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Contemporary states are undergoing a process of rapid transformation that encumbers their functioning & sustains their state of crisis. Their external sovereignty is undoubtedly on the wane, in relation to both global economic actors & transnational & supranational political structures. Internally, the hierarchical functioning of government has been called into question. Although the state's share in the social product is constantly increasing, so are the demands for the state's support & regulation in various areas, resulting in a permanent fiscal crisis of the state. The author claims that the contemporary metamorphoses of the state & the prospects for its development can be understood solely by analyzing the changes in contemporary society. The industrial society, even the "service society" (Dahrendorf), is being transformed into an information & communication society, in which the key processes are the production & distribution of knowledge, while the central power resources are mechanisms of the monopolization of knowledge. The information & communication media play the central role in social & political processes. The new increase of social inequality has intensified the tendency of social desolidarization. The new level of social dynamics, mobility, complexity, & contingency requires a new type of state. The author calls it the "cooperative state" -- the state that provides for the production of essential collective goods in the cooperative process of negotiation & bargaining, in which a plethora of social actors take part. 25 References. Adapted from the source document.

Often, in the courses of industrial property rights, and even in the manuals that sustain those, the figure of a trade name is usually subject to little conceptual development due to the fact that, among other reasons, there is a willingness to use the study in order to embrace the analysis of the distinctive signs, which is an exhaustive one of the brand. Besides, the legislator usually forwards what he disposed on the trade brands for policy integration effects of the trade name. Since the trade name has become a sign of the first order, and its implications are as far-reaching today in the world of exchange of goods and services, it is not enough its study as a mere extension of the distinctive sign par excellence, the brand in this case. The following lines will discuss the name regulation, and within, the emphasis on its shortcomings and those issues that on evident contradictions may place the trade name institution on interpretation problems, or uncertainty related to the requested security that demands an increasingly intensive legal transaction on the use and positioning of distinctive signs different from brands. ; La figura del nombre comercial suele ser objeto de poco desarrollo conceptual en los cursos de derecho de propiedad industrial, e incluso en los manuales que sirven de sustento a aquellos, esto por cuanto, entre otras razones, existe la predisposición a abarcar el análisis de los signos distintivos con el estudio –ese sí exhaustivo– de la marca; y además porque el mismo legislador suele reenviar, para efectos de la integración normativa del nombre comercial, a lo por él dispuesto sobre las marcas de comercio. Sin embargo, el nombre comercial ha devenido un signo de primer orden y sus implicaciones son hoy tan trascendentales en el mundo del intercambio de bienes y servicios que no es suficiente para su estudio verlo como un mero apéndice del signo distintivo por excelencia, esto es, la marca. El artículo realiza una exposición de la regulación del nombre, y dentro de ella hace énfasis en sus falencias y en aquellos asuntos que, con contradicciones evidentes, pueden colocar a la institución del nombre comercial en problemas de interpretación o de incerteza frente a la seguridad que reclama un tráfico jurídico cada vez más intenso en el uso y posicionamiento de signos distintivos diferentes a las marcas.

En el presente artículo el autor trata a profundidad un tema de gran actualidad y presencia dentro del Derecho hoy en día, pero que no ha recibido a nivel legislativo la importancia que se merece: el tema de los Domain Names, sus características, posibilidades y problemas.

Abstract: Praise names are very important means through which individuals in the Igbo society generally articulate and express their ideologies, boast about their abilities and accomplishments, as well as criticize and subvert the visions of the Other. With particular reference to chieftaincy in the Igbo society, praise-naming as a pragma-semiotic act ties up with constructions and deconstructions of power, and so does have serious implications for the meanings attached to chieftaincy, as well as the roles of the chief in the postcolonial democratic system. The present paper therefore discusses the semiotics of praise names in the contemporary Igbo society, drawing data from popular culture and chieftaincy discourses. It addresses the interface between signification and politics (and the politics of signification) in Africa, arguing that change in the understanding and relevance of chieftaincy in postcolonial Africa calls for attention to how chieftaincy is (re)staged at the site of the sign.________________________________________________________________________________Resumen: Los nombres laudatorios constituyen un importante medio a través del cual los individuos de la sociedad Igbo articulan y expresan sus ideologías, se vanaglorian de sus logros y critican, así como subvierten las representaciones del Otro. En referencia a la figura del jefe tribal, los nombres laudatorios, en cuanto acto pragma-semiótico, se relacionan con la construcción y deconstrucción del poder, de lo que se derivan importantes implicaciones para el significado endosado al jefe tribal y sus roles en el sistema democrático poscolonial. El artículo explora la semiótica de los términos laudatorios en la sociedad Igbo contemporánea, utilizando datos de la cultura popular y de los discursos de los jefes. Igualmente, aborda la interfaz entre significación y política (la política de la significación) en África para concluir que el cambio en la relevancia y la manera de entender al jefe tribal en la África poscolonial se (re)escenifica en el nivel del signo.

The Book of Taliesin (now at the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth) is a fourteenth-century manuscript of Welsh poetry, with some of its material going back to the late sixth century. But it includes poems of later date. Amongst them are three political prophecies: 'Taliesin's Verdant Song'; 'The Contention of Gwynedd and Deheubarth'; 'A Short Poem About Lludd's Discussion'. The first two are of the tenth century, the last of the eleventh. What follows deals with place-names in each. The first can be shown to allude to the English victory over Vikings and Scots at Brunanburh, near Durham, in 937. It is therefore somewhat later, of the period 940 to 987, and not of before 937, as has been thought. The second, dated to 942 x 960, is a polemic by a poet of Gwynedd or north-west Wales against the men of Deheubarth or southern Wales. Its author makes mocking reference to places which can be identified as in North Britain or on the Welsh border: even if Gwynedd's enemies flee there, they will not escape vengeance. Of most interest to Spanish readers is the third text. Its obscure references to enemies will be to Arab and Berber invaders of Andalusia in 1086, after which Alphonso vi appealed for international help. The poem can hence be dated to 1087 or 1088, and will be the earliest reference to Spain in Welsh poetry. ; El Libro de Taliesin (ahora en la Biblioteca Nacional de Gales, Aberystwyth) es un manuscrito de poesía galesa del siglo xiv, y parte de su material se remonta a finales del siglo vi. Pero incluye poemas de fecha posterior. Entre ellos se encuentran tres profecías políticas: 'Canción verde de Taliesin'; 'La disputa de Gwynedd y Deheubarth'; 'Un poema breve sobre la discusión de Lludd'. Los dos primeros son del siglo x, los últimos del xi. Lo que sigue trata sobre los nombres de lugares en cada uno. Se puede demostrar que el primero alude a la victoria inglesa sobre vikingos y escoceses en Brunanburh, cerca de Durham, en 937. Es, por tanto, algo posterior, del período 940 a 987, y no antes del 937, ...

Algunos pasajes de la literatura grecolatina sitúan en la Península Ibérica a libiofenicios, lo que ha sido interpretado tradicionalmente como una evidencia de la instalación de colonos norteafricanos por parte de Cartago. No obstante, una lectura crítica de estos textos permite establecer diferencias entre estos testimonios y distinguir dos grupos: en el primero los libiofenicios forman parte de tropas norteafricanas trasladadas a Iberia en el contexto de la segunda Guerra Púnica, y en el segundo grupo, sin un contexto histórico preciso, habitan parte de la costa mediterránea junto con otros pueblos. Las incongruencias de estos últimos datos hacen que interpretemos la presencia de libiofenicios en Iberia únicamente como parte de la estrategia de los Barca en la política de deportaciones y traslado de tropas. ; Libyphoenician people have been situated in Iberian Peninsula by some Greek and Latin writers; it has been traditionally explained as an evidence of the Carthaginian colonisation. However, through a critical analysis, we can establish two different groups oftexts: libyphoenician people as northafrican military forces moved into Iberia during the Second PunicWar (Polibius, Livy), and a second group, without a particular historical context, in which we find Libyphoenician people living in theMediterranean coast nearto other communities (Pseudoescimnus, Avienus). The contradictions of these last testimonies make us conclude that Libyphoenician people can only be understood as part of Hannibal's policy of deportation.

The subject of this paper is the writing of place name adjectives in Croatian spelling books from 1892 to 2013. In Croatian spelling books place name adjectives were written in their original form until the unitarianist political intrusions into the Croatian language and Croatian orthography in 1930 and 1960. Ever since, the writing of place name adjectives has been distorted, and modern spelling books standardize it in three basic ways: a) according to their pronunciation (with transcription rules), b) in their original form, and c) in two different ways.