Suchergebnisse

para esta sociedad dependiente del diseño incesante de políticas de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, la garantía de la neutralidad en la red es imprescindible puesto que, de otro modo, éstas no podrían ser llevadas a cabo pues se impediría el correcto funcionamiento del motor que mueve el progreso económico. El crecimiento del uso de Internet ha demostrado, por un lado, la importancia de la red de comunicaciones electrónicas y, por el otro, ha reavivado el debate en torno a la neutralidad de dicha red, dado que, en ocasiones, los intereses de los proveedores de contenido ¿información y aplicaciones¿ no coinciden con los de los proveedores de red.
En este estudio vamos a analizar el mercado de las comunicaciones electrónicas en la Unión Europea. Así, consideramos que ha llegado el momento de abrir el mercado a la libre competencia; por lo tanto, defenderemos la necesidad de conseguir una Internet neutral. En definitiva, la neutralidad en la red no es el primer paso en la apertura del mercado a la libre competencia, sino el último
Etengabeko Ikerketa, Garapen eta Berrikuntzaren menpe dagoen gizarte honetan, horiek aurrera eramateko ezinbestekoa den sarearen neutraltasuna bermatu behar da; bestela, hazkunde ekonomikoa erdiesteko nahitaezko suertatzen zaigun motorraren funtzionamendua bidegabeki aztoratuko litzateke. Internetaren erabilpena handitzeak agerian utzi du komunikazio elektronikoetarako sarearen garrantzia, eta horren neutraltasunaren inguruko eztabaida berpiztu ere egin du, batzuetan, sarea ematen dituztenen interesak eta edukia ¿informazioa zein aplikazioak¿ ematen dituztenenak ez datozelako bat.
Ikerketa honetan, komunikazio elektronikoko Europar Batasuneko merkatua izango dugu aztergai. Horrela, merkatua lehia askera irekitzeko garaia heldu delakoan, neutrala den Interneta lortzeko betebeharra defendatuko dugu, lehiarako ibilbidean eman beharreko lehenengo pausua baino, azkena delako.
Ensuring net neutrality is essential in our current society where the dependency on research, development and innovation is unremitting. Such neutrality guarantees the proper functioning of economic progress. Particularly, the growing use of the Internet has shown the importance of an electronic communications network. It has also rekindled the debate about the neutrality of the network, because sometimes the interests of content providers (applications and information) do not match those of the network providers. This article analyzes the market of electronic communications in the European Union since it is time to open up the market to competition and get a neutral Internet. In short, net neutrality is not the first step in opening up the market to competition, but rather, the last one.

The central objective of this text is to identify the constitutive elements of methodological knowledge and the changes that have occurred in this field during postmodern times. The author highlights social pluralism, the coexistence ofparadigms and the critique ofprogressive linearity as three traits that point to methodology as a social construct. The article concludes with the description of nevo rules for methodological knowledge based upon paradigmatic and technical non-neutrality.

A discussion of the role of the social sciences in the current period of national crisis -- arising from the economic crisis -- in Mexico. The debate on the axiological & practical neutrality of the social sciences has been suspended; scientific reflection must be translated into concrete practice. Three levels of necessary compromise are identified in dealing with the new reality. Public administration, specifically, needs to recreate its evaluative position & search for new cognitive instruments. C. Waters

This article honors Paulo Freire since the autobiographical accounts of two women religious of the Cali Popular Education Network who have been consistent with that Freirean claim that "we can not accept the neutrality of the churches in the face of history" (Freire, 1974, p. 24). These stories intertwine the liberating pedagogy of Freire with the emphatic option for the poor of Liberation Theology as they are based on the political-pedagogical action of its protagonists.

The Spanish transition developed with the continuance of the main institutions of the dictatorial regime. The Judiciary was immersed in a new democratic context without losing the constituting elements of the former authoritarian regime: hidden under the appearance of the judicial neutrality of the old positivist legalism were the traditional acquiescence, servility and legitimization of the statu quo. What were the strategies to purge the judicial institution of its authoritarian legacy? How did the exercise of this institution's control agent (legal accountability) develop in the transition to democracy? The article argues that the purging strategy was external. A renewal imposed from outside through legal and political mechanisms, which was made possible as a result of the new scenario of political opportunity arising after the 1982 elections. Adapted from the source document.

One of the main characteristics of our societies is the existence of a plurality of believes, religious or not, which affect the way people live. The current essay is a defense of secularism as de the best way to achieve a peaceful & just coexistence among these different believes. Taking as the core of it the respect for human rights & the correlative "neutrality" of the State in relation to religious issues, the author thinks that secularism is the best way to defend the common good &, at the same time, the differences which are legitimate inside the community. These differences must rest on the proclamation of the equality among all human beings (human rights). For this reason secularism opposes to multiculturalism, which puts the emphasis in the differences even beyond this very basic idea of equality. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyzes institutional, procedural, and behavioral attributes, principles, and indicators of typology of challenges and threats caused by the coronavirus pandemic in the world. The analysis shows that most countries faced external shocks caused by COVID-19 in the absence of a universal social protection system, a reliable health system, a plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, or a stable real economy with quality jobs. Economic security has become an important priority, although this is not about social protection, but also about supporting strategic sectors of the economy. Balancing on the brink of the needfor socialprotection, on the one hand, and the rise of austerity, on the other, governments opted for severe economic restrictions. Thus, through the naaliticos method the authors describen the main geopolitical trends that will be the basis for the construction of a new world order that awaits us on the other side of the pandemic, including deglobalization, the geopolitical rise of China, the severe restrictions on human and civil rights, the intensification of the interstate armed forces, in context of growing conflicts and local protests.

Al comienzo de la Guerra Civil espanola, el Gobierno de Frente Popular de Leon Blum se planteo la necesidad de dejar a un lado sus simpatias hacia la Republica espanola, puesto que el interes de Francia pasaba por la neutralidad. Sin embargo hubo grupos de derecha como L'Action Francaise (que habia destacado por su afinidad ideologica y vinculacion explicita hacia los partidos de la derecha espanola antirrepublicana) que optaron por el apoyo a la causa nacional. Ello quedo de manifiesto a traves de iniciativas propagandisticas que mostraban dicha afinidad At the beginning to the Spanish Civil War, the Government of the Popular Front lead by Leon Blum considered the advisability of playing down their sympathy with the Spanish Republic since France was clearly in favour of neutrality. Nevertheless there were right wing groups like Action Francaise (which had stood out for their ideological affinity and explicit links with the Spanish anti republican right wing parties) who decided to support the nationalist cause. This support was evident through propagandist initiatives which revealed the aforementioned affinity. Adapted from the source document.

The debate over 'the end of ideology' is summarized, & the ideological base of the debate itself is uncovered. By all definitions of the concept of ideology, including the Marxist one, the concept is misused in the theory of 'the end of ideology,' which is actually a discussion of 'the end of socialism,' directed against Marxism. The theory is viewed in the context of the modern scientific revolution & a new understanding of history, the contradiction between conscience & the class interests of the bourgeoisie, & the character of the 'new social science,' ie, its claim to 'freedom from values.' Postulating the apocalypse of ideology, the new social science, drawing on crisis & urban studies, seeks to substitute urban design & scientific planning for social revolution. Communications science & research serve as an adjunct to this, following the empiricist & functionalist currents of social science in general. Though claiming neutrality, the new social science clearly responds to certain social interests, ie, those of North American imperialism. Modern communications is of vital importance; it must be studied in a global context of social life & development. S. Whittle.

The categories of informative versus interpretive (reportage) journalism are viewed as arbitrary divisions; various definitions of reportage are offered, one of which is 'discovery of a reality.' Reportage can do the following: (1) represent an investigation; (2) provide antecedents, comparisons, & consequences; (3) refer to a general social situation or particular social fact; (4) include analysis & interpretation; & (5) establish conclusions. It can also provide an ample enough context so that the present can be treated as history. In in-depth reportage, anecdotes, news, chronicles, interviews, & biographies may be interwoven with social structural factors which explain the meaning of situations & events. Some reflections on 'pure facts,' neutrality, & social reality are offered; it is observed that the reporter sees reality as it is presented to his/her eyes. The information offered to the journalist may be only partially objective & may in fact be out of context & a distortion of a larger reality. That the reporter interprets the facts does not necessarily contradict objectivity; discussing causes & examining meaning are acceptable practices. Journalists have a responsibility to uncover the manipulations underlying the status quo & to offer social critique. S. Whittle.

La aspiración de una Internet abierta y neutral ha sido una de las principales
causas de su espectacular desarrollo. No obstante, la evolución de los mercados y los
avances técnicos parecen incidir en esas esenciales características de las redes tan conectadas,
no sólo con el desenvolvimiento de la vida actual, sino con la libertad y la igualdad
de los ciudadanos. De ahí el intenso debate que existe sobre una mínima regulación de
Internet. El presente artículo se centra en precisar argumentos jurídicos con el fin de establecer
los contornos de una obligación pública que garantice la neutralidad de la red.
Internet irekia eta neutrala izatea da bere garapen harrigarriaren arrazoi
nagusietako bat. Nolanahi ere, merkatuen garapena eta aurrerapen teknikoak sare guztiz
konektatuen bidetik doaz, egungo bizimoduaren ildotik, eta herritarren askatasuna eta
berdintasuna aintzat hartuz. Horregatik eztabaidatzen da hainbeste Internet zerbait arautu
beharko ote litzatekeen. Artikulu honetan argudio juridikoak ematen dira sarearen neutraltasuna
bermatzen duen obligazio publiko baten nondik norakoak finkatzearren.
The aspiration to an open and neutral internet has been one the main
causes for its impressive development. Nonetheless, the evolution in markets and technical
advances seem to have an impact on those essential features of so connected networks,
not only with the development of presente life but also with the freedom and equality of
citizens. Hence the intense debate that exists regarding a minimum regulation for internet.
This article focuses on specifying the legal arguments for the purpose of establishing the
outlines of a public obligation that guarantees the neutrality of the network.

El uso de las nuevas tecnologías está revolucionando el mundo de la comunicación en nuestras sociedades. Dos cambios de paradigma representan esta revolución: por un lado, la mayor apertura y horizontalidad de la comunicación pública y, de otro, la difusión de información administrativa constituyen dos de los principales cambios para el derecho público. Este trabajo intenta contribuir al debate jurídico mediante la presentación de una norma de nuevo cuño: se trata del principio de neutralidad tecnológica. Adoptado por las leyes pero desconocido por los juristas, este principio nos ayudará a comprender la nueva posición de Administración y ciudadanos en la construcción de una sociedad autogobernada de acuerdo con el principio democrático.
Teknologia berrien erabilerak iraultza ekarri du gure gizarteetako komunikazio mundura. Iraultza horrek bi paradigma-aldaketa ekarri ditu: batetik, komunikazio publikoa zabalagoa eta horizontalagoa izatea, eta bestetik, administrazio-informazioaren zabalkundea. Biak aldaketa handiak dira zuzenbide publikoren arloan. Lan honek ekarpena egin nahi dio eztabaida juridikoari sortu berria den arau bat aurkeztuz: teknologia-neutraltasunaren printzipioa, hain zuzen ere. Legeek jadanik onartutako printzipioa baina legelariek oraindik ezagutzen ez dutena, printzipio horrek lagunduko digu ulertzen Administrazioaren eta herritarren zeregin berria printzipio demokratikoa ardatz duen gizarte autogobernatua eraikitzeko orduan.
The use of new technologies is revolutionizing the world of communications in our societies. Two changes of paradigm express this revolution: on the one hand, the broader openess and over-arching effects of public communication, and on the other hand the diffusion of administrative information are two of the main changes for Public Law. This work tries to contribute to the legal debate by means of the introduction of a brand new norm: it is
the principle of technological neutrality. Incorporated in Acts but unknown among jurists, this principle will help us to understand the new position of Administration and citizens in the construction of a self-ruled society in conformity with the democratic principle.