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Among technological options to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Carbon Capture and Storage technology (CCS) seems particularly promising. This technology allows to keep on extracting polluting fossil fuels without drastically increasing CO2 atmospheric concentration. We examine here a two-sector model with two primary energy resources, a polluting exhaustible resource and an expensive carbon-free renewable resource, in which an environmental regulation is imposed through a cap on the atmospheric carbon stock. We assume that only the emissions from one sector can be captured. Previous literature, based on one-sector models in which all emissions are capturable, finds that CCS technology should not be used before the threshold has been reached. We find that, when technical constraints make it impossible to capture emissions from both sectors, this result does not always hold. CCS technology should be used before the ceiling is reached if non capturable emissions are large enough. In that case, we find that energy prices paths must differ between sectors reflecting the difference of social cost of the resource according to its use. Numerical exercise show that, when the ceiling is set at 450ppm CO2, the initial carbon tax should equal 52$/tCO2 and that using CCS before the ceiling is optimal. ; Parmi les technologies disponibles pour lutter contre l'accumulation des gaz à effet de serre dans l'atmosphère, la capture et la séquestration du CO2 semble particulièrement prometteuse. Elle permet de déconnecter le flux des émissions anthropiques de CO2 de l'utilisation des combustibles fossiles. Nous proposons un modèle à deux secteurs dans lequel deux sources d'énergie primaire sont disponibles : une ressource épuisable dont l'utilisation génère du CO2 et une ressource renouvelable "propre". Une régulation environnementale est introduite sous la forme d'un plafond que la concentration de CO2 dans l'atmosphère ne doit pas dépasser. Nous supposons que seules les émissions provenant d'un secteur peuvent être capturées. Dans la littérature précédente, toutes les émissions sont techniquement capturables : dans ce cas, il n'est jamais optimal d'utiliser cette technologie avant que le plafond ne soit atteint. Lorsque les contraintes techniques limitent le champ d'application de la capture de CO2, nous trouvons que cette technologie est employée avant le plafond si les émissions non capturables sont suffisamment importantes. Les chemins optimaux des prix de l'énergie doivent alors différer entre les secteurs car le coût social de la production énergétique varie selon ces secteurs. En supposant un plafond fixé à 450 ppm de CO2, la calibration du modèle indique que la taxe carbone devrait être fixée à environ 52$ la tonne de CO2 et qu'il est optimal de commencer à capture le CO2 avant que ce plafond ne soit atteint.

Among technological options to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Carbon Capture and Storage technology (CCS) seems particularly promising. This technology allows to keep on extracting polluting fossil fuels without drastically increasing CO2 atmospheric concentration. We examine here a two-sector model with two primary energy resources, a polluting exhaustible resource and an expensive carbon-free renewable resource, in which an environmental regulation is imposed through a cap on the atmospheric carbon stock. We assume that only the emissions from one sector can be captured. Previous literature, based on one-sector models in which all emissions are capturable, finds that CCS technology should not be used before the threshold has been reached. We find that, when technical constraints make it impossible to capture emissions from both sectors, this result does not always hold. CCS technology should be used before the ceiling is reached if non capturable emissions are large enough. In that case, we find that energy prices paths must differ between sectors reflecting the difference of social cost of the resource according to its use. Numerical exercise show that, when the ceiling is set at 450ppm CO2, the initial carbon tax should equal 52$/tCO2 and that using CCS before the ceiling is optimal. ; Parmi les technologies disponibles pour lutter contre l'accumulation des gaz à effet de serre dans l'atmosphère, la capture et la séquestration du CO2 semble particulièrement prometteuse. Elle permet de déconnecter le flux des émissions anthropiques de CO2 de l'utilisation des combustibles fossiles. Nous proposons un modèle à deux secteurs dans lequel deux sources d'énergie primaire sont disponibles : une ressource épuisable dont l'utilisation génère du CO2 et une ressource renouvelable "propre". Une régulation environnementale est introduite sous la forme d'un plafond que la concentration de CO2 dans l'atmosphère ne doit pas dépasser. Nous supposons que seules les émissions provenant d'un secteur peuvent être ...

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- SECTION I – IN THE BEGINNING -- CHAPTER 1. WADING IN ̶ INTRODUCTION TO THE FISH-BIRD -- General Discussion of Penguins and Substance of the Book -- An Impressive Number of Penguin Species: Evolution of Their Unique Capabilities -- Penguin Species Radiation and the Ontogeny of Their Watery World -- Penguin Evolution: Body Size and Climate -- Penguin Evolution: Radiation into Vacant Niches -- Penguin Evolution: Body Size and Crossing the Sea-Land Boundary -- CHAPTER 2. LAND AHOY! A TIRESOME BUSINESS -- Crossing the Land-Ocean Interface is Affected by Body Size -- Why and How Often do Penguins Come Ashore? -- Tying Land-life to the At-sea Life of Fish-Birds: Foraging and Breeding -- Success Vary with Prey Availability -- Molt ̶Necessary, Brief Respite from the Sea -- SECTION II – PENGUIN MARINE HAUNTS AND FOOD HABITS -- CHAPTER 3.FISH-BIRDS AT HOME IN THEIR OCEAN HABITATS -- Oceanographic Fronts and Water Masses Important to Penguins: General Discussion -- Penguins Require High Productivity Water Masses -- Large Scale: Oceanographic Boundaries and At-sea Distributions of Penguins -- Southern Boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current -- Emperor and King penguins -- Adélie and Chinstrap penguins -- Antarctic Polar Front and Subantarctic Front -- Gentoo and Yellow-eyed penguins -- Macaroni and Royal penguins -- Northern and Southern Rockhopper, Fiordland, Snares penguins -- Subtropical Front and Continental Boundary Currents -- Galápagos, Humboldt, Magellanic, African penguins -- Little penguins -- Meso- and Small-Scale Ocean Processes Facilitating Penguin Exploits -- Island wakes -- Headland wakes -- Shelves and banks -- Submarine canyons -- Shelfbreak fronts -- Marginal ice zones -- Thermo-/haloclines -- CHAPTER 4. SEA FOOD ̶ THE FISH-BIRD MENU -- General Considerations -- Diet Quality: Survival in Cold Water -- Energy density of prey -- Prey size may or may not differ by penguin size -- Prey availability -- Diet Comparison among Penguin Species -- Polar/subpolar, mesopelagic penguins -- Subpolar, demersal/benthic, continental-shelf penguins -- Temperate, upper water column, continental-insular shelf penguins -- Polar, upper water column, continental shelf/slope penguins -- Subpolar, upper water column, continental slope/pelagic penguins -- Polar, upper water column, continental slope/pelagic penguins -- CHAPTER 5. ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF DIET COMPOSITION -- Intraspecific Competition among Penguins -- Foraging Range is Key: General Discussion -- Penguin Species' Central-Place Foraging Range Patterns -- Sex Differences in Foraging -- Interspecific Competition Involving Penguins -- Penguins Eat A lot! -- Competition between Penguin Species -- Competition between penguins and other seabirds -- Competition between penguins and marine mammals -- Competition between penguins and industrial fisheries -- SECTION III – THE HARDWARE OF A FISH-BIRD -- CHAPTER 6. THE SLIPPERY SHAPE, HOT AIR AND THE POWERHOUSE – HOW FISH-BIRDS SWIM -- Water – Hard Taskmaster -- The Four Forces Relevant to Penguins -- Vertical Forces – Weight and Upthrust -- Buoyancy: How Much Air Do Penguins Hold? -- Buoyancy and Bergmann's Rule revisited -- Horizontal Forces: Drag -- The Interplay of Drag and Upthrust in Gliding Penguins -- The Drag Devil is in the Detail -- The Penguin Powerhouse -- How Penguins Swim -- The Effect of Upthrust and Body Angle on Penguin Thrust and Lift Forces -- Top Speeds; Power and Upthrust -- The Energy Costs of Swimming -- General considerations -- Specific considerations -- 'Sensible' Swim Strategies and Costs of Transport -- Cruising speed and integrating speed with the cost of transport, -- and beyond -- CHAPTER 7. HOT PENGUINS ̶ COLD WATER -- Resting and Floating Penguins -- The Metabolic Rate of Floating Penguins -- Patterns of Heat Loss to the Sea -- Overall Body Insulation/Conductance -- The Nature of Penguin Insulation -- Active Penguins -- Activity Produces Heat -- Greater Depths Impose a Higher Heat Tax -- Consuming Prey Imposes a Heat Tax -- Embracing The Fish in the Fish-bird -- CHAPTER 8. FISH-BIRDS – THE INSIDE STORY -- Diving Physiology -- Surface issues – Uptake of oxygen -- Oxygen Management Underwater -- Role of the Air Spaces -- Gas Exchange to Body Tissues -- The Aerobic Dive Limit and Beyond -- The Importance of Size in Dive Performance -- Duration -- Depth -- Penguins Under Pressure – Beating the Squeeze and the Bends -- Barotrauma -- Beating the Bends -- A Gut Reaction in Fish-Birds -- Gastric Emptying -- Rotting Food -- The Eyes Have It -- SECTION IV – THE SOFTWARE OF FISH-BIRDS -- CHAPTER 9. EMBRACING THE DEPTHS - THE PENGUIN DIVE -- Submergence -- The time underwater – basic dive descriptors -- Dive profiles -- Dive distance-depth profiles -- Dive aspect ratios -- Horizontal dive directionality/tortuosity -- The Multifunctionality of Dives -- Basic dive types -- T-dives for travelling -- V-dives (water column assessment) -- P-dives (parabolic – prospecting with no prey capture) -- Po-dives (parabolic dives with circular trajectory) -- U-dives (depth-directed prospecting) -- W-dives/Up-dives (U-dives with prey pursuit) -- Depth Duration Effects Over Multiple Dives -- CHAPTER 10. FISH-BIRD STRATEGIES ̶ THE SEARCH FOR FICKLE PREY -- Decisions, Decisions, Decisions – How Fish-Birds Search for Prey -- Heading in the Right Direction -- Dealing with Prey Patchiness -- In-depth Considerations: -- Time-based efficiency -- Energy-based efficiency -- Superficial Considerations: Surface Pauses and Inspired Tactics -- Being Picky about Food -- Fish-Birds and Smart Strategies -- CHAPTER 11. THE FINAL SECONDS – HOW FISH-BIRDS CAPTURE PREY -- Prey Acquisition, a Departure from the Dive 'Norm' -- Performance Metrics for Prey Capture -- Catching Solitary Prey -- Changing buoyancy with depth affects prey capture strategies -- Prey pursuit against interfaces -- Exploiting Aggregated Prey -- Crustaceans -- Fish -- Non-corralling feeding behavior -- Clarity on Limitations of Penguin Vision -- SECTION V – PENGUINS IN A FICKLE ENVIRONMENT -- CHAPTER 12. TURNING THE TABLES – FISH-BIRDS ON THE MENU -- Basic Law of the Sea: Big Fish Eat Little Fish -- Seals as Predators -- Seals' hunting behavior -- Penguins avoiding seals -- Fur Seals as Predators -- Sea Lions as Predators -- Killer Whales as Predators -- Sharks as Predators -- CHAPTER 13. PENGUINS ADJUSTING TO A CHANGING OCEAN -- Penguins Have Always Been Challenged by a Changing Ocean -- Prehistoric response to a changing ocean -- Possible prehistoric changes to penguins' food web -- The Anthropocene: How will Penguins Cope, Now Also Dealing with Humans? -- Response to long-term climate change -- Response to short-term ocean climate variation -- Response to marine pollution -- CHAPTER 14. NOT FORGETTING ̶ -- The Social Side - Behavior and Communication at Sea -- Penguin flock fusion/cohesion -- Penguin flock fission/fragmentation -- Navigation -- Long range -- Medium to short-range -- Understanding the Daily 'Wash' -- Air flux in diving penguins, an aspect of 'washing' -- Are Auks Really 'Northern Penguins'? -- Research Tags – the Flip Side for Evolutionarily-Honed Fish-Birds -- SECTION VI -- CHAPTER 15. PENGUINS ̶ WHY THE HYPE? -- Sources of Hype -- Us -- Many people -- Researchers -- The Transition -- The fascination of species -- Beyond the transition -- Role in Ecosystems -- Biomimicry -- Our Last Word.

Borders and mobility in arts, history, and well-being -- Comparison of curcumin content and antioxidant activity of turmeric samples collected from Indonesia and Thailand: Considerations for the future sharing of the natural resource A. Dechakhamphu, J. Junlatat, M. Agil, B. Prajogo and N. Pursariwati -- Efficiency of household accounting: A case study of a model village in Thailand N. Thongprasert and S. Mala -- Forecasts for trans-border mobility: A case study of agricultural products imported from Laos to Thailand via the Chong-Mek border N. Nanthasamroeng -- Social class representation: FoodTruck Culinary Surabaya community R. Rahartika -- The Bawean ethnic language: Attitude and diglossic community culture S.W.B. Utami -- Multi-ethnic and religious conflicts in media reported by international online media: http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/statue-of-chinese-god-guan-yu-stokestension-in-indonesia P. Wibawanto -- Demystifying Nusantara A. Bahroni -- Commercial activities and development of the towns in the west side of Banda Sea Indonesia, early twentieth century L.O. Rabani -- Borders and mobility in literature and culture -- Remixed Javaneseness: Lyrics of levelling adiluhung non-adiluhung E.D. Riyanto -- The expression of cultural values in Sundanese manuscripts of the Mandala period H.M. Lyra, D. Indira and T. Muhtadin -- Criticisms of the depiction of freedom of characters in Dewi Lestaris novel entitled Supernova: Kesatria, Putri dan Bintang Jatuh M.N.A.T. Gemilang -- Translation ideology recommendation for translating cultural issues in children comics from English into Indonesian: Crossing the borders between language and culture of SLT and TLT Nurlaila, M. Nababan, Djatmika and R. Santosa -- The directors responses and the shaping of Indonesias identity in the European film festival funding R. Ihwanny and M. Budiman -- Children in Indonesian cinema during colonialism: The border of cross-identity S. Wibawa -- Mimicking East Asian popular culture products: Temporality of urban global culture in Indonesia S.M.G. Tambunan -- Representation of nostalgia for home in diasporic poetry: An analysis of selected poems of mahtem shiferraw S. Elias -- Returned participants Perception of the Sarjana Mengajar di Daerah Terluar, Terdepan dan Tertinggal (SM-3T) program Y.S. Amalia, C.S. Budiono and R. Andini -- Capital reconversion practices by Srintil in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk T.W. Iswara -- Borders and mobility in language and multilingualism -- Morphological system of Javanese verbs in the border area of East Java (Tapal Kuda) A.S. Rohmah, Mahdar and W.A. Sari -- Javanese Unggah-Ungguh level used in some rubrics of the Jaya Baya and Panjebar Semangat magazines B.D.Y. Puteri -- The role of language in border relations (Desa Tajungan Kec Kamal, Kab Bangkalan, Madura) D.R. Sugiharti, Miladiyah and Y.S. Amalia -- Indirect criticism in the ethnic Madurese community: Its various semantic formulas, lingual markers, and context of use E. Jauhari and D. Purnanto -- Multilingualism and mobility: Defining borders within Surabaya city through the linguistic cityscape E. Rusnaningtias -- Border or beyond: Dangdut jazzs reception and liminality analysis in the ITS Jazz community F.Z. Putri and B.A. Sansoko -- Culture shifting from wearing sarong to wearing trousers amongst the people of Bangkalan Madura I. Husna -- Linguistic landscapes: A study of human mobility and identity change K. Artawa and N.W. Sartini -- Language transfer in Javanese video clips on YouTube: A sociolinguistic analysis of Cak Ikins Culoboyo videos S.D.S. Tungga and T. Suhardijanto -- Linguistic landscape as a social identity construction of the public space: The case of Batu District Y. Indarti -- Borders and mobility in education and policies -- Policy implementation for fulfilling 30% quota of womens representation in the 2014 legislative member election: A study on the PDI-P and the PPP in Palangka Raya R.S. Tulis -- Empowering SMEs and cooperatives: Export capacity building in the era of AEC trade liberalisation Koesrianti, D. Puspitawati and N.A. Kurniasari -- Development of an exercise program to enhance the ability of students in Thai massage classroom: Considerations for promoting traditional medicine education at national and international levels K. Peng-ngummuang, K. Noiming, P. Promsit, S. Srisanga and J. Junlatat -- Gaming is learning: No more border between children with and without autism spectrum disorder L.H. Suryawardhani and Y.S. Amalia -- Homeschooling as an alternative education system in Surabaya Wulansary -- Borders and mobility in gender, identity, and behaviorism -- Environmentalism and consumerism: The contradiction of globalization in behavior consumption of the urban middle class in Surabaya, Indonesia D.A. Arimbi, N. Wulan and F. Colombijn -- The enforcement of state territoriality and shifting on borderlanders mobility: The case of IndonesiaMalaysia border in Sebatik Island L. Puryanti -- Civil society and the model of Dayak identity struggle in Central Kalimantan: A framework of neo-GramscianTocquevillian analysis A. Haridison and J.R.A. Sandi -- Girl marriage and marginalisation of women in the cities of East Java E. Susanti -- Ajhemo practice among Madurese women and its correlation with independently healthy life behaviour S. Ratnawati -- Muslimah identity on the Wardah Muslim-segmented cosmetic products N.C. Fajri -- Borders and mobility in maritime, spatial movement and locality -- Movements around island and waterfront reclamation projects T. Kerr -- Maintaining expressions of prohibition (pamali) as signaling the existence of tengger communitys culture D. Handayani and M. Lutfi -- Multiculturalism and local wisdom in the Gilimanuk-Bali community I.B.P. Manuaba -- Cultural capital of traders on Pahing Sunggingan market in Boyolali J.S. Gumilang, M. Wijaya, B. Haryono and M. Si -- The Legend of Nusantara: Disguising the boundary between locality and globality in Indoeskrim Nusantaras commercial advertisement Milawaty -- Urban environmental quality and human well-being assessment: Towards walkable neighborhood (A case study of Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya) E.T. Sunarti, A.B. Tribhuwaneswari, O.E. Rachmalisa and R.P. Kurniasanti -- Trialectic city space based on an immigrant view through urbanisation: A study on settlement migrants in Surabaya city I.Y.A. Rohmah -- The influence of social mobility on cultural values: A case study on Chinese-Indonesians in Surabaya, Indonesia preliminary research R.A. Saputra -- Local government capacity in managing fishery conflict in the IndonesiaMalaysia maritime border zone M.A.P. Sari, M.R.K. Muluk and Sujarwoto -- Coffee stall: Politics identity of Cangkrukan L. Santoso and M.G.R. Pandin -- Borders and mobility in media, technology and global research -- Awareness and preparation for cross-border future careers under the one belt, one road initiative proposed by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC): A case study of students majoring in Chinese at UBRU, Thailand and HUFL, Vietnam S. Songsukrojiroad and L.L. Chuyen -- Articulating Indonesian migrant domestic workers activism in Hong Kong and the use of communication technology I. Wahyudi -- Interagency collaborative team in broadcasting management at the border area of Sintang Regency, Indonesia L.H. Kurnia, I.W. Midhio and T.B. Prasetyo -- Border broadcasts and national identity representation in Entikong, West Kalimantan L. Tjahjandari, T.I. Setyani and L.H. Kurnia -- The slut-shaming phenomenon in social media: A case study on female English literature students of Binus University P. Ayuningtyas and A.A.T. Kariko -- Mobile life, communication technology, and disreputable literacy S. Herminingrum.

1 Overview and Unique Considerations of Health Care Entities 01-13 ; Purpose 01 ; Applicability 02-06 ; Classification of Health Care Entities 07-08 ; Regulatory Environment 09-13 ; Health Care Reform 12-13 ; 2 General Auditing Considerations 01-119 ; Overview 01-02 ; An Audit of Financial Statements 03-09 ; Audit Risk 05-09 ; Terms of Engagement 10-14 ; Business Associate Agreements 14 ; Audit Planning 15-18 ; Group Audits 19-24 ; Multi-Location Audits Versus Group Audits 23 ; Complex Transactions 24 ; Materiality 25-30 ; Performance Materiality 29-30 ; Qualitative Aspects of Materiality 31-32 ; Use of Assertions in Assessment of Risks of Material Misstatement 33-34 ; Risk Assessment Procedures 35-57 ; Risk Assessment Procedures and Related Activities 37-43 ; The Entity and Its Environment 44-57 ; Additional Audit Considerations 58-99 ; Analytical Procedures 58-59 ; Accounting Estimates 60-62 ; Transactions Processed by Service Organizations 63-66 ; Compliance with Laws and Regulations 67-77 ; Going-Concern Considerations 78-92 ; Written Representations 93-99 ; Independent Auditor's Reports 100-102 ; Single Audit Act and Related Audit Considerations 103-109 ; Statutory Reporting Considerations for Health Plans 110-119 ; Risk-Based Capital Requirements 114-115 ; Deficiencies in Internal Control 116 ; Communicating Internal Control Matters in an Audit 117 ; Communications with Regulators 118-119 ; 3 Unique Financial Statement Considerations for Not-for-Profit Business-Oriented Health Care Entities 01-43 ; Complete Set of Financial Statements 02-05 ; Balance Sheet 06-08 ; Statement of Operations 09-28 ; Performance Indicator 12-17 ; Other Intermediate Subtotals 18-20 ; Discontinued Operations and Accounting Changes 21-22 ; Revenues 23-25 ; Expenses 26-28 ; Statement of Changes in Net Assets (or Equity) 29-32 ; Statement of Cash Flows 33-37 ; Notes to the Financial Statements 38 ; Subsequent Events 39-41 ; Example Financial Statements 42-43 ; 4 Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments 01-75 ; Cash and Cash Equivalents 01-11 ; Centralized Cash Management Arrangements 03-06 ; Cash from Restricted Donations 07 ; Other Restricted or Designated Cash Amounts 08-11 ; Investments 12-73 ; Fair Value Option 17-22 ; Investments in Debt Securities and Certain Equity Securities with a Readily Determinable Fair Value That Are Not Recorded Under the Fair Value Option 23-35 ; Investments in Certain Other Financial Instruments without a Readily Determinable Fair Value That Are Not Recorded Under the Fair Value Option 36-38 ; Investment Pools 39-47 ; Fair Value Measurements 48 ; Impairment of Investments 49-59 ; Securities Lending Activities 60 ; Transfers of Assets to an NFP or Charitable Trust for Investment 61-63 ; Regulation 64 ; Other Financial Statement Presentation Matters 65-73 ; Auditing 74-75 ; 5 Derivatives 01-44 ; Introduction 01-05 ; General Guidance 06-07 ; Accounting for Changes in Fair Value of Derivative Instruments 08-12 ; Fair Value Hedges 09 ; Cash Flow Hedges 10-11 ; Derivatives Not Designated as a Hedging Instrument 12 ; Hedge Accounting Requirements 13-28 ; Shortcut Method 20-28 ; Hybrid Instruments, Host Contracts, and Embedded Derivatives 29-37 ; Calls and Puts in Debt 33-34 ; Derivatives Embedded in Split-Interest Agreements 35-37 ; Other Matters 38-43 ; Changes in Fair Value of Hedged Item 38 ; Termination of Cash Flow Hedge by Debt Extinguishment 39 ; Additional Presentation and Disclosure Requirements for NFP Business-Oriented Health Care Entities 40-43 ; Auditing 44 ; 6 Property and Equipment and Other Assets 01-53 ; Overview 01-05 ; Capitalized Interest 06-11 ; Supplies, Rebates, and Discounts 12-13 ; Lessee Involvement in Fixed Asset Construction 14-17 ; Asset Retirement and Environmental Remediation Obligations 18-20 ; Impairment or Disposal 21-31 ; Discontinued Operations 28-31 ; Nonreciprocal Transfers 32-34 ; Other Long-Lived Assets 35-43 ; Financial Statement Presentation 44-47 ; Auditing 48-53 ; 7 Municipal Bond Financing 01-124 ; Introduction 01-13 ; Conduit Bonds That Trade in Public Markets 06-08 ; Credit Enhancement 09-11 ; Issuance of Municipal Bonds 12-13 ; Extinguishment and Modification Transactions 14-17 ; Calls and Mode Conversions 18-39 ; Defeasance 20-26 ; Modifications 27-31 ; Gain or Loss on Debt Extinguishment 32-33 ; Debt Issuance Costs Incurred in Connection With an ; Exchange or Modification of Debt Instruments 34-36 ; Puts or Tender Options 37-39 ; IRS Considerations 40-44 ; Financial Statement Presentation and Disclosure 45-72 ; Balance Sheet 45-63 ; Statement of Operations 64-65 ; Disclosures 66-72 ; Obligated Group Reporting 73-74 ; Interim Financial Reporting 75-76 ; Auditing 77-123 ; General 77-85 ; Auditor Involvement with Municipal Securities Filings 86-112 ; Letters for Underwriters and Other Requesting Parties 113-119 ; Reference to the Auditor as an "Expert" 120 ; Attestation Engagements Related to Municipal Securities Issuance 121-123 ; Appendix -- Municipal Securities Regulation 124 ; 8 Contingencies and Other Liabilities 01-129 ; Contingencies and Commitments 02-61 ; The Essentials of Recognition, Measurement, and Disclosure for Contingencies 03-09 ; Managing Risk of Loss 10-12 ; Medical Malpractice 13-47 ; Disclosures for Medical Malpractice 48-53 ; Physician Guarantees and Other Agreements With Physicians 54-61 ; Other Liabilities 62-86 ; Asset Retirement Obligations 62-64 ; Compensation and Related Benefits 65-76 ; Joint and Several Liability Arrangements 77-82 ; Agency Funds 83-84 ; Fees Paid to the Federal Government by Health Insurers 85-86 ; Tax Considerations for NFP Health Care Entities 87-101 ; Private Inurement and Intermediate Sanctions 94-95 ; Unrelated Business Income 96 ; State and Local Taxes 97 ; Tax Positions 98-99 ; Medicaid Voluntary Contribution or Taxation Programs 100-101 ; Risks and Uncertainties 102-108 ; Auditing Contingencies and Other Liabilities 109-127 ; Auditing Medical Malpractice Loss Contingencies 110-113 ; Auditing Accounting Estimates 114-119 ; Use of Actuaries and Actuarial Methods 120-123 ; Evaluating Lawyers' Responses 124-127 ; Income Taxes 128 ; Auditing Considerations 129 ; 9 Net Assets (Equity) 01-38 ; Investor-Owned Health Care Entities 01 ; Not-for-Profit Entities 02-25 ; Net Asset Classes 05-18 ; Reclassifications 19-25 ; Classification of Donor-Restricted Endowment Funds 26-32 ; Disclosure 33-37 ; Auditing 38 ; 10 Health Care Service Revenue and Related Receivables 01-61 ; Overview of the Health Care Environment 01-15 ; Rate Setting With Third-Party Payors 05-10 ; The Government Payor Environment 11-14 ; Charity Care 15 ; Types of Health Care Revenue 16 ; Types of Payment Methodologies 17 ; Patient (or Resident) Service Revenue 18-36 ; Revenue Recognition 18-29 ; Accounting and Financial Reporting Requirements 30-36 ; Premium and Capitation Revenues 37-40 ; Patient Receivables 41-45

This book examines the planning and implementation of policies to create sustainable neighborhoods, using as a case study the City of Sydney. The authors ask whether many past planning and development practices were appropriate to the ways that communities then functioned, and what lessons we have learned. The aim is to illustrate the many variations within a city and from neighborhood to neighborhood regarding renewal (rehabilitation), redevelopment (replacement) and new development. Case study examples of nine City of Sydney neighborhoods note the different histories of planning and development in each. Features of the studies include literature searches, field work (with photography), and analysis. The authors propose a set of sustainability principles which incorporate elements of the twenty seven principles of the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Part One explores sustainable urban planning, and the importance of planning tools that enable best planning outcomes for communities and investors. Common factors in the nine case study neighborhoods are renewal, redevelopment and development pressures affecting Sydney from the 1970s to 2014. Also discussed are the differing circumstances of planning faced by authorities, developers and communities in each of the study areas.Part Two of the book is focused on the case study areas in City of Sydney East area: Woolloomooloo and Kings Cross. Part Three covers case study areas in Sydney's Inner South area: Chippendale, Redfern and Waterloo District. Part Four surveys the Inner West suburb of Erskineville. Part Five looks at the City West area, including the Haymarket District and the Pyrmont and Ultimo District. Part Six concentrates on the North West area suburb of Glebe. Part Seven of the book looks at the growth area of South Sydney District, which includes the suburbs of Beaconsfield, Zetland and the new localities of Victoria Park and Green Square. The authors recount lessons learned and outline directions of planning for sustainable neighborhoods. Finally, the authors challenge readers to apply the lessons of these case studies to further advances in sustainable urban planning. Raymond Charles RauscherI have always been interested in town planning, being born in Brooklyn, New York City (1943) and graduating from the City College of New York (Bachelor of Engineering, Civil 1966). I later completed a first part of a masters degree at the Univ of Michigan (research submission on Detroit entitled A Solution to the Urban Crisis: Proposal for the Creation of Region Serving New Cities (unpublished 1969). The Masters of Town and Country Planning was completed at Sydney University (1971) with a thesis Community Response to a Redevelopment Proposal (University of Sydney Library Microfilm Dept). The thesis covered planning conflicts in Erskineville and measures to resolving these. Chapter 7 of this book refers back to the planning of Erskineville in 1971, and lessons learned. Delving into the subject of sustainable urban planning, I completed a PhD (2009) at the University of Newcastle, including the thesis Sustainable Area Planning Framework for Ecologically Sustainable Development: Case Study Wyong Shire, NSW, Australia.Wanting to research further the subject of sustainable urban planning, I published (with co-author Salim Momtaz) Sustainable Communities: A Framework for Planning - Case Study of an Australian Outer Sydney Growth Area (Springer 2014). Over the years I continued to study urban change in my birth place Brooklyn (New York). My interest was drawn to Bushwick (my old neighborhood), an area of Brooklyn that met its low point of urban slide in the 1977 arson fires. I did field work over several years, from 1979 onwards, to better understand reasons for USA style urban decline and renewal. This culminated in the book (with co-author Salim Momtaz) Brooklyn's Bushwick - Urban Renewal in New York, USA (Springer 2014). Still wanting to understand the urban changes in inner city neighbourhoods (beyond Erskineville of 1971), I continued (over a number of years) to monitor planning and development of the City of Sydney inner city areas. This monitoring focused on the question of how sustainable were the urban changes taking place in these Sydney neighbourhoods (given the rapid growth of Sydney into a global city). To prepare this book I spent five years (2009-2014) on the ground in the inner city of Sydney doing qualitative research field work, including photographing changes in City of Sydney neighbourhoods. During this research I recalled my involvement with community groups at the time of my earlier research in Erskineville noted above. At the time (1971-1973), neighbourhood associations were successful in calling on the New South Wales (NSW) Builders Labourers' Federation (BLF) to impose 'green bans' to stop NSW State or developer proposed developments which residents felt were inappropriate. This led to a number of 'green bans' imposed in inner city communities covered in this book, including Woolloomooloo (Chapter 3), Victoria St, Kings Cross (Chapter 4), Waterloo (Chapter 6), and Glebe (Chapter 10). Since 1973 I have been a member of the Australian based Social Developers Network (SDN) The Network commenced at the time of PM Gough Whitlam (1972-1975) (currently 98 years old, living in Sydney). As prime minister Whitlam (and Minister for Planning and Regional Development, Tom Uren) promoted and instituted programs in urban planning, regional development and community development. A number of those initiatives are included in the book (Woolloomooloo in Chapter 3, Kings Cross in Chapter 4, and Glebe in Chapter 9). I am currently a Conjoint Lecturer at the University of Newcastle, Australia. I am also a director of Habitat Association for Arts and Environment Inc. Under this body I continue to work on 'Visions Inner Sydney' (VIS). This is a program recording the changes in the inner city local government areas of the City of Sydney, and Municipalities of Leichhardt, Marrickville and Ashfield.Salim MomtazDr Salim Momtaz is a senior lecturer at the University of Newcastle, Australia. He teaches in the area of sustainable resource management. A geographer, environmental scientist and social planner by training, Salim's research interests include: environmental planning and governance, social adaptation to climate change, impact assessment and community participation. His recent publications include: Evaluating Environmental and Social Impact Assessment in Developing Countries, Elsevier: Oxford (2013) (co-author S.M.Z. Kabir); Sustainable Communities: A Framework for Planning, Springer: London (2014) (co-author R.C. Rauscher); and, Brooklyn's Bushwick - Urban Renewal in New York, USA, Springer (2014) (co-author R.C. Rauscher).

This article was co-published with The Guardian.The United Nations warned that there was "clear evidence" that war crimes may have been committed in "the explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza." Meanwhile, Wall Street is hoping for an explosion in profits.During third-quarter earnings calls this month, analysts from Morgan Stanley and TD Bank took note of this potential profit-making escalation in conflict and asked unusually blunt questions about the financial benefit of the war between Israel and Hamas.The death toll — which so far includes over 7,000 Palestinians and over 1,400 Israelis — wasn't top of mind for TD Cowen's Cai von Rumohr, managing director and senior research analyst specializing in the aerospace industry. His question was about the upside for General Dynamics, an aerospace and weapons company in which TD Asset Management holds over $16 million in stock.Joe Biden has asked Congress for $106 billion in military and humanitarian aid for Israel and Ukraine and humanitarian assistance for Gaza. The money could be a boon to the aerospace and weapons sector which enjoyed a 7-percentage point jump in value in the immediate aftermath of Hamas's October 7 attack on Israel and the beginning of Israel's bombardment of Gaza in response."Hamas has created additional demand, we have this $106 billion request from the president," said von Rumohr, during General Dynamics' earnings call on October 25. "Can you give us some general color in terms of areas where you think you could see incremental acceleration in demand?""You know, the Israel situation obviously is a terrible one, frankly, and one that's just evolving as we speak," responded Jason Aiken, the company's executive vice president of technologies and chief financial officer. "But I think if you look at the incremental demand potential coming out of that, the biggest one to highlight and that really sticks out is probably on the artillery side."That next day, von Rumohr assigned a "buy" rating to General Dynamics' stock.Morgan Stanley's head of aerospace and defense equity research, Kristine Liwag, took a similar approach to the conflict during Raytheon's October 24 earnings call."Looking at [the White House's $106 billion supplemental funding request], you've got equipment for Ukraine, air and missile defense for Israel, and replenishment of stockpiles for both. And this seems to fit quite nicely with the Raytheon Defense portfolio," said Liwag, whose employer holds over $3 billion in Raytheon stock, a 2.1% ownership share of the weapons company."So how much of this opportunity is addressable to the company and if the dollars are appropriated, when would be the earliest you could see this convert to revenue?"Greg Hayes, Raytheon's chairman and executive director, responded: "I think really across the entire Raytheon portfolio, you're going to see a benefit of this restocking … on top of what we think is going to be an increase in the [Department of Defense] top line [budget]."The comments are seemingly in contradiction of each company's "statement on human rights" and explicit endorsements of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.Aside from the callousness of casually discussing the financial benefits of far-off armed conflict, the comments raise questions about whether these major institutional shareholders of weapons stocks are abiding by their own human rights policies."We exercise our influence by conducting our business operations in ways that seek to respect, protect and promote the full range of human rights such as those described in the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights," says Morgan Stanley's "Statement on Human Rights." "Although we believe that governments around the world bear primary responsibility for safeguarding human rights, we acknowledge the corporate responsibility to respect human rights articulated in the United Nations' Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.""TD's commitment to respect human rights is made in accordance with the corporate responsibility to respect human rights as set out in the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP)," says TD's "Statement on Human Rights." "Since 2018, we have been undertaking a review of current practices and procedures and continue working towards integrating the UNGP across the Bank."But just three days into the Israel-Hamas war, the United Nations' Human Rights Council issued a warning that "there is already clear evidence that war crimes may have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable for their crimes, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem and Israel, said today.""The Commission has been collecting and preserving evidence of war crimes committed by all sides since 7 October 2023, when Hamas launched a complex attack on Israel and Israeli forces responded with airstrikes in Gaza," said the Human Rights Council, assessments shared by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch."[The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human rights] are clear in their expectation of companies to respect human rights throughout their value chain," said Cor Oudes, programme leader of humanitarian disarmament, business conflict and human rights at PAX for Peace, a Netherland based non-governmental organization advocating for the protection of civilians against acts of war."For banks, this includes ensuring that their clients or companies they otherwise invest in do not cause or contribute to violations of human rights or international humanitarian law," said Oudes. "If a bank invests in an arms producer that supplies weapons to states which use these in serious violations of human rights or IHL, according to the UNGPs, the bank has a responsibility to act to prevent more violations as well as to mitigate the existing impact on human rights."But the UN won't be the legal arbiter of whether US companies have participated in human rights violations, a key loophole for institutional investors and the weapons firms."The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is only as good as how it's interpreted by the host government, which in this case would be the US," Shana Marshall, an expert on finance and arms trade and associate director of the Institute for Middle East Studies at George Washington University explained."These analysts can feel safe in the knowledge that the US government is never going to interpret that law in such a way that they will be prevented from exporting weapons to a country that the US doesn't have an outright embargo on, which probably won't have anything to do with human rights law anyways."Morgan Stanley and TD Bank did not respond to requests for comment.

How might Ukraine's war effort go bankrupt? Developments over the past few weeks recall the words of Ernest Hemingway: "Two ways. Gradually, then suddenly."Should that prove true, it will spell bad news not only for those insisting on an unconditional Ukrainian victory, but also for those pressing for a diplomatic settlement of the conflict. The gradual part is already well underway. The U.S. Congress's decision to pass a "clean" stopgap spending bill over the weekend to fund our government for another 45 days — bowing to pressure from some GOP members to strip Ukraine aid from the bill — is the latest sign of how quickly the political tide has begun to turn. Such a vote would have been unthinkable last December, when Ukrainian President Zelensky addressed a televised joint session of Congress to fawning media reviews, and ceremoniously presented a flag signed by the determined defenders of the besieged city of Bakhmut. Ten months later, Bakhmut has fallen. Ukraine's counteroffensive has sputtered. A series of opinion polls has indicated that most Americans now oppose additional aid to Kyiv. When he arrived in Washington last month, Zelensky was treated more as an interloper than as an inspiring hero. House Speaker McCarthy blocked Zelensky from addressing a joint session of Congress, claiming that there was insufficient time. Signs of "Ukraine fatigue" are appearing in Europe, too. Amid a row over Ukrainian agricultural exports that hurt EU farmers, Polish President Duda compared Ukraine to a drowning victim submerging its would-be rescuers. Hungarian President Orban has said his country will no longer provide any support to Ukraine. Slovakia was the first country to deliver fighter jets to Ukraine after Russia's invasion, but in last weekend's parliamentary elections, its voters opted for the party of ex-prime minister Robert Fico, who had campaigned on ending aid. Meanwhile, the far-right Alternative for Deutschland party, long opposed to breaking with Russia over the Ukraine war, has climbed to second place in German polls. These trends raise the prospect of a vicious circle of mutual intensification. Ukraine's stagnation on the battlefield prompts more Americans to wonder whether billions in aid are being wasted on an unwinnable war. Growing skepticism in Europe reinforces concerns in Washington that our NATO partners will not share the burden of supporting Ukraine. In Washington, the White House's failure to articulate an exit strategy feeds fears of yet another American "forever war," this time a proxy battle against a nuclear power. Worries over Western support undermine Ukraine's military morale and political resolve, leading to further erosion of its position on the battlefield. The combination could produce a tipping point at which the gradual erosion of Western support for Ukraine spills into an abrupt reduction or collapse. What might follow? It is unlikely that this would result, as many claim, in Russia's conquering all Ukrainian territory, incorporating it into the Russian Federation, and turning a resuscitated Russian military toward Poland and the Baltic States. The Kremlin almost certainly recognizes that attempting to conquer and govern the bulk of Ukraine, dominated by a well-armed and anti-Russian populace, would be a self-defeating ambition. Moreover, Russia has demonstrated neither the capability nor the desire to fight a war of choice with the NATO alliance. Rather, Moscow would be far more likely to turn Ukraine into a failed rump state. It would aim to capture the rest of the Donbass and perhaps the Ukrainian Black Sea coast. After creating an extended no-man's land separating Russian forces from Ukraine-controlled territory, it would then declare a unilateral cease-fire and build extensive fortifications against new attacks. Should Kyiv sue for peace under such duress, it could threaten Zelensky's rule. Should it refuse, it could destroy the Ukrainian state. In either case, funding and governing what remains of Ukraine would become the West's problem, not Russia's. Absent an agreed settlement of the war with Russia, few donors would contribute the hundreds of billions of dollars necessary for Ukraine's reconstruction. Prospects for democracy and the rule of law in Ukraine would diminish. Refugee flows into Europe would intensify, fueling more divisions within NATO and the EU. Washington would be racked by debate over who lost Ukraine. In these circumstances, Putin would have few incentives to seek compromise with either Ukraine or the West, leaving the broader East-West relationship in a dangerously unstable state of confrontation, lacking the arms control and conflict-management mechanisms that helped prevent the Cold War from turning hot. Europe would have to contend not with a new Iron Curtain, but rather with a gaping, Libya-like wound that could infect the West for years to come. Russian military cooperation with China, Iran, and North Korea would advance. All this is of course far from inevitable. But those tempted to believe that the United States could end the war by simply ending its aid to Ukraine should think hard about these possibilities. And those insisting that the West can simply double down on delivering aid to Ukraine should recognize that present trends bode ill for the Biden administration's "as long as it takes" strategy, either for winning the war outright or for turning Ukraine into a thriving fortress state, capable of holding off the Russians for many years to come. Avoiding such sobering possibilities will require compromise. The White House will have to compromise with domestic opponents of aid by making clear — at least behind closed doors — its plans for marrying military aid to a viable exit strategy. Opponents of aid will have to compromise with proponents to ensure that Ukraine does not collapse altogether, with all the attendant implications for the West and the world. The West and Russia will each have to compromise – not necessarily over territory, but certainly over the broader architecture of European security and Ukraine's place in it. Compromise is seldom possible unless both sides have cards to play in negotiations. The United States should not remove cards from its hand by ending aid to Ukraine unilaterally or playing them prematurely. But unless it moves quickly to complement aid with diplomacy, it may find that the opportunity to play its cards has suddenly disappeared.

Michael F. Cannon


The Office of Management & Budget (OMB) has announced its approval of a proposed rule on so‐​called "short‐​term limited duration insurance" health plans (STLDI). The administration could release the proposed rule at any time.
Health reporters need to keep in mind when covering Biden's proposed STLDI rule: just about anything the administration proposes would eliminate consumer protections and throw sick people out of their health plans. If the proposed rule shortens STLDI contract terms, limits the number or duration of renewals, and/​or prohibits renewal guarantees, it will gut consumer protections and throw sick patients out of the health insurance that is protecting them and their families.
Some background. Congress exempted STLDI plans from all ObamaCare regulations. Current STLDI rules, which the Trump administration put in place in 2018, allow the initial plan contract to last 12 months and allow consumers to renew the initial contract for up to 36 months. Longer contract terms and renewals protect patients. They shield patients both from losing their coverage and from reunderwriting (read: higher premiums) after they get sick. Current STLDI rules even extend those consumer protections beyond 36 months by recognizing that federal law imposes absolutely no restrictions on insurers selling standalone "renewal guarantees" that allow sick patients to enroll in a new STLDI plan without reunderwriting after 36 months.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia rejected an attempt by ObamaCare insurers to strip these consumer protections from the STLDI plans with which they compete. (A cheeky move even by DC lobbyist standards.) The court wrote that, were the government to grant the ObamaCare insurers' request, STLDI enrollees "could be 'subject to re‐​underwriting' every three months, could see a 'greatly increased' premium, [and] could be denied a new policy 'based on preexisting medical conditions.'" The court further held, "Nothing in [federal law] prevents insurers from renewing expired STLDI policies."
We don't know the content of Biden's proposal to change current STLDI rules, but OMB writes:
This rule would propose amendments to the definition of 'short‐​term, limited‐​duration insurance' under section 2791(b)(5) of the Public Health Service Act. The rule's proposals would be designed to ensure this type of coverage does not undermine the Affordable Care Act, including its protections for people with pre‐​existing conditions, the Health Insurance Exchanges, or the individual, small group, or large group markets for health insurance in the United States.

That is the ideologically charged, smokescreen rhetoric that ObamaCare supporters use when they want to protect ObamaCare insurers from competition by stripping consumer protections from patients in STLDI plans.
First of all, ObamaCare is the junk coverage here. Economic research shows ObamaCare's preexisting‐​conditions "protections" have eroded coverage at a cost to sick patients of thousands of dollars per year, and even "currently healthy consumers cannot be adequately insured." ObamaCare has caused individual‐​market provider networks to narrow significantly since 2013, when network breadth reflected consumer preferences. ObamaCare premiums are skyrocketing to the point where Congress is offering subsidies to households earning $600,000 per year. STLDI plans offer more flexibility and choice, protect conscience rights, offer broader provider networks, cost up to 70 percent less than ObamaCare plans, and can even reduce ObamaCare premiums by improving ObamaCare's risk pools. ObamaCare supporters criticize STLDI for charging actuarially fair premiums. But federal law allows STLDI plans to do so. Moreover, ObamaCare's risk‐​adjustment program literally tries to emulate actuarially fair premiums because actuarially fair premiums minimize insurers' incentives to avoid or shortchange the sick. If actuarially fair premiums are as bad as ObamaCare supporters say, why are ObamaCare supporters trying to emulate them?
The important thing for health reporters covering the proposed rule to know, however, is that just about any way Biden proposes to limit STLDI plans would in fact strip actual consumer protections from actual sick patients. That includes:
Shortening STLDI contract terms
Limiting the number or duration of renewals
Prohibiting renewal guarantees
Any one of these steps would cause sick patients to lose their coverage and likely leave them unable to purchase an ObamaCare plan. (STLDI plan termination does not trigger an ObamaCare special enrollment period.) We know what happens when restrictions on STLDI plans eliminates these consumer protections, because it happened to Jeanne Balvin. It isn't pretty.
If Biden tries to eliminate standalone renewal guarantees, he may trigger a lawsuit. The Public Health Service Act grants the federal government no authority at all to regulate those novel insurance products.
Additional resources:
Michael F. Cannon, Comments on Short‐​Term, Limited Duration Insurance — CMS-9924‑P, April 2018 (cited in the 2018 final rule)
Michael F. Cannon, "A Chance to Overcome ObamaCare: HHS may soon restore consumer protections for short‐​term plans," Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2018
Michael F. Cannon, Short‐​Term Plans Would Increase Coverage, Protect Conscience Rights & Improve ObamaCare Risk Pools, Cato at Liberty blog, July 2018 (cited in the final rule)
Michael F. Cannon, "ObamaCare is now optional," Washington Examiner, August 01, 2018
Michael F. Cannon, "Californians deserve access to short‐​term health insurance," San Gabriel Valley Tribune, September 2018
Michael F. Cannon, "First, Do No Harm (to ObamaCare): Senate Democrats vote to take away insurance from people with pre‐​existing conditions," Wall Street Journal, October 11, 2018
Michael F. Cannon, "Callous Ideologues: Illinois Legislators Pass Law to Punish Patients with Preexisting Conditions," Cato at Liberty blog, November 2018
Amicus brief by Michael F. Cannon et al., in Association for Community Affiliated Plans v. U.S. Dept. of the Treasury, January 2020
Michael F. Cannon, "In a Win for Consumers, a Court Ruling Affirms the Legality of Short‐​Term Health Insurance Plans," The Hill, July 2020
Michael F. Cannon, "In Which a Lobbyist for Private Insurance Companies Defends Taking Coverage away from the Sick," Cato at Liberty blog, August 4, 2020
Michael F. Cannon, "Obamacare Makes Discrimination against those with Preexisting Conditions Even Worse," Washington Examiner, December 7, 2020
Michael F. Cannon, "Regarding SB199 – Short‐​Term Limited Duration Plans," Testimony before the Committee on Financial Institutions and Insurance, Kansas Senate, March 25, 2021
Michael F. Cannon, "Remarks Regarding Kansas Senate Bill 199 — Short‐​Term Limited Duration Plans," Testimony before the Committee on Insurance and Pensions, Kansas House of Representatives, February 7, 2022