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Thearticle touches upon the specific features of the Russian imperial government censorship policy towards the Ukrainian theater. It characterizes main censorship institutions and regulatory acts, which concerned the theater. The author states that the theatre life in the Russian empire was subjected to numerous regulations and limitations. Some of them, including the acts of 1876, 1881 and 1883, concerned exclusively the dramas and stage performances in Ukrainian language. Their general aim was to narrow the usage of the Ukrainian language in cultural life. The local authorities could provide their own restrictions as well. The Ukrainian play-writers and entrepreneurs were obliged to get special permission on every stage performance in Ukrainian. Additionally, both theatrical productions and concerts of songs in Ukrainian had to be accompanied by the ones in Russian. According to the regulations, the stories of the Ukrainian dramas should not touch upon vexed social and national questions. At the same time, translations of the dramas into Ukrainian used to be restricted by the censorship. Despite the severe restrictions constituted by the central government, the Ukrainian theater censorship largely depended on the local censors, who were able to either ban or permit certain dramas and stage performances. To get the necessary permissions play-writers, actors and entrepreneurs either used their personal charisma to influence the Russian civil servants or simply relied on corruption, which was highly widespread. In conclusion, the author states that the censorship affected negatively the creative work of the Ukrainian dramatists who were forced to re-write their stories to make them acceptable for censorship. Thus, in general, the government censorship policy was unable to suppress the development of the Ukrainian theater in the late 19thc. ; У статті дослідженоособливостi цензурної політики Російської імперії щодо українського театрального мистецтва другої половини ХІХ століття. Зазначено, що театральне життя в Російській імперії підлягало державному регулюванню та численним обмеженням. Деякі з них, зокрема розпорядження 1876, 1881 та 1883 рр., стосувалися безпосередньо українських драматичних творів та театральних вистав. Попри жорсткі регуляторні норми, встановлені урядом, місцеві цензори мали широкі можливості забороняти або дозволяти окремі твори. Відповідно, українські митці шукали шляхи подолання цензурних перепон, використовуючи корумпованість чиновників, свій власний авторитет та вплив на осіб, які могли сприяти отриманню дозволу на публікацію драматичного твору чи театральну постановку. В цілому, заборонні заходи щодо української сцени, хоча й вплинули негативно на умови творчої реалізації українських митців, проте не завадили становленню українського професійного театру в цей період, розширенню його жанрово-тематичної парадигми, й поглибленню його значення, як компонента національної ідентичності.

The article is dedicated to the development of theatrical art in Mariupol at the beginning of 20th century. The theatrical life of Mariupol has not been investigated yet as an original art phenomenon, and therefore, it demands for the detailed studying. There are the repertoire, the role of touring troupes and development of charitable activities of actors in the city described in the article as well. The information was collected from literature, newspapers and funds of local lore museums.The study showed us the rising of ideological and educational value of the scene provincial theaters at the beginning of XX c. In Mariupol worked several theaters, which created conditions for the formation of theater seasons, touring groups' arrivals and also the base for the development of local amateur groups. Performances of guest performers - Ukrainian, Russian and foreign stars of theater scene contributed to the promotion and enrichment of theatrical culture, transforming Mariupol into the cultural centers of the region.The author considers the features of the state policy in the sphere of theatrical art during the Civil War (1917-1920) and in the first years of Soviet government power. The Soviet government made a circle of attempts to use the theater in the business of agitation and propaganda as much as possible. In consequence with nationwide problems, the conditions which theater city institutions worked in, сconsiderably got worsened because of the fact of the demand of entertaining genres in the repertoire of the theaters. Nevertheless, thanks to the safekeeping of the best examples of the theatrical traditions, the priorities in the repertoire policy were given to the Ukrainian, Russian and foreign classics.In conclusion, it may be said also, that theater in Mariupol at the beginning of XX c., was developed, despite the complications that have been appeared under the influence of existing political regime and differed from others in the existence of various professional and amateur groups, wide touring guest activities of the prominent masters of the stage and diverse repertoire. ; В статье исследовано развитие театральной жизни Мариуполя в начале XX в., рассмотрены репертуар, вклад гастролирующих трупп и развитие благотворительной деятельности театральных работников. Проанализированы особенности государственной политики в области театрального дела во времена гражданской войны (1917-1920-е гг.) и в первые годы советской власти. ; У статті досліджено розвиток театрального життя Маріуполя на початку XX ст., розглянуто репертуар, внесок гастрольних труп та розвиток благодійної діяльності театральних працівників. Проаналізовано особливості державної політики в галузі театральної справи в часи громадянської війни (1917-1920-ті рр.) та в перші роки радянської влади.

The article analyses the problems of political adaptation of Ukrainians. Military conflict in the East of Ukraine, annexation of the Crimea, socioeconomic crisis, distrust to power institutions have all caused a number of issues associated with the internally displaced people. Political adaptive relations in the society are viewed as processes of identification in which a person identifies him\herself with certain aims and political values.The main problem, which internally displaced people face, include access to social services, having a constant place of residence and registering at the new place of residence. Such citizens receive help through oblast administrations and NGOs. As practice shows, the actions of the authorities regarding the problems of internally displaced people are mostly of a declarative nature. However, in addition to social and psychological, political adaptation is also important as it facilitates the integration of a society and its development.Factors that influence the political adaptation of internally displaced people in the modern Ukrainian society have been identified. 1. The set system of relations between a person and the state is ruined due to state institution crisis and power decentralization. 2. The possibilities for political activity of individuals as well as social groups in the course of exercising their rights and satisfying their interests are widened. 3. Activation of non-governmental institutions facilitates the organized citizen participation in the political process, which facilitates the popularization of an active public opinion. 4. Peculiarities of the work of political actors, their reputation, level of responsibility and efficiency. 5. Social environment of a person, level of his/her education and political culture. 6. Mass media, which popularize certain patterns of political behavior, manipulate consciousness, impose stereotypes etc.The author notes that internally displaced people are limited in their rights and freedoms in comparison with the rest of the population (deprivation of the right to vote, discriminative control of their place of residence, limitations as to the choice of a banking institution for receiving pensions and social support etc.). internally displaced people actually have no right to participate in solving local issues, despite the fact that this right is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine. By this we mean participation in public hearings, local initiatives, general assembly of the community. In addition, internally displaced people cannot participate in establishment of bodies of population self-organization, which is one of the important forms of participation of territorial community members in solving local issues.There is an ambiguous attitude towards the IDPs from the East of Ukraine – compassion mixed with apprehension. On the one hand, local authorities wish to provide maximum possible help for the internally displaced people. At the same time, there is a growing tension in the relations due to the increasing number of citizens who died in the zone of the conflict.One of the key problems that hinders the adaptation of IDPs is the absence of a common national program concerning the internally displaces people as well as of a body that would be directly responsible for dealing with the issues of IDPs. Consequently, displaced people cannot trust state institutions, may perceive the political system as an enemy that does not facilitate their socialization.The process of political adaptation of internally displaced people to the change of political space has certain peculiar features. 1. Social disorientation is caused by the deformation of the socioeconomic system of a society and is a consequence of destruction of social links, statuses and roles, the system of political norms, behavioral ideals. 2. New social identification happens through establishment of new social identities and entering the institutional structure of a society. 3. Collective political participation is carried out through citizen associations, influence on making important political decisions is made at the level of non-governmental institutions. 4. Tolerance to value foundations of a democratic society is being established. ; The article analyses the problems of political adaptation of Ukrainians. Military conflict in the East of Ukraine, annexation of the Crimea, socioeconomic crisis, distrust to power institutions have all caused a number of issues associated with the internally displaced people. Political adaptive relations in the society are viewed as processes of identification in which a person identifies him\herself with certain aims and political values.The main problem, which internally displaced people face, include access to social services, having a constant place of residence and registering at the new place of residence. Such citizens receive help through oblast administrations and NGOs. As practice shows, the actions of the authorities regarding the problems of internally displaced people are mostly of a declarative nature. However, in addition to social and psychological, political adaptation is also important as it facilitates the integration of a society and its development.Factors that influence the political adaptation of internally displaced people in the modern Ukrainian society have been identified. 1. The set system of relations between a person and the state is ruined due to state institution crisis and power decentralization. 2. The possibilities for political activity of individuals as well as social groups in the course of exercising their rights and satisfying their interests are widened. 3. Activation of non-governmental institutions facilitates the organized citizen participation in the political process, which facilitates the popularization of an active public opinion. 4. Peculiarities of the work of political actors, their reputation, level of responsibility and efficiency. 5. Social environment of a person, level of his/her education and political culture. 6. Mass media, which popularize certain patterns of political behavior, manipulate consciousness, impose stereotypes etc.The author notes that internally displaced people are limited in their rights and freedoms in comparison with the rest of the population (deprivation of the right to vote, discriminative control of their place of residence, limitations as to the choice of a banking institution for receiving pensions and social support etc.). internally displaced people actually have no right to participate in solving local issues, despite the fact that this right is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine. By this we mean participation in public hearings, local initiatives, general assembly of the community. In addition, internally displaced people cannot participate in establishment of bodies of population self-organization, which is one of the important forms of participation of territorial community members in solving local issues.There is an ambiguous attitude towards the IDPs from the East of Ukraine – compassion mixed with apprehension. On the one hand, local authorities wish to provide maximum possible help for the internally displaced people. At the same time, there is a growing tension in the relations due to the increasing number of citizens who died in the zone of the conflict.One of the key problems that hinders the adaptation of IDPs is the absence of a common national program concerning the internally displaces people as well as of a body that would be directly responsible for dealing with the issues of IDPs. Consequently, displaced people cannot trust state institutions, may perceive the political system as an enemy that does not facilitate their socialization.The process of political adaptation of internally displaced people to the change of political space has certain peculiar features. 1. Social disorientation is caused by the deformation of the socioeconomic system of a society and is a consequence of destruction of social links, statuses and roles, the system of political norms, behavioral ideals. 2. New social identification happens through establishment of new social identities and entering the institutional structure of a society. 3. Collective political participation is carried out through citizen associations, influence on making important political decisions is made at the level of non-governmental institutions. 4. Tolerance to value foundations of a democratic society is being established.

The article analyses the problems of political adaptation of Ukrainians. Military conflict in the East of Ukraine, annexation of the Crimea, socioeconomic crisis, distrust to power institutions have all caused a number of issues associated with the internally displaced people. Political adaptive relations in the society are viewed as processes of identification in which a person identifies him\herself with certain aims and political values.The main problem, which internally displaced people face, include access to social services, having a constant place of residence and registering at the new place of residence. Such citizens receive help through oblast administrations and NGOs. As practice shows, the actions of the authorities regarding the problems of internally displaced people are mostly of a declarative nature. However, in addition to social and psychological, political adaptation is also important as it facilitates the integration of a society and its development.Factors that influence the political adaptation of internally displaced people in the modern Ukrainian society have been identified. 1. The set system of relations between a person and the state is ruined due to state institution crisis and power decentralization. 2. The possibilities for political activity of individuals as well as social groups in the course of exercising their rights and satisfying their interests are widened. 3. Activation of non-governmental institutions facilitates the organized citizen participation in the political process, which facilitates the popularization of an active public opinion. 4. Peculiarities of the work of political actors, their reputation, level of responsibility and efficiency. 5. Social environment of a person, level of his/her education and political culture. 6. Mass media, which popularize certain patterns of political behavior, manipulate consciousness, impose stereotypes etc.The author notes that internally displaced people are limited in their rights and freedoms in comparison with the rest of the population (deprivation of the right to vote, discriminative control of their place of residence, limitations as to the choice of a banking institution for receiving pensions and social support etc.). internally displaced people actually have no right to participate in solving local issues, despite the fact that this right is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine. By this we mean participation in public hearings, local initiatives, general assembly of the community. In addition, internally displaced people cannot participate in establishment of bodies of population self-organization, which is one of the important forms of participation of territorial community members in solving local issues.There is an ambiguous attitude towards the IDPs from the East of Ukraine – compassion mixed with apprehension. On the one hand, local authorities wish to provide maximum possible help for the internally displaced people. At the same time, there is a growing tension in the relations due to the increasing number of citizens who died in the zone of the conflict.One of the key problems that hinders the adaptation of IDPs is the absence of a common national program concerning the internally displaces people as well as of a body that would be directly responsible for dealing with the issues of IDPs. Consequently, displaced people cannot trust state institutions, may perceive the political system as an enemy that does not facilitate their socialization.The process of political adaptation of internally displaced people to the change of political space has certain peculiar features. 1. Social disorientation is caused by the deformation of the socioeconomic system of a society and is a consequence of destruction of social links, statuses and roles, the system of political norms, behavioral ideals. 2. New social identification happens through establishment of new social identities and entering the institutional structure of a society. 3. Collective political participation is carried out through citizen associations, influence on making important political decisions is made at the level of non-governmental institutions. 4. Tolerance to value foundations of a democratic society is being established. ; The article analyses the problems of political adaptation of Ukrainians. Military conflict in the East of Ukraine, annexation of the Crimea, socioeconomic crisis, distrust to power institutions have all caused a number of issues associated with the internally displaced people. Political adaptive relations in the society are viewed as processes of identification in which a person identifies him\herself with certain aims and political values.The main problem, which internally displaced people face, include access to social services, having a constant place of residence and registering at the new place of residence. Such citizens receive help through oblast administrations and NGOs. As practice shows, the actions of the authorities regarding the problems of internally displaced people are mostly of a declarative nature. However, in addition to social and psychological, political adaptation is also important as it facilitates the integration of a society and its development.Factors that influence the political adaptation of internally displaced people in the modern Ukrainian society have been identified. 1. The set system of relations between a person and the state is ruined due to state institution crisis and power decentralization. 2. The possibilities for political activity of individuals as well as social groups in the course of exercising their rights and satisfying their interests are widened. 3. Activation of non-governmental institutions facilitates the organized citizen participation in the political process, which facilitates the popularization of an active public opinion. 4. Peculiarities of the work of political actors, their reputation, level of responsibility and efficiency. 5. Social environment of a person, level of his/her education and political culture. 6. Mass media, which popularize certain patterns of political behavior, manipulate consciousness, impose stereotypes etc.The author notes that internally displaced people are limited in their rights and freedoms in comparison with the rest of the population (deprivation of the right to vote, discriminative control of their place of residence, limitations as to the choice of a banking institution for receiving pensions and social support etc.). internally displaced people actually have no right to participate in solving local issues, despite the fact that this right is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine. By this we mean participation in public hearings, local initiatives, general assembly of the community. In addition, internally displaced people cannot participate in establishment of bodies of population self-organization, which is one of the important forms of participation of territorial community members in solving local issues.There is an ambiguous attitude towards the IDPs from the East of Ukraine – compassion mixed with apprehension. On the one hand, local authorities wish to provide maximum possible help for the internally displaced people. At the same time, there is a growing tension in the relations due to the increasing number of citizens who died in the zone of the conflict.One of the key problems that hinders the adaptation of IDPs is the absence of a common national program concerning the internally displaces people as well as of a body that would be directly responsible for dealing with the issues of IDPs. Consequently, displaced people cannot trust state institutions, may perceive the political system as an enemy that does not facilitate their socialization.The process of political adaptation of internally displaced people to the change of political space has certain peculiar features. 1. Social disorientation is caused by the deformation of the socioeconomic system of a society and is a consequence of destruction of social links, statuses and roles, the system of political norms, behavioral ideals. 2. New social identification happens through establishment of new social identities and entering the institutional structure of a society. 3. Collective political participation is carried out through citizen associations, influence on making important political decisions is made at the level of non-governmental institutions. 4. Tolerance to value foundations of a democratic society is being established.

The article focuses on the fact that the constitutional and legal modernization of the local self-govern-ment system is aimed, in particular, to consolidate the status of territorial communities as the main subject of local democracy. United territorial communities determine the transition of local self-government to a new level. It is argued that now the process of uniting territorial communities should be considered precise-ly as their right. At the same time, the question arises of the boundaries of the possible implementation of such a subjective right. It is emphasized that the regulatory framework is not always consistent with re-spect to the regulation of the united territorial communities, but rather aims at regulating certain aspects of the constitutional and legal status of the united territorial communities. It is alleged that the legal foundations for the process of unification of territorial communities were es-tablished long ago, however, due to the content of the right to voluntary unification could only be exercised by rural territorial communities, because no real mechanism was put in place to initiate such a process; the process of uniting of rural territorial communities was not regulated in accordance with the principle of voluntariness, etc. It is noted that the uniting of territorial communities or the voluntary exit of the territorial community from the integrated territorial community affects not only the legitimate interests of the local population, and, accordingly, not only the interests of local or regional levels, but also the in-terests of the state as a whole. Giving united territorial communities such a wide range of powers places increased responsibility on the united territorial communities for the decisions made within the given powers and requires increased protection by the state against abuse by the relevant actors. Lack of legal concepts (first of all, the concept of a unified territorial community), inconsistency and contradictory nature of legislation on local self-gov-ernment carries an increased level of danger of creating and further systematic manifestation of negative consequences in practice, and hinders the completion of decentralization reform. In view of the above, it is proposed to amend the Basic Law in the part of local self-government, which will contribute to better organization of local self-government in Ukraine. ; У статті зосереджена увага на тому, що конституційно-правова модернізація системи місцевого са-моврядування спрямована, зокрема, на закріплення статусу територіальних громад основним суб'єк-том місцевої демократії. Об'єднані територіальні громади зумовлюють перехід місцевого самовря-дування на новий рівень. Аргументується, що наразі процес об'єднання територіальних громад слід розглядати саме як їх право. При цьому одночасно виникає питання про межі можливого здійснення такого суб'єктивного права. Акцентується увагу на тому, що нормативно-правова база не завжди носить послідовний характер відносно регулювання об'єднаних територіальних громад, а навпроти – спрямована на врегулюван-ня окремих аспектів конституційно-правового статусу ОТГ. Стверджується, що законодавчі підвали-ни для здійснення процесу об'єднання територіальних громад були закладені досить давно, проте за змістом право на добровільне об'єднання могло бути реалізоване лише сільськими територіальними громадами, оскільки не було впроваджено реального механізму для ініціювання такого процесу; не було врегульовано процес об'єднання сільських територіальних громад з урахуванням принципу до-бровільності та іншого.Зазначається, що об'єднання територіальних громад або добровільний вихід територіальної грома-ди зі складу ОТГ зачіпає інтереси не тільки законні інтереси місцевого населення, а відповідно – не тіль-ки інтереси локального або регіонального рівнів, але і інтереси держави загалом. Наділення ОТГ таким широким колом повноважень покладає підвищену відповідальність на ОТГ за прийняті в межах наданих їм повноважень рішення та вимагає підвищеної охорони з боку держави від зловживань відповідними суб'єктами. Відсутність законодавчо визначених понять (насамперед, відсутність поняття об'єднаної територіальної громади), суперечливість та неузгодженість законодавства про місцеве самоврядуван-ня несе в собі підвищений рівень небезпеки започаткування та подальшого систематичного прояву негативних наслідків у практичній діяльності, а також певним чином гальмує завершення реформи децентралізації. З огляду на зазначене пропонується внесення змін до Основного Закону в частині міс-цевого самоврядування, що сприятиме більш якісній організації місцевого самоврядування в Україні. ; У статті зосереджена увага на тому, що конституційно-правова модернізація системи місцевого са-моврядування спрямована, зокрема, на закріплення статусу територіальних громад основним суб'єк-том місцевої демократії. Об'єднані територіальні громади зумовлюють перехід місцевого самовря-дування на новий рівень. Аргументується, що наразі процес об'єднання територіальних громад слід розглядати саме як їх право. При цьому одночасно виникає питання про межі можливого здійснення такого суб'єктивного права. Акцентується увагу на тому, що нормативно-правова база не завжди носить послідовний характер відносно регулювання об'єднаних територіальних громад, а навпроти – спрямована на врегулюван-ня окремих аспектів конституційно-правового статусу ОТГ. Стверджується, що законодавчі підвали-ни для здійснення процесу об'єднання територіальних громад були закладені досить давно, проте за змістом право на добровільне об'єднання могло бути реалізоване лише сільськими територіальними громадами, оскільки не було впроваджено реального механізму для ініціювання такого процесу; не було врегульовано процес об'єднання сільських територіальних громад з урахуванням принципу до-бровільності та іншого.Зазначається, що об'єднання територіальних громад або добровільний вихід територіальної грома-ди зі складу ОТГ зачіпає інтереси не тільки законні інтереси місцевого населення, а відповідно – не тіль-ки інтереси локального або регіонального рівнів, але і інтереси держави загалом. Наділення ОТГ таким широким колом повноважень покладає підвищену відповідальність на ОТГ за прийняті в межах наданих їм повноважень рішення та вимагає підвищеної охорони з боку держави від зловживань відповідними суб'єктами. Відсутність законодавчо визначених понять (насамперед, відсутність поняття об'єднаної територіальної громади), суперечливість та неузгодженість законодавства про місцеве самоврядуван-ня несе в собі підвищений рівень небезпеки започаткування та подальшого систематичного прояву негативних наслідків у практичній діяльності, а також певним чином гальмує завершення реформи децентралізації. З огляду на зазначене пропонується внесення змін до Основного Закону в частині міс-цевого самоврядування, що сприятиме більш якісній організації місцевого самоврядування в Україні.

The maturity of modern political systems has a number of indicators, including the model of the relationship between state and society. Such indicators as the development of civil society in terms of the influence of its institutions, the sense of protection of the population (social, legal, informational, etc.), the level of political and legal culture, the status of civic education, the state migration balance, real practices of the realization of constitutional law to manage the territory by communities can be considered as characteristics of this model. The last indicator has an interdisciplinary nature in Ukraine: both in the context of theoretical and methodological approaches to scientific study, and in the implementation practices themselves. To manage the territory and feel like a master on one's own land means to build such a harmonious policy, where the community is an effective business entity, local authorities are legitimate actors who are able to make decisions and responsibly implement them in the interests of the community and the state, have a legal support and assistance by the state for decentralized practices and security vector of development. In view of the above, the implementation of decentralization practices in Ukraine has some results already. The study of these results would allow scholars and practitioners to talk about the Ukrainian way of decentralization, to understand the reasons of reform incompleteness, to outline the promising steps in the context of «bottom-up policy» formation in Ukraine. ; Зрілість політичних систем сучасності має низку показників, серед яких – модель взаємовідносин держави і суспільства. Характеристиками цієї моделі можуть виступати такі показники, як розвинутість громадянського суспільства в частині впливовості його інститутів, відчуття захищеності населення (соціальної, правової, інформаційної тощо), рівень політичної і правової культури громадян, стан громадянської освіти, сальдо міграції держави, реальні практики реалізації конституційного права громади на управління територією. Останній показник в Україні має міждисциплінарну природу як у контексті теоретико-методологічних підходів наукового вивчення, так і в самих практиках впровадження. Управляти територією і почувати себе господарем на власній землі – це значить побудувати таку гармонійну політику, де громада – дієвий суб'єкт господарювання, органи місцевого самоврядування – легітимні актори, які здатні приймати рішення і відповідально їх реалізовувати в інтересах громади і держави, мати правове забезпечення і сприяння з боку держави впровадженню децентралізованих практик та безпекового вектору розвитку. З огляду на зазначене, впровадження практик децентралізації в Україні вже має певні результати, вивчення яких дозволило б науковцям і практикам говорити про український шлях децентралізації, зрозуміти причини незавершеності реформи, окреслити перспективні кроки в контексті формування моделі «політики знизу» в Україні.

The maturity of modern political systems has a number of indicators, including the model of the relationship between state and society. Such indicators as the development of civil society in terms of the influence of its institutions, the sense of protection of the population (social, legal, informational, etc.), the level of political and legal culture, the status of civic education, the state migration balance, real practices of the realization of constitutional law to manage the territory by communities can be considered as characteristics of this model. The last indicator has an interdisciplinary nature in Ukraine: both in the context of theoretical and methodological approaches to scientific study, and in the implementation practices themselves. To manage the territory and feel like a master on one's own land means to build such a harmonious policy, where the community is an effective business entity, local authorities are legitimate actors who are able to make decisions and responsibly implement them in the interests of the community and the state, have a legal support and assistance by the state for decentralized practices and security vector of development. In view of the above, the implementation of decentralization practices in Ukraine has some results already. The study of these results would allow scholars and practitioners to talk about the Ukrainian way of decentralization, to understand the reasons of reform incompleteness, to outline the promising steps in the context of «bottom-up policy» formation in Ukraine. ; Зрілість політичних систем сучасності має низку показників, серед яких – модель взаємовідносин держави і суспільства. Характеристиками цієї моделі можуть виступати такі показники, як розвинутість громадянського суспільства в частині впливовості його інститутів, відчуття захищеності населення (соціальної, правової, інформаційної тощо), рівень політичної і правової культури громадян, стан громадянської освіти, сальдо міграції держави, реальні практики реалізації конституційного права громади на управління територією. Останній показник в Україні має міждисциплінарну природу як у контексті теоретико-методологічних підходів наукового вивчення, так і в самих практиках впровадження. Управляти територією і почувати себе господарем на власній землі – це значить побудувати таку гармонійну політику, де громада – дієвий суб'єкт господарювання, органи місцевого самоврядування – легітимні актори, які здатні приймати рішення і відповідально їх реалізовувати в інтересах громади і держави, мати правове забезпечення і сприяння з боку держави впровадженню децентралізованих практик та безпекового вектору розвитку. З огляду на зазначене, впровадження практик децентралізації в Україні вже має певні результати, вивчення яких дозволило б науковцям і практикам говорити про український шлях децентралізації, зрозуміти причини незавершеності реформи, окреслити перспективні кроки в контексті формування моделі «політики знизу» в Україні.

The article provides the classification of three major groups of the reference sources used in the research, in particular, archival funds, periodicals, newspapers and memoir literature, which characterize the dynamics of organizational and creative processes in the environment of Ukrainian professional and amateur theatre ensembles in Galicia during the period of German occupation. Their systematization and generalization allow reconstructing the events from the past, and recreating the real picture of the theatrical life in Galicia during the designated period.The analysis and structuring of the reference sources, determination of their place and role in the reconstruction of major theatrical processes in Galicia during the period of German occupation is the aim of the research.The main group of the reference sources which became the basis of the research is the considerable informative sources segment – the materials from periodic press of that time. Informative diaries of general character were of great value as well. The primary sources of information were local publications casting light on the artistic events which took place in the districts and counties. In particular, it refers to the creative activity of amateur drama ensembles and the majority of professional county theatres. Periodic press materials represent various genres: informative notes, advertisements of different theatrical performances, remarks of memoir character, reviews of theatrical performances and actors, theatre road tours; documentary materials (reports on the activity of theatre ensembles). The comprehensive analysis of the activity of professional theatres and amateur drama ensembles, in particular, as regards to their network and organizational structure, was impossible without the study of the constitutive documents of the new German administration, structural changes implementation by the government and administrative-territorial divisions.The notes about the activity of "Prosvita" Society and Ukrainian Educational Societies, ...

The state health care policy in Ukraine is: socially significant, relevant for statesmen, politicians, public servants, doctors, public figures; the most important tool for ensuring the proper preservation, functioning and development of domestic society. The success of this policy depends on many factors, including awareness and consideration of the positive and negative foreign practices of health care reform. The experience of European and CIS countries is interesting for Ukraine. Learn from this experience to overcome the internal challenges of health care reform. This experience is analyzed by a wide range of researchers. The need to reform health care by increasing health care costs and the need to increase the health care system's ability to improve public health. Health care reform in Europe has been carried out by: giving priority to primary health care; introduction of mechanisms for saving money and increasing the capacity for quality medical care in market conditions. The introduction of primary health care has had positive achievements. However, her 40 years of experience show that today only 50% of the world's population has access to basic medical services. In the process of reforms, mechanisms were introduced: decentralization of the health care system, participation of citizens in the management of local health care; the right to choose a doctor, hospital and insurer, the patient's participation in medical decisions; providing financing and savings of the health care system in market conditions; strengthening its capacity to improve the health of the population by improving the management of medical facilities and the quality of medical services.The implementation of reforms in Europe has been difficult and with unpredictable consequences. The reform process took place under the influence of external and internal factors. In the process of reform, the main obstacles were: decentralized management of the reform, the wrong choice of time for its implementation, the opposition of disinterested groups, resource constraints, especially the lack of trained personnel. The main actors in the reforms were the population, health workers, political elites and interest groups. The last three actors were the biggest opposition. ; Досліджено особливості реформ національних систем охорони здоров'я в країнах Європи. З'ясовано, що вони були: обумовлені зростанням витрат на медичну допомогу і необхідністю посилення здатності системи охорони здоров'я до покращення здоров'я населення; зосередженні на пріоритеті первинної медичної допомоги і запровадженні механізмів, що забезпечують ощадливість системи охорони здоров'я і підвищення її спроможності до якісного надання медичної допомоги в умовах ринку. Ці механізми представлено механізмами: децентралізації системи охорони здоров'я; участі громадян в управлінні цією системою; права вибору лікаря, лікарні і страховика, участі пацієнта у прийнятті медичних рішень; забезпечення фінансування і ощадливості системи охорони здоров'я в умовах ринку; посилення її спроможності щодо покращення здоров'я населення. На процеси реформ впливали: децентралізоване управління, вибір часу її проведення, протидія незацікавлених груп, ресурсне обмеження, зокрема нестача підготовлених кадрів. Основними акторами реформ були населення, медичні працівники, політичні еліти і зацікавлені групи. Останні три актори чинили найбільший спротив.

The state health care policy in Ukraine is: socially significant, relevant for statesmen, politicians, public servants, doctors, public figures; the most important tool for ensuring the proper preservation, functioning and development of domestic society. The success of this policy depends on many factors, including awareness and consideration of the positive and negative foreign practices of health care reform. The experience of European and CIS countries is interesting for Ukraine. Learn from this experience to overcome the internal challenges of health care reform. This experience is analyzed by a wide range of researchers. The need to reform health care by increasing health care costs and the need to increase the health care system's ability to improve public health. Health care reform in Europe has been carried out by: giving priority to primary health care; introduction of mechanisms for saving money and increasing the capacity for quality medical care in market conditions. The introduction of primary health care has had positive achievements. However, her 40 years of experience show that today only 50% of the world's population has access to basic medical services. In the process of reforms, mechanisms were introduced: decentralization of the health care system, participation of citizens in the management of local health care; the right to choose a doctor, hospital and insurer, the patient's participation in medical decisions; providing financing and savings of the health care system in market conditions; strengthening its capacity to improve the health of the population by improving the management of medical facilities and the quality of medical services.The implementation of reforms in Europe has been difficult and with unpredictable consequences. The reform process took place under the influence of external and internal factors. In the process of reform, the main obstacles were: decentralized management of the reform, the wrong choice of time for its implementation, the opposition of disinterested groups, resource constraints, especially the lack of trained personnel. The main actors in the reforms were the population, health workers, political elites and interest groups. The last three actors were the biggest opposition. ; Досліджено особливості реформ національних систем охорони здоров'я в країнах Європи. З'ясовано, що вони були: обумовлені зростанням витрат на медичну допомогу і необхідністю посилення здатності системи охорони здоров'я до покращення здоров'я населення; зосередженні на пріоритеті первинної медичної допомоги і запровадженні механізмів, що забезпечують ощадливість системи охорони здоров'я і підвищення її спроможності до якісного надання медичної допомоги в умовах ринку. Ці механізми представлено механізмами: децентралізації системи охорони здоров'я; участі громадян в управлінні цією системою; права вибору лікаря, лікарні і страховика, участі пацієнта у прийнятті медичних рішень; забезпечення фінансування і ощадливості системи охорони здоров'я в умовах ринку; посилення її спроможності щодо покращення здоров'я населення. На процеси реформ впливали: децентралізоване управління, вибір часу її проведення, протидія незацікавлених груп, ресурсне обмеження, зокрема нестача підготовлених кадрів. Основними акторами реформ були населення, медичні працівники, політичні еліти і зацікавлені групи. Останні три актори чинили найбільший спротив.

Зазначено, що сучасний стан територій України свідчить про наявність суттєвих проблем і негативних явищ. Визначено, що причинами цього є відсутність чітко встановлених суб'єктів розвитку, що позбавляє стратегічні документи з розвитку конкретного вектору їх реалізації. Запропоновано модель аналізу суб'єктів просторового розвитку, за якою визначені представники приватного сектора як основні учасники процесів просторового розвитку України. ; Problem setting. Spatial development of Ukraine today is characterized by the presence of serious problems and negative trends, including inequalities of socio-economic development of some regions and settlements, inconsistency of social, economic, urban and environmental aspects of their development.State and local governments solve these problems by developing and implementing spatial development strategies. However, very few of such strategies met the real challenges and needs of local communities, were implemented or integrated.Recent research and publications analysis. Such Ukrainian scientists as O. Berdanova, B. Bezzubko, V. Vakulenko, G. Vasylchenko, Z. Gerasymchuk, O. Kary, V. Mamonova, O. Karlova, I. Parasyuk, A. Tkachuk and some others should be noted among the researchers of strategic planning and territorial development. Some national scientists devoted their research to relevant aspects of project management in territorial development, such as O. Amosha, V. Babayev, O. Bezugly, Z. Varnaliy, S. Vovkanych, S. Ghazaryan, A. Galchynsky, V. Geets, Z. Gerasymchuk, B. Danylyshyn, M. Dolishniy, T. Zayats, O. Kavtysh, I. Katsai, G. Litosh, O. Medvedeva, V. Molokanova, O. Novikova, O. Pidkuyko, S. Pisarenko, V. Rach, O. Rossoshanska, V. Seminozhenko, S. Chernov and some others.A number of methodological documents for spatial development planning have also been developed as part of EuropeAid technical assistance programs and projects.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Previous research has paid almost no attention to the identification of specific entities that are currently involved in the spatial development of Ukraine. The lack of clearly defined development "recipients" deprives the developed strategic documents of any specific vector of their implementation. This greatly complicates the functioning of the spatial development system in our country and reduces its efficiency. Therefore, the aim of the study is to propose a method of spatial development entities analysis in order to identify the actors who now provide implementation of measures in the field of spatial development in Ukraine.Paper main body. According to the proposed method, the first stage of the spatial development entities analysis is the establishment of landowners as potential assets users for the implementation of development measures. The next analyzed group of participants includes the subjects of urban planning, namely – customers of buildings construction and reconstruction, which are contained in the Unified Register of documents certifying the commissioning of completed facilities. The third group of spatial development entities studied includes investors who provide financing for spatial development activities. Statistical data on capital investments by sources of financing were obtained from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine.Certain spatial development entities are clearly divided into the public or private sphere, as project management approaches and methods in these areas have traditionally differed significantly. According to the developed method, the analysis of current entities in Ukrainian spatial development was carried out.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Obtained results of the analysis allow us to establish the representatives of the private sector as the main players in the spatial development in Ukraine. They own almost three quarters of Ukraine's land. They are the most active participants in urban development, and they are the ones who provide more than 87% of capital investments with their own funds. That is, spatial development must be strategically attractive primarily for the private sector. Therefore, a topical area for further research may be the search of mechanisms for reconciling the strategic priorities established by the authorities in spatial development strategies with the strategic priorities of private structures as the main actors in spatial development.

Problem setting. Spatial development of Ukraine today is characterized by the presence of serious problems and negative trends, including inequalities of socio-economic development of some regions and settlements, inconsistency of social, economic, urban and environmental aspects of their development.State and local governments solve these problems by developing and implementing spatial development strategies. However, very few of such strategies met the real challenges and needs of local communities, were implemented or integrated.Recent research and publications analysis. Such Ukrainian scientists as O. Berdanova, B. Bezzubko, V. Vakulenko, G. Vasylchenko, Z. Gerasymchuk, O. Kary, V. Mamonova, O. Karlova, I. Parasyuk, A. Tkachuk and some others should be noted among the researchers of strategic planning and territorial development. Some national scientists devoted their research to relevant aspects of project management in territorial development, such as O. Amosha, V. Babayev, O. Bezugly, Z. Varnaliy, S. Vovkanych, S. Ghazaryan, A. Galchynsky, V. Geets, Z. Gerasymchuk, B. Danylyshyn, M. Dolishniy, T. Zayats, O. Kavtysh, I. Katsai, G. Litosh, O. Medvedeva, V. Molokanova, O. Novikova, O. Pidkuyko, S. Pisarenko, V. Rach, O. Rossoshanska, V. Seminozhenko, S. Chernov and some others.A number of methodological documents for spatial development planning have also been developed as part of EuropeAid technical assistance programs and projects.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Previous research has paid almost no attention to the identification of specific entities that are currently involved in the spatial development of Ukraine. The lack of clearly defined development "recipients" deprives the developed strategic documents of any specific vector of their implementation. This greatly complicates the functioning of the spatial development system in our country and reduces its efficiency. Therefore, the aim of the study is to propose a method of spatial development entities analysis in order to identify the actors who now provide implementation of measures in the field of spatial development in Ukraine.Paper main body. According to the proposed method, the first stage of the spatial development entities analysis is the establishment of landowners as potential assets users for the implementation of development measures. The next analyzed group of participants includes the subjects of urban planning, namely – customers of buildings construction and reconstruction, which are contained in the Unified Register of documents certifying the commissioning of completed facilities. The third group of spatial development entities studied includes investors who provide financing for spatial development activities. Statistical data on capital investments by sources of financing were obtained from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine.Certain spatial development entities are clearly divided into the public or private sphere, as project management approaches and methods in these areas have traditionally differed significantly. According to the developed method, the analysis of current entities in Ukrainian spatial development was carried out.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Obtained results of the analysis allow us to establish the representatives of the private sector as the main players in the spatial development in Ukraine. They own almost three quarters of Ukraine's land. They are the most active participants in urban development, and they are the ones who provide more than 87% of capital investments with their own funds. That is, spatial development must be strategically attractive primarily for the private sector. Therefore, a topical area for further research may be the search of mechanisms for reconciling the strategic priorities established by the authorities in spatial development strategies with the strategic priorities of private structures as the main actors in spatial development. ; Зазначено, що сучасний стан територій України свідчить про наявність суттєвих проблем і негативних явищ. Визначено, що причинами цього є відсутність чітко встановлених суб'єктів розвитку, що позбавляє стратегічні документи з розвитку конкретного вектору їх реалізації. Запропоновано модель аналізу суб'єктів просторового розвитку, за якою визначені представники приватного сектора як основні учасники процесів просторового розвитку України.

The article deals with the issues of state administration of the legislative provision of language policy aimed at legal protection of national minorities. The regional section of the provision of language and cultural rights of national minorities is analyzed. The most obvious difference was found throughout an array of ethnic, linguistic, religious, religious, geopolitical, political and ideological orientations and priorities of various types of identity of citizens in specific regions. The factors determining the peculiarities of ethnopolitical development of Ukraine are determined. It is proved that the ethnic structure in the regions has a significant influence on the management of ethnic and national processes at the state level, and also plays a very important role in shaping the specificity of the structure of actors in the process of public administration of language policy in these territories. The factors that have a significant impact on linguistic policy in resolving the linguistic issue and ensuring the legal protection of national minorities are outlined. Analysis of the regulatory framework, which is the legal basis to ensure the language rights of national minorities in Ukraine, as well as documents of international law. The ways of providing informational language needs of national minorities in Ukraine through the formally legal and practical tendencies are revealed. The role of bodies of state power and local self-government on material and financial support of mass media is revealed. The primary tasks of state administration bodies in realization of language policy, effective legal provision of language needs of national minorities are determined. ; У статті розкрито питання державного управління законодавчим забезпеченням мовної політики, спрямованої на правовий захист національних меншин. Проаналізовано регіональний розріз забезпечення мовно-культурних прав національних меншин. Визначено фактори, якими характеризуються особливості етнополітичного розвитку України, та чинники, які здійснюють суттєвий вплив на мовну політику щодо забезпечення правового захисту національних меншин. Проаналізовано нормативно-правову базу, що є правовою основою забезпечення мовних прав національних меншин в Україні.

У статті розкрито питання державного управління законодавчим забезпеченням мовної політики, спрямованої на правовий захист національних меншин. Проаналізовано регіональний розріз забезпечення мовно-культурних прав національних меншин. Визначено фактори, якими характеризуються особливості етнополітичного розвитку України, та чинники, які здійснюють суттєвий вплив на мовну політику щодо забезпечення правового захисту національних меншин. Проаналізовано нормативно-правову базу, що є правовою основою забезпечення мовних прав національних меншин в Україні. ; The article deals with the issues of state administration of the legislative provision of language policy aimed at legal protection of national minorities. The regional section of the provision of language and cultural rights of national minorities is analyzed. The most obvious difference was found throughout an array of ethnic, linguistic, religious, religious, geopolitical, political and ideological orientations and priorities of various types of identity of citizens in specific regions. The factors determining the peculiarities of ethnopolitical development of Ukraine are determined. It is proved that the ethnic structure in the regions has a significant influence on the management of ethnic and national processes at the state level, and also plays a very important role in shaping the specificity of the structure of actors in the process of public administration of language policy in these territories. The factors that have a significant impact on linguistic policy in resolving the linguistic issue and ensuring the legal protection of national minorities are outlined. Analysis of the regulatory framework, which is the legal basis to ensure the language rights of national minorities in Ukraine, as well as documents of international law. The ways of providing informational language needs of national minorities in Ukraine through the formally legal and practical tendencies are revealed. The role of bodies of state power and local self-government on material and financial support of mass media is revealed. The primary tasks of state administration bodies in realization of language policy, effective legal provision of language needs of national minorities are determined.

This paper analyses how transnational environmental non-governmental organisations, such as Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), have gained a role preservation policy in Russia and cleared themselves a space and legitimating as non state actors 'balancing' the domestic pressures of expansive resource extraction. In Russia, both Greenpeace and WWF promote the establishment of specially protected high conservation value forests. In order to import innovative approaches to Russia, management practices developed in the West must be adopted to Russia's unique post-Soviet context. The paper is based on four case studies: • Greenpeace project оn designating specially protected areas in Karelia. • Greenpeace project on designation of specially protected areas in Apatiti and Murmansk. • WWF support for nature reserves infrastructure. • WWF designation of Tschanom territory. The descriptions of the 'cases' will finally end in comparing the experiences from the projects and assessing their successes and failures. The summarising questions are focused on the practices of multiscalar co-managing: How the NGOs has built their contacts to local people, entrepreneurs, and governments? ; Проведено аналіз діяльності міжнародних неурядових організацій охорони довкілля (таких, як "Greenpeace" та "World Wildlife Fund (WWF)"), описано, як вони стали на природоохоронний шлях в Росії, здобули право на діяльність як неурядові організації "завдяки" активним дебатам щодо надмірного видобування ресурсів. У Росії "Greenpeace" та "WWF" пропонують утворення лісів високої консерваційної цінності, що знаходяться під спеціальною охороною. Для того, щоб застосувати найновіші підходи в Росії, необхідно адаптувати західні практики менеджменту на особливому пострадянському просторі. Стаття основана на дослідженні чотирьох територій: • Спеціальних природоохоронних територій у Карелії – проектах "Greenpeace". • Спеціальних природоохоронних територій у Апатиті та Мурманську – проект "Greenpeace"; • Природних заповідників, інфраструктури яких підтримуються "WWF". • Території "Тщаному", утвореної за ініціативою "WWF". Проведено аналіз результатів досліджень цих територій, дано оцінку рівню успішності і невдач. У підсумку увагу сконцентровано на практиках універсального співменеджменту: як неурядовим організаціям увійти в контакт з місцевим населенням, підприємцями та урядом.