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تتولّى الإدارةُ العامَّةُ إدارةَ شؤونِ الدولةِ وتسييرَ أُمورِها بما لها مِنْ سُلُطاتٍ وامتيازاتٍ منحها إيّاها المُشرِّعُ تحقيقًا للمصلحةِ العامَّةِ، وإنَّ أخطرَ هذهِ الامتيازاتُ هو حقّها في إصدارِ قراراتٍ مُلزِمةٍ بإرادتها المنفردة ومن ثم يجد الأفراد أنفسهم في مواجهةِ قرارٍ مُلزَمين بتنفيذهِ من دون أنْ يكون لهم الحقَّ في رفضهِ أو إبداء رأيهم فيه، وينبغي ظهور هذه الإرادة الباطنة بمظهرٍ خارجيٍّ حتى يعلم بها الأفراد المعنيون بتنفيذها وهو ما يُطلَق الظهور عليه"شكل القرار الإداري" لذا يُعَدُّ ضمانةً للأفرادِ لأنَّه يُحيطهُم عِلمًا بما تُقرِّره الإدارة تجاههم. ويُعَدُّ عيبَ الشكلِ في القرارِ الإداريِّ من أسبابِ الطعنِ فيه بالإلغاءِ؛ لأنَّه ينصَبُّ على رُكنٍ أساسيٍّ من أركانِ القرارِ الإداريِّ لا يستقيم من دونه، فالإدارةُ مُلزَمةٌ بأنْ تُفرِغَ إرادتَها بالشكل الذي يُحدِّده القانون وللقضاء الإداري سلطةَ إلغاءِ القرارِ المعيبِ بعيبِ الشكلِ. وتَبرزُ أهمّية ركن الشكل في خصوصيَّته؛ لأنَّه يُنظِّمُ ويضبطُ عملَ الإدارةِ في صورةٍ محدَّدةٍ دقيقةٍ وقانونيَّةٍ ممَّا يَستتبِعهُ ضمانُ مشروعيَّةِ القرارِ الذي تُصدِره الإدارة، فالتزام الإدارة به يُؤدِّي إلى تحقيق المصلحة العامَّة؛ لأنَّه يُظهِر إرادة الإدارة في صور ومظاهر خارجيةٍ معلومةٍ للأفرادِ بِغيةَ الالتزامَ بها وتنفيذها. ; The Public Administration Assumes The Management of The Affairs of The State And The Conduct of Its Affairs With The Powers And Privileges Granted To It By The Legislator In order To Achieve The Public Interest، And The Most Dangerous of These Privileges Is Its Right To Issue Decisions That Are Binding on Their Individual Will، And Therefore Individuals Find Themselves With A Refusal To Confront Them Without Facing Their opinion on It، And Since This Inner Will of The Administration Should Appear In An External Appearance Until The Individuals Concerned With Its Implementation Know About It And This Appearance Is What Is Called The "Administrative Decision Form" So It Is Considered A Guarantee For Individuals Because Debriefed Note Determined By The Administration Towards Them. The Importance of The Corner of The Form Emerges In Its Privacy Because It ...

The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Lebanon continues to be impacted by the domestic political stalemate and regional turmoil, particularly along its border with Syria. Economic activity picked up in the second half of 2014. Stronger economic performance and lower oil prices pushed real GDP growth to an estimated 2.0 percent in 2014, compared to 0.9 percent in 2013. One-off cosmetic and unsustainable measures rather than policy actions helped improve the fiscal balance in 2014. We estimate the overall fiscal deficit to have declined by 2.3 percentage points. Declining imports lead an improvement in the current account balance. In 2014, a fall in merchandize imports induced a 4.4 pp reduction in the current account deficit to a still-elevated 22.2 percent of GDP. This trend is projected to continue in 2015 helped by falling oil prices and a depreciating euro, Headline inflation plummeted from 2.7 percent in 2013 to 1.9 percent in 2014 and is expected to remain tempered over the medium term. Lebanon s economy continues to be exposed to external shocks. The border with Syria is increasingly menacing as coordinated attacks by ISIS and Al Nusra are being launched more frequently from their bases in Syria. Inefficiencies in power generation impose sizable macroeconomic costs on Lebanon. The Lebanese electricity sector has been underperforming for decades with considerable socio-economic costs. The macroeconomic impact has been massive.

The subject of the research revolves around the extent to which the constitutional judge has the authority to supervise the amendment of the constitution and the extent to which the constitution grants this jurisdiction to the constitutional judge. There is a difference in the position of the constitutions towards this subjectbut even the constitutions granted by the constitutional judge this jurisdiction have also differed in the form of censorship granted to him to amend the provisions of the constitution between the previous censorship of the amendment of the texts as one of the procedures of amending the constitution to be presented to the constitutional judge as a precautionary measure to prevent violation of the competent authority to amend the restrictions amendment of the Constitution or Subsequent control of the amendment of the Constitution The scope of this control, whatever its type and form, varied to include the control of both substantive and formal restrictions, or only one of them, where the constitutions differed in their position on this issue. ; إن موضوع البحث يدور حول مدى اختصاص القاضي الدستوري في الرقابة على تعديل نصوص الدستور, ومدى منح الدستور هذا الاختصاص إلى القاضي الدستوري, حيث يوجد تباين في موقف الدساتير اتجاه هذا الموضوع إضافة إلى تباين موقف الفقه الدستوري أيضاً, ولكن حتى الدساتير التي منحت القاضي الدستوري هذا الاختصاص هي الأخرى قد اختلفت في شكل الرقابة الممنوحة له على تعديل نصوص الدستور بين رقابة سابقة على تعديل النصوص كأحد إجراءات تعديل الدستور إن يتم عرضه على القاضي الدستوري كإجراء وقائي للحيلولة دون مخالفة السلطة المختصة بالتعديل للقيود تعديل الدستور أو رقابة لاحقة على تعديل الدستور, كذلك اختلف نطاق هذه الرقابة أياً كان نوعها وشكلها الى انها تشمل الرقابة على القيود الموضوعية والشكلية معاً أو احداهما فقط حيث تباينت الدساتير في موقفها من هذا الموضوع.

Assembly of the Union Thirty-Second Ordinary Session 10 - 11 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; During the 28th Ordinary Session of the African Union Assembly of Heads of State and Government, held on the 30-31 January 2017 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Member States of the Union (hereinafter Member States)resolved in its decision Assembly/AU/Dec. 631(XXVIII) to seize the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) with the responsibility to "play a monitoring and evaluation role for the African Union Agenda 2063 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030".

Assembly of the union Thirty-Second Ordinary Session 10 – 11 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; Africa is the origin of man, four and a half million years ago and all human beings only lived in Africa until about 100,000 years ago. The last ice-age ended 11,700 years ago. Before that People could not live in many parts of the North of our Globe. Therefore, the European Stock (Europeans, Americans, Canadians, Australians), the Asians, the Arabsetc. are all former Africans

Assembly of the Union Thirty-Second Ordinary Session 10 - 11 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; This Report provides an overview of progress made in the implementation of Assembly Decision Assembly/AU/Dec.635(XXVIII) and a summary of the reform implementation proposals to be discussed during the July 2018 AU Assembly of Heads of State and Government

This research attempts to shed light on the role of the international Court of Justice (ICJ) and the significance of its adjudicatory and advisory functions. The theme of this research will initially project a brief introduction of the topic in question, keeping in view the historical and contemporary perspectives of the ICJ. This research also focuses on the organizational structure of the United Nations, keeping in view the position and role of the ICJ within the organization. With practical examples of case laws, the ambit of judicial review in the context of judicial and advisory function of ICJ will also be taken into account. It will also present brief analysis on the intra-organizational relationship between the ICJ and other organs of the UN. ; This research attempts to shed light on the role of the international Court of Justice (ICJ) and the significance of its adjudicatory and advisory functions. The theme of this paper will initially project a brief introduction of the topic in question, keeping in view the historical and contemporary perspectives of the ICJ . This research also focuses on the organizational structure of the United Nations, keeping in view the position and role of the ICJ within the organization. With practical examples of case laws, the ambit of judicial review in the context of judicial and advisory function of ICJ will also be taken into account. It will also present brief analysis on the intra-organizational relationship between the ICJ and other organs of the UN.

Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; The African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC) was established during the 37th Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government held in Lusaka in July 2001 in accordance with Article 32 of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC);

The relations between Germany and Qatar look so good in various fields in spite of the non-existence of the deep historical roots between the two parties. Today these relations are characterized by many basics and motivations that pave the way to the recent positive format, as well as the underlying important driver of these diverse interests, which provides real opportunities to convergence of visions and goals in more than one direction. As Qatar is considered as a vital strategic partner to Germany in the region due to its economic assets and geopolitical status, Germany at the same time has a further importance to Qatar. The study is based on the basics of the diverse interests owned by the both sides. These diverse interests could be starting point for forward looking that is reliable to the continued presence of Germany, which could be positively reflected on the present and future relationship.

Assembly of the Union Thirty-Second Ordinary Session 10 - 11 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; The various terrorist groups operating in certain parts of the continent remain active and continue to threaten peace, security, stability and social cohesion, particularly in the Sahel-Saharan region.

An at-a-glance illustrated guide to global and regional trends in human insecurity, the miniAtlas provides a succinct introduction to today's most pressing security challenges. It maps political violence, the links between poverty and conflict, assaults on human rights including the use of child soldiers and the causes of war and peace.

The study aimed to investigate the role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in local community development in Jordan. A self-administrated questionnaire was designed in accordance with the research hypothesis and objectives, and distributed over a random sample of 120 NGO officials in Jordan. Analysis of the collected data revealed that NGOs have a statistically significant role (α ; The study aims at investigating the role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Jordanian society development in Jordan. A descriptive analysis methodology is used . The study uses a questionnaire to collect the required data which is designed in accordance with the research hypothesis and objectives. The targeted population is the NGOs officials. A random sample of 120 NGO officials in Jordan. Analysis of the collected data reveals that NGOs have a statistically significant role (α

After getting rid of ISIL's military presence in Iraq, the problem of having a strategic vision in recruiting the PMF strengthened national security. In addition to the internal and external challenges that do not agree on a unified vision about these forces, which now has a law and regulation governing its work. In light of these changes, a vision is formed of the possibilities of employing these forces and making them an independent institution linked to the commander in chief of the Iraqi armed forces while preserving their national identity. The study was divided into two major parts. The first included the political and doctrinal dimensions of issuing the fatwa of jihad and the stage that witnessed the establishment of Hashed al-Shaabi. The second part included the strategic vision of employing Hashed al-Shaabi in a post- ISIL period. This part dealt with the obstacles to the strategic recruitment of Hashed al-Shaabi. Internal obstacles such as terrorism, political sectarianism and administrative corruption. The external obstacles dealt with the positions of some international and regional forces toward Hashed al-Shaabi and It's relationship with Iran. The last part discussed the possibilities of strategic recruitment of Hashed al-Shaabi in Iraq. The study relied on a number of references that dealt with the subject of Hashed al-Shaabi in several languages, such as books, analysis of research centers and academic articles for specialized researchers and media such as newspapers and television. In addition to the laws and decisions of the Iraqi government issued about Hashed al-Shaabi.

Assembly of the Union Thirty-Second Ordinary Session 10 - 11 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; Last year we witnessed a historic event of great significance to the aviationsector in Africa. That was the launching of the Single African Air Transport Market(SAATM) that took place in January 2018 during the 30th Ordinary Session of theAfrica Union Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Assembly of the union Thirty-Second Ordinary Session 10 – 11 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; Last year we witnessed a historic event of great significance to the aviation sector in Africa. That was the launching of the Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM) that took place in January 2018 during the 30th Ordinary Session of the Africa Union Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.