effect and starts at the project design phase. A fundamental research on the failure models and associated maintenance policies of OWFs is proposed to support this decision-making process. A threefold mathematical model for planning cost-effective, long-term O&M policies for OWFs is constructed. ; Un défi principal de l'énergie éolienne offshore est de garantir la rentabilité de maintenance des fermes, en particulier dans le long terme. Vu leur impact coûteux, les stratégies de maintenance pour ces systèmes ont été largement étudiées. Pourtant, des aspects spécifiques ont été abordés de manière insatisfaisante, comme observé lorsque la collecte de données de défaillances augmente. Notre proposition porte sur l'échelon stratégique long terme de la prise de décision en matière de maintenance, qui commence dès la phase de conception du projet. Une recherche fondamentale sur les modèles de défaillance et les politiques de maintenance associées pour des fermes éoliennes offshore est proposée pour soutenir ce processus. Un triple modèle mathématique pour la planification de politiques de maintenance rentables à long terme est construit.

Wireless sensor networks (RCSF) is a technology that has a wide range of civil or military applications, including battlefield monitoring, environmental monitoring or smart city. However, WSN are characterized by high limitations in terms of energy (battery-operated nodes) and wireless links (low power and lossy links). The work done in this PhD thesis aims to provide solutions that guarantee a certain quality of service in the context of wireless sensor networks. The first part of this work concerns the medium access control layer with the aim of increasing the lifetime of the network. The access to the wireless medium is analyzed and modeled as a link scheduling problem, taking into account collisions. First, a study of the complexity of this problem is carried out, then a distributed and fault-tolerant approach with guaranteed performance is proposed (SS-DD2EC) to solve this problem. The second part is about message routing with the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL). First of all, a comparison between the various existing routing metrics for the optimization of the energy consumed has been carried out. In addition of lifetime, the reliability and end-to-end latency criteria are considered for evaluating these metrics. Then, two new RPL metrics (R_MinMax and R_Delai) were proposed, achieving significant gains over the state of the art. The first one only considers the energy consumption and reliability, while the second one takes also into account the end-to-end latency. ; Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCSF) sont très largement utilisés dans divers domaines d'applications civiles et militaires, comme la surveillance de champs de bataille, la détection de phénomène environnementaux, ou encore les bâtiments intelligents. Cependant, les réseaux de capteurs sans fil sont caractérisés par de fortes limitations au niveau de l'énergie disponible et des communications radio. Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse visent à proposer des solutions garantissant une certaine qualité de service ...

Wireless sensor networks (RCSF) is a technology that has a wide range of civil or military applications, including battlefield monitoring, environmental monitoring or smart city. However, WSN are characterized by high limitations in terms of energy (battery-operated nodes) and wireless links (low power and lossy links). The work done in this PhD thesis aims to provide solutions that guarantee a certain quality of service in the context of wireless sensor networks. The first part of this work concerns the medium access control layer with the aim of increasing the lifetime of the network. The access to the wireless medium is analyzed and modeled as a link scheduling problem, taking into account collisions. First, a study of the complexity of this problem is carried out, then a distributed and fault-tolerant approach with guaranteed performance is proposed (SS-DD2EC) to solve this problem. The second part is about message routing with the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL). First of all, a comparison between the various existing routing metrics for the optimization of the energy consumed has been carried out. In addition of lifetime, the reliability and end-to-end latency criteria are considered for evaluating these metrics. Then, two new RPL metrics (R_MinMax and R_Delai) were proposed, achieving significant gains over the state of the art. The first one only considers the energy consumption and reliability, while the second one takes also into account the end-to-end latency. ; Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCSF) sont très largement utilisés dans divers domaines d'applications civiles et militaires, comme la surveillance de champs de bataille, la détection de phénomène environnementaux, ou encore les bâtiments intelligents. Cependant, les réseaux de capteurs sans fil sont caractérisés par de fortes limitations au niveau de l'énergie disponible et des communications radio. Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse visent à proposer des solutions garantissant une certaine qualité de service dans le contexte des réseaux de capteurs sans fil. La première partie concerne la couche liaison de données avec l'objectif d'augmenter la durée de vie du réseau. L'accès au médium sans fil est analysé et modélisé sous la forme d'un problème d'ordonnancement des liens de communication, tenant compte des collisions. Nous étudions alors la complexité de ce problème. Une approche distribuée et tolérante aux défaillances avec garantie de performance est proposée (SS-DD2EC) pour résoudre ce problème. La seconde partie de la thèse concerne le routage des messages à l'aide du protocle IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Network (RPL). Tout d'abord, un comparatif entre les différentes métriques de routage existantes pour l'optimisation de l'énergie consommée a été mené. En plus de la durée de vie, les critères de fiabilité et de latence de bout-en-bout sont considérés pour évaluer ces métriques. Enfin, deux nouvelles métriques (R_MinMax et R_Delai) ont été proposées pour RPL permettant d'atteindre des gains significatifs par rapport à l'état de l'art. La première ne tient compte que des critères de consommation d'énergie et de fiabilité, alors que la seconde intègre en plus la latence de bout-en-bout.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consist of tiny sensor nodes with embedded microcontrollers, low power radios, battery cells and sensors which are used to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, humidity, and vibration. Today, these networks are used in a wide range of military, health, domestic, urban, industrial and environmental applications. Target coverage applications are those where several points of interest called targets must be continuously monitored by sensor nodes. In most target coverage applications, sensor nodes have a limited amount of energy and it is therefore critical to efficiently manage their energy consumption in order to extend the network lifetime. A common approach to tackle this problem is to alternate the operation of sensor nodes between active and sleep mode. The scheduling of appropriate subsets of sleep/active sensor nodes in order to maximize the network lifetime is an NP-hard problem called Maximum Lifetime Coverage Problem (MLCP). In this thesis, we aim at proposing new heuristics to the MLCP, while considering more realistic assumptions on lifetime and energy consumption of sensor nodes. Firstly, we propose two greedy heuristics with the assumption that the sensor nodes do not necessarily have the same lifetime. The first heuristic is based on an adaptive method while the second uses the idea of blacklist, which allows to optimize the management of least covered targets called critical targets. Secondly, by considering that the energy consumed by sensor nodes put in sleep mode is not negligible, we propose a third greedy heuristic that takes into account the remaining energy of the sensor nodes in the choice of the nodes to activate. Then, we propose a recurring approach for regular networks. We then study a family of hard instances of the MLCP, namely the sub-family of regular networks composed of odd-sized rings. We propose for this subclass, an analytical approach to obtain effective solutions which we conjecture optimality. Finally, we develop a ...

Synthesis on the issues of coins with types of Alexander the Great - lifetime and posthumous - in Arados, Phoenicia

The NO + O3 NO2 + O2 reaction has been studied in crossed molecular beams. The glow produced by the radiative decay of the excited NO2 formed at the beams intersection has been photographed at various wavelengths. The reaction rate constant has been evaluated, some informations have been obtained on the energetic of the process and on the radiative lifetime of NO2.

There are many arguments for shifting at least part of the higher educational cost burden from governments (or taxpayers) to individuals, particularly in Europe. But this case largely rests onthe capability to offer deferred and incomecontingent payments. The two first features are critical to efficiency – students and lenders should not be deterred by excessive risk – and justice – contributions should be tailored to ex post ability to pay. Examples of instruments satisfying these criteria are income-contingent loans and human capital contracts. The central aim of this paper is to produce realistic estimates of how graduates' and nongraduates' lifetime income is likely to be affected by the generalisation of these instruments. Using data on Belgian income, we evaluate their effect on the distribution of lifetime net income, using higher income tax as a benchmark. The paper then considers the different ways of financing the cost ofincome-contingency, with a particular focus on the risk of adverse selection inherent to pooling the cost among graduates. But it shows that investing less on students opting for less profitable programs is asimple way to mitigate its severity.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consist of tiny sensor nodes with embedded microcontrollers, low power radios, battery cells and sensors which are used to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, humidity, and vibration. Today, these networks are used in a wide range of military, health, domestic, urban, industrial and environmental applications. Target coverage applications are those where several points of interest called targets must be continuously monitored by sensor nodes. In most target coverage applications, sensor nodes have a limited amount of energy and it is therefore critical to efficiently manage their energy consumption in order to extend the network lifetime. A common approach to tackle this problem is to alternate the operation of sensor nodes between active and sleep mode. The scheduling of appropriate subsets of sleep/active sensor nodes in order to maximize the network lifetime is an NP-hard problem called Maximum Lifetime Coverage Problem (MLCP). In this thesis, we aim at proposing new heuristics to the MLCP, while considering more realistic assumptions on lifetime and energy consumption of sensor nodes. Firstly, we propose two greedy heuristics with the assumption that the sensor nodes do not necessarily have the same lifetime. The first heuristic is based on an adaptive method while the second uses the idea of blacklist, which allows to optimize the management of least covered targets called critical targets. Secondly, by considering that the energy consumed by sensor nodes put in sleep mode is not negligible, we propose a third greedy heuristic that takes into account the remaining energy of the sensor nodes in the choice of the nodes to activate. Then, we propose a recurring approach for regular networks. We then study a family of hard instances of the MLCP, namely the sub-family of regular networks composed of odd-sized rings. We propose for this subclass, an analytical approach to obtain effective solutions which we conjecture optimality. Finally, we develop a system for air pollution monitoring and fire detection based on a wireless sensor network and we evaluate the network lifetime gain when an algorithm for the MLCP is integrated in such a system. ; Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN) se composent de petits nœuds de capteurs dotés de microcontrôleurs intégrés, de radios à faible consommation, de batteries et de capteurs utilisés pour surveiller les conditions environnementales telles que la température, la pression, l'humidité et les vibrations. De nos jours, ces réseaux sont utilisés dans un large éventail d'applications militaires, sanitaires, domestiques, urbaines, industrielles et environnementales. Les applications de couverture de cibles sont celles où plusieurs points d'intérêt appelés cibles doivent être surveillés en permanence par des nœuds de capteurs. Dans la plupart des applications de couverture de cibles, les nœuds de capteurs ont une ressource d'énergie limitée et il est donc essentiel de gérer efficacement leur consommation d'énergie afin de prolonger la durée de vie du réseau. Une approche commune pour résoudre ce problème consiste à alterner le fonctionnement des nœuds de capteurs entre le mode actif et le mode veille. Le problème de former des sous-ensembles de nœuds de capteurs qui seront activés successivement pendant des durées définies tandis que les autres nœuds seront en veille, afin de maximiser la durée de vie du réseau, est NP-difficile et appelé MLCP (Maximum Lifetime Coverage Problem). Dans cette thèse, notre objectif est de proposer de nouvelles heuristiques pour le MLCP tout en considérant des hypothèses plus réalistes sur la durée de vie et la consommation énergétique des nœuds de capteurs. Tout d'abord, nous proposons deux heuristiques gloutonnes en supposant que les nœuds de capteurs n'ont pas nécessairement la même durée de vie. La première heuristique est basée sur une méthode adaptative tandis que la seconde utilise l'idée de liste noire, ce qui permet d'optimiser la gestion des cibles critiques, c'est-à-dire qui sont couvertes par un nombre minimal de capteurs. Ensuite, en considérant que l'énergie consommée par les nœuds de capteurs mis en veille n'est pas négligeable, nous proposons une troisième heuristique gloutonne qui prend en compte l'énergie résiduelle des nœuds de capteurs dans le choix des nœuds à activer. Puis, nous proposons une approche récurrente pour les réseaux réguliers. Nous étudions ensuite une famille d'instances difficiles du MLCP, à savoir la sous-famille des réseaux réguliers consitués par les anneaux de taille impaire. Nous proposons pour cette sous-classe, une approche analytique permettant d'obtenir des solutions efficaces dont nous conjecturons l'optimalité. Enfin, nous développons un système de surveillance de la pollution atmosphérique et de détection d'incendie basé sur un réseau de capteurs sans fil et nous évaluons le gain en termes de durée de vie du réseau lorsqu'un algorithme pour le MLCP est intégré dans un tel système.

The archives of the Association francaise d'action artistique (AFAA) enable us to analyse and understand the diffusion of the work of Olivier Messiaen abroad during his lifetime. French cultural diplomacy had a major impact on the distribution of concerts of Messiaen's work given outside France, through the funding of travel expenses for artists and also through touring grants. The United States of America was the first destination for Messiaen's work abroad, and corresponds to France's geo-strategical priorities following the Second World War. This policy also had an impact on the works performed and the concert venues chosen. Adapted from the source document.

The X and Y particles predicted in part I have presumably masses of about 2150 and 2900 e. m. respectively. They may decay respectively into a nucleon and a Ξ-yperon by emitting a pion ; lifetimes of the order of 10-10 s. may be expected (weak interactions). The mass of the D-meson is about 1670 e. m. and it decays into a K-meson and one or two pions. Leptonic modes of decay are also possible.
The dimension 3 of the charge-space introduced in a preceding paper [2], is confirmed. The correlations considered in that paper are re-examined.