Suchergebnisse

Conference proceedings: research results and approaches of advocacy to unarmed civilian protection / peacekeeping

'Die internationale Friedenssicherung durch die Vereinten Nationen (VN) steuert seit 2008 (wieder) auf eine Krise zu. Der drohende Zusammenbruch und die Stagnation von VN-gestützten Friedens- und Stabilisierungsprozessen hat zahlreiche Kritiker auf den Plan gerufen, die den VN-Missionen mangelnde Effektivität und, schlimmer noch, Unfähigkeit vorwerfen. Anhaltende Gewalt und zahllose Menschenrechtsverletzungen in einigen Einsatzgebieten (vor allem in der DR Kongo und im Sudan) haben den Eindruck erweckt, VN-Friedenssicherung sei überfordert. Vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Krise und knapp zehn Jahre nach dem wegweisenden Brahimi-Bericht zur Reform von VN-Peacekeeping hat innerhalb der Weltorganisation erneut eine Debatte um die Zukunft von VN-Friedenssicherung begonnen. Die aktuelle Krise ist daher auch eine Chance, Friedenssicherung effektiv und zukunftsfähig zu machen und die primäre Zuständigkeit der VN für die Wahrung von Sicherheit und Frieden auf globaler Ebene zu festigen. Unter Bezugnahme auf diese Diskussion werden in dieser Studie Hintergründe, Ursachen und Implikationen der Krise des VN-Peacekeeping erläutert.' (Autorenreferat)

'Die Vereinten Nationen haben eine Reihe von Reformen durchgeführt, um die Voraussetzungen für ein erfolgreiches Peacebuilding zu schaffen. Im Zentrum stand dabei die Gründung einer Kommission für Friedenskonsolidierung, die eine Lücke zwischen dem Sicherheitsrat und dem Wirtschafts- und Sozialrat schließen und zu einer besseren Verzahnung von Sicherheits- und Entwicklungspolitik beitragen soll. Die Studie untersucht diese neuen Strukturen und geht der Frage nach, welche Aufgaben und Herausforderungen sich der Peacebuilding-Kommission stellen, wie dieses Organ derzeit genutzt wird und worin seine Defizite bestehen. Im Ergebnis lässt sich festhalten, dass das Potential der Kommission bisher nur in Ansätzen entfaltet wurde. Dies liegt am institutionellen Design, an den nach wie vor fehlenden Kapazitäten und nicht zuletzt an der mangelnden Bereitschaft der Mitgliedstaaten, das Forum stärker zu nutzen. Bislang ist die Kommission noch nicht als eigenständiger Akteur in Erscheinung getreten, der mit Initiativen die Agenda bestimmt, Einfluss auf strategische Fragen nimmt oder politische Prozesse vorantreibt. Stattdessen fungiert das Organ eher als Arena, die es den Mitgliedstaaten ermöglicht, unterschiedliche Interessen auszugleichen und sich in Einzelfragen abzustimmen. Insgesamt besteht die Gefahr, dass die neuen Strukturen im bürokratischen Gefüge der VN marginalisiert werden. An einer solchen Entwicklung können gerade jene Staaten kein Interesse haben, die als Beitragszahler bzw. Truppensteller die Hauptlast bei der Friedenskonsolidierung tragen und nicht ständig im Sicherheitsrat vertreten sind. Erforderlich sind daher Anstrengungen, die der Kommission zu einer stärkeren Sichtbarkeit und einem größeren politischen Gewicht verhelfen.' (Autorenreferat)

'Obgleich die Zustimmung der von einem Konflikt betroffenen Staaten und die Kooperationsbereitschaft ihrer Bevölkerungen wesentliche Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Friedenskonsolidierung sind, kann es im Rahmen des Peacebuilding durchaus erforderlich sein, unter Anwendung von Zwang in völkerrechtlich geschützte Rechtsgüter einzugreifen. Davon ist insbesondere auszugehen, wenn im Zuge des Konflikts politische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Strukturen bereits erheblich zersetzt oder im Wege einer militärischen Intervention gezielt beseitigt wurden. In solchen Eingriffssituationen muss Klarheit über die juristische Grundlage des Einschreitens, den Status der beteiligten Akteure und die Rechtsfolgen des Eingriffs herrschen. Die politische Relevanz dieser Fragen besteht vor allem in der Tatsache, dass nur ein völkerrechtsgemäßes Vorgehen konkreten Peacebuilding-Projekten die erforderliche Legitimität und Akzeptanz verleihen kann. Die völkerrechtlichen Voraussetzungen für den Umgang mit Staaten und Gesellschaften, die von einem Konflikt betroffen waren, erschließen sich jedoch nicht systematisch aus internationalen Verträgen. Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit dieses Defizit unter Rückgriff auf allgemeine völkerrechtliche Grundsätze kompensiert werden kann. Sie versucht insbesondere aus der Charta der Vereinten Nationen und dem Völkergewohnheitsrecht Elemente eines 'ius post bellum' abzuleiten, die den Handlungsspielraum im Rahmen der Friedenskonsolidierung zumindest in groben Umrissen vorgeben und den Beteiligten in der Nachkonfliktphase einen Mindeststandard an rechtlicher Sicherheit und Vorhersehbarkeit garantieren sollen.' (Autorenreferat)

The Limits of Peacekeeping highlights the Australian government's peacekeeping efforts in Africa and the Americas from 1992 to 2005. Changing world power structures and increased international cooperation saw a boom in Australia's peacekeeping operations between 1991 and 1995. The initial optimism of this period proved to be misplaced, as the limits of the United Nations and the international community to resolve deep-seated problems became clear. There were also limits on how many missions a middle-sized country like Australia could support. Restricted by the size of the armed forces and financial and geographic constraints, peacekeeping was always a secondary task to ensuring the defence of Australia. Faith in the effectiveness of peacekeeping reduced significantly, and the election of the Howard Coalition Government in 1996 confined peacekeeping missions to the near region from 1996-2001. This volume is an authoritative and compelling history of Australia's changing attitudes towards peacekeeping.

This volume draws together original research related to conceptual and practical advances at the interface of urban safety and peacebuilding. The book reflects the advances in urban safety and peacebuilding to help address the rapidly increasing risk of conflict and insecurity in cities. Specifically, it draws on contributions to the Technical Working Group on the Confluence of Urban Safety and Peacebuilding Practice, an informal expert network co-facilitated by the United Nations Office at Geneva, UN-Habitat's Safer Cities Programme, and the Geneva Peacebuilding Platform. A focus on 'sustaining peace' serves as a framework for situating new policy responses against conflict, violence, and exclusion in the city, and for promoting a conversation across disciplinary and specialist silos. The volume thereby broadens the optic of peacebuilding practice beyond interstate and intrastate armed conflicts – and especially their aftermath – and reconnects it to the community-level origins of building peace. The analysis and practice presented here will remind those willing to work towards peaceful and inclusive cities that there are tried and tested approaches available, and a host of experts and practitioners ready to accompany those prepared to lead in their respective contexts.4243 $CISBN$69781138554726

Development assistance to fragile states and conflict-affected areas can be a core component of peacebuilding, providing support for the restoration of government functions, delivery of basic services, the rule of law, and economic revitalization. What has worked, why it has worked, and what is scalable and transferable are key questions for both development practice and research into how peace is built and the interactive role of domestic and international processes therein. Despite a wealth of research into these questions, significant gaps remain. This volume speaks to these gaps through new analysis of a selected set of well-regarded aid interventions. Drawing on diverse scholarly and policy expertise, eight case study chapters span multiple domains and regions to analyse Afghanistan's National Solidarity Programme, the Yemen Social Fund for Development, public financial management reform in Sierra Leone, Finn Church Aid's assistance in Somalia, Liberia's gender-sensitive police reform, the judicial facilitators programme in Nicaragua, UNICEF's education projects in Somalia, and World Bank health projects in Timor-Leste. Analysis illustrates the significance of three broad factors in understanding why some aid interventions work better than others: the area of intervention and related degree of engagement with state institutions, local contextual factors such as windows of opportunity and the degree of local support, and programme design and management.

Cover; Australia and the 'New World Order': From peacekeeping to peace enforcement: 1988-1991; Series; Title; Copyright; Contents; Maps; Preface; Note on sources; Chronology 1987-91; Abbreviations; Part 1: Strategy and policy; 1 Towards a `new world order': Global political, strategic and peacekeeping developments: 1988-91; IMPACT OF THE COLD WAR; END OF THE COLD WAR; THE NEW WORLD ORDER; REVIVAL OF UN PEACEKEEPING; EVOLUTION OF UN PEACEKEEPING; IMPLICATIONS OF THE `NEW WORLD ORDER'; 2 Responding to a new world order: Australia's policy towards overseas deploymentsand peacekeeping: 1988-91

International Peacekeeping is devoted to reporting upon and analyzing international peacekeeping with an emphasis upon legal and policy issues, but is not limited to these issues. It is recognized that in today's world there is a wealth of information available from the internet and through other sources. It is therefore the goal of this Yearbook to make this information available in one publication which both organizes and records events over the course of a year through analytical articles, a chronicle, primary documents, and a bibliography. Topics include inter alia peacekeeping, peace, war, conflict resolution, diplomacy, international law, international security, humanitarian relief, humanitarian law, and terrorism. The Yearbook is of scholarly quality but is not narrowly theoretical. It provides the interested public -- diplomats, civil servants, politicians, the military, academics, journalists, NGO employees, and serious citizens -- with a document of record, comment, and a starting point for further research on peacekeeping and related topics. This is achieved not only by the provision of 'basic documents' (on CD ROM), such as Security Council Resolutions and Reports of the UN Secretary- General, but also by expert commentaries on world events. Peacekeeping is treated in a pragmatic light, seen as a form of international military cooperation for the preservation or restoration of international peace and security. Attention is focused not only on UN peacekeeping operations, but other missions as well. This Yearbook is the continuation of the journal International Peacekeeping

This new study questions whether peacekeeping fundamentally changed between the Cold War and Post-Cold War periods. Focusing on contrasting case studies of the Congo, Cyprus, Somalia and Angola, as well as more recent operations in Sierra Leone and East Timor, it probes new evidence with clarity and rigour. The authors conclude that most peacekeeping operations - whether in the Cold War or Post-Cold War periods - were flawed due to the failure of the UN member states to agree upon achievable objectives, the precise nature of the operations and provision of the necessary resources, and unrealistic post-1989 expectations that UN peacekeeping operations could be adapted to the changed international circumstances. The study concludes by looking at the Brahimi reforms, questions whether these are realistically achievable and looks at their impact on contemporary peace operations in Sierra Leone, East Timor and elsewhere.

Much of the scholarly literature on peacekeeping focuses on particular peacekeeping operations, or on the political bargaining between peacekeeping participants at both the institutional and national levels. However, there is very little published research on why nations commit forces to peacekeeping operations. As Sandra Whitworth noted in a book review of six books on peacekeeping in the International Journal, "the important political questions thus far have not been asked: who benefits, who pays, and who is excluded?". This book addresses that need.The authors focus specifically on the political and economic motivations that influence the decision to participate in peacekeeping. They consider how definitions of national interest frame the political debate, and what the reasons are for the military support or opposition for peacekeeping operations. They also explore the role of inter-agency politics, the role of public opinion in peacekeeping decisions, and the influence of pressure from other nations and non-nation actors to commit peacekeeping forces. Each chapter includes several recent cases of national peacekeeping to illustrate how national political debates framed their country's political decisions on the commitment of peacekeeping forces. The countries chosen for analysis are Australia, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the United States, Nigeria, Canada, India, and Austria.?The ContributorsAlan James Bullion has a Ph.D. in International Relations from the University of Southampton; and is currently Associate Lecturer/Research Associate in Politics, The Open University, UK (1992–). His current research interests include Sri Lanka, India, UN peacekeeping, Tamil nationalism, and Asian agriculture.Mary N. Hampton is an Associate Professor of Political Science from the University of Utah, and was in residence at Air War College during 2000– 2003 as a visiting professor in the International Security Studies Department. Her areas of research and teaching include international relations theory, international security issues, German/European foreign and security policy, and US foreign and security policy. She has published numerous articles and written or co-edited two books. Her most recent publications include 'Eagle in the Field of Blackbirds: U.S. Military Lessons Learned and Applied in Bosnia and Kosovo', a chapter in Lily Gardner-Feldman (ed.), Cooperation or Competition?; ' ''The Past, Present, and the Perhaps'': Is Germany a ''Normal'' Power?', in Security Studies (winter 2000); and 'Kosovo: Boom or Bust for the trans-Atlantic Relationship?', co-authored with Heiko Borchert in Orbis (spring 2002). Herbert M. Howe is Research Professor of African Studies at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University. He is the author of Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001), as well as articles on African militaries in such journals as The Journal of Modern African Studies and International Security.Alexander Ramsbotham heads the UN and Con.ict Unit at United Nations Association-UK. He previously edited the International Peacekeeping News and its successor the Con.ict Resolution Monitor, publications produced by the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, and continues to edit the 'Digest' and 'Documentation' sections of the Frank Cass journal International Peacekeeping. He is co-author, with David J. Francis, Mohammed Faal and John Kabia, of The Dangers of Codeployment: UN Co-operative Peacekeeping in Africa (Ashgate, forthcoming) and regularly comments on UN and related affairs in the British media.David Rudd served in the Canadian military between 1985 and 1990. He holds a graduate degree in international relations from Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and has been the Executive Director of the Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies (CISS) since 1998. He is a regular contributor to print and electronic media analyses of Canadian defence and security issues.Erwin A. Schmidl is head of the Section of Contemporary History at the Austrian Defence Academy in Vienna (Institute of Strategy and Security Policy). He has worked and published on various aspects of peace operations for the past 12 years. Also, he has served as desk of.cer for peacekeeping in the Foreign Ministry's UN Department in 1991–92, and was UN observer in South Africa in 1994. Hugh Smith is Associate Professor in the School of Politics, University College, University of New South Wales, at the Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra and was Founding Director of the Australian Defence Studies Centre at the College from 1987 to 1991. He has edited several books on peacekeeping and has published widely on armed forces and society, including topics such as of.cer education, conscientious objection, recruitment, women in combat, and reserve service. His most recent publication is an edited collection entitled The Strategists, published by the Australian Defence Studies Centre.David S. Sorenson is Professor of International Security Studies at the US Air War College. He previously served on the faculty at Denison University, and was Senior Research Associate at the Mershon Center at Ohio State University. He has a Ph.D. from the Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver, and has published books and articles on American national security issues.Cynthia A. Watson is Associate Dean for Curriculum and Faculty Development at the National War College, Washington, DC, where she has been a faculty member since 1992. She writes extensively on militaries and security issues in the former 'Third World', focusing particularly on Argentina, China, and Colombia. She is on the Editorial Board of Third World Quarterly, and is currently completing a book on the collapse of Colombia. She has an MA in Latin America Studies and Economic History from the London School of Economics and earned her Ph.D. in International Studies from the University of Notre Dame.Pia Christina Wood is Director of International Studies and Associate Professor of Political Science at Wake Forest University. She has published articles and book chapters on French foreign policy, the politics of the European Union, and Franco-German relations. Her forthcoming book is entitled French Foreign Policy toward the Arab–Israeli Conflict from Charles de Gaulle to Jacques Chirac: The Search for Influence.Tom Woodhouse holds the Adam Curle Chair in Conflict Resolution at the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, UK. He was the founding director of the department's Centre for Con.ict Resolution and has written widely on con.ict analysis and conflict resolution. He edited the special issue of the journal International Peacekeeping, entitled Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution, published by Frank Cass (spring 2000). He has recently completed a report on con.ict prevention and the war on terror, entitled 'Building the Democratic Peace' (IDEA, Stockholm).

"The Republic of Ireland has won its status as a leading contributor to international peacekeeping operations, which have been its key 'foreign policy' since the 1960s. But why is Ireland so keen to be involved? It cannot simply be for charitable reasons, so is it because it is a neutral state or because it is a middle power? Overall, is Ireland's peacekeeping policy based on realism and liberalism?"

International Peacekeeping is devoted to reporting upon and analyzing international peacekeeping with an emphasis upon legal and policy issues. It provides the interested public - civil servants, politicians, the military, academics, journalists, and others - with an up-to-date source of information on peacekeeping, enabling them to keep abreast of the most important developments in the field. This is achieved not only by the provision of 'basic documents' (on CD ROM), such as Security Council Resolutions or Reports from the UN Secretary-General, but also by expert commentaries on world events connected with peacekeeping operations. Thus, International Peacekeeping not only has a recording and documentary function, for those who wish to be kept well-informed, but also plays a role in forming opinions on the further development of peacekeeping as an instrument. Peacekeeping is treated in a pragmatic light, seen as a form of international military cooperation for the preservation or restoration of international peace and security, attention being focused primarily on UN peacekeeping operations. This yearbook is the continuation of the journal International Peacekeeping

"The purpose of this volume is to consider the contribution that conflict resolution can make in the development of the new concepts and practices of peacekeeping called for by the United Nations peacekeeping forces, as efforts are made to learn from the traumatic and devastating impact of the many civil wars that have erupted in the past decade." "The editors have gathered together some of the most influential writers in the fields of contemporary conflict resolution and peacekeeping to discuss these issues."--Jacket.

"This book is a long overdue assessment of the role of UN agencies in peacekeeping operations. Special emphasis is given to that most vexed category, 'complex emergencies', involving entrapped or victimized civilian populations and a plethora of UN, national military and NGO actors." "While based on the full range of recent history, the contributions to this volume are forward looking and policy oriented, bringing a hardedged practicality to complex and hitherto under-examined issues."--Jacket