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This research tested whether chronic or contextually activated Holocaust exposure is associated with more extreme political attitudes among Israeli Jews. Study 1 (N = 57), and Study 2 (N = 61) found that Holocaust primes increased support for aggressive policies against a current adversary and decreased support for political compromise via an amplified sense of identification with Zionist ideology. These effects, however, were obtained only under an exclusive but not an inclusive framing of the Holocaust. Study 3 (N = 152) replicated these findings in a field study conducted around Holocaust Remembrance Day and showed that the link between Holocaust exposure, ideological identification, and militancy also occurs in real‐life settings. Study 4 (N = 867) demonstrated in a nationally representative survey that Holocaust survivors and their descendants exhibited amplified existential threat responses to contemporary political violence, which were associated with militancy and opposition to peaceful compromises. Together, these studies illustrate the Holocaustization of Israeli political cognitions 70 years later.

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to look at selected positions devoted to issues of historical experience of the Jewish people for their research strategy and their corresponding or lack of dominant research paradigms. The basic intention is to indicate the path of political science to know the history of the nation, through limited exemplification as a response to the absolutization of the research results before they are published to be limited exclusively to the study of the Jews, as the people, especially experienced by the history, which enforces appropriate research approaches. If we reduce the judgment of contemporary phenomena and problems concerning the Jews to the stereotypical anti-Semitism, then any knowledge does not make much sense, because everything important is explained and closed in one cause. Something else is identifying antipathy as an act of anti-Semitism, and quite something else its formal manifestation. On the basis of science, you can examine any antipathy towards minorities alike, and if we assume a separate code for the Jews, then we forget that the function of science is discovering, not decreeing the result.

Nine hundred UK citizens are estimated to have travelled to join ISIS, of those, one hundred and fifty British women and fifty children, both travelled and born on site, were affiliated to ISIS. As of 2020, twenty British women and over sixty children are reportedly stranded in Northeast Syria, with a large proportion being under five years old, since the Caliphate's military defeat in 2019. The present study intends to unveil the political cognitions of the United Kingdom's members of Parliament regarding repatriation of British women and children. By choice of the student this thesis was delivered without the advisement or revision of the supervisor. ; Estima-se que, cerca de novecentos cidadãos britânicos tenham viajado para aderir ao ISIS, dos quais cento e cinquenta mulheres e cinquenta crianças britânicas, ambas viajadas e nascidas no local, eram filiadas ao ISIS. Em 2020, vinte mulheres britânicas e mais de sessenta crianças estão presas em campos de refugiados e pessoas internamente deslocadas, no Nordeste da Síria, com uma grande proporção a ter menos de cinco anos, desde a derrota militar do Califado em 2019. O presente estudo pretende revelar as cognições políticas dos membros do Parlamento do Reino Unido relativamente ao repatriamento de mulheres e crianças britânicas. Por escolha da aluna, esta tese foi submetida sem o aconselhamento ou revisão da orientadora.

The reception of political communication is a highly important aspect of the process of politics. The way in which communication is received, how it is considered by the receiver, and with what impact, are key determinants of understanding how messages are acted upon, and so how support is gained for initiatives and how voter choices are influenced. This important study takes a psychological approach to exploring how audience members receive messages and what cognitive processes may take place. Cognition is explored drawing on theories from the field of communication psychology, applying them to the modern political environment using examples from a wide range of contexts, and a wide range of media, from television to Facebook. The book offers an in-depth and detailed theoretical framework and is the first work to position cognitive psychology at the heart of political communication and make it accessible to as wide an audience as possible.

Metaphor is a central component of human cognition. Research on metaphor's role in politics has thus far focused predominately on metaphors used by the political elite. While these metaphors are important, they provide limited insight on metaphor's capacity as a reasoning tool for citizens. Metaphor as a cognitive mechanism enables citizens to make sense of the political world by drawing from previous knowledge and experience in nonpolitical domains. Because metaphors shape and constrain understanding by framing it within existing knowledge structures, they generate important predispositions. As a result, the study of metaphor offers an opportunity to enrich our descriptive understanding of the political cognition of citizens. The implicit nature of metaphorical reasoning means that empirical investigation will be a challenge for future research, but previous studies on metaphor suggest some productive avenues. Metaphor offers not only the chance to better explain how citizens view the political world and why they hold the preferences they do, but its criteria and processes hold wider relevance for political psychology and public opinion research.

The reception of political communication is a highly important aspect of the process of politics. The way in which communication is received, how it is considered by the receiver, and with what impact, are key determinants of understanding how messages are acted upon, and so how support is gained for initiatives and how voter choices are influenced. This important study takes a psychological approach to exploring how audience members receive messages and what cognitive processes may take place. Cognition is explored drawing on theories from the field of communication psychology, applying them to the modern political environment using examples from a wide range of contexts, and a wide range of media, from television to Facebook. The book offers an in-depth and detailed theoretical framework and is the first work to position cognitive psychology at the heart of political communication and make it accessible to as wide an audience as possible

В статье рассматривается вопрос о формировании политической когниции в политическом тексте жанра «декларация», являющейся структурным элементом медиадискурса. Систематизация результатов изучения принципов формирования политической когниции в Декларации независимости США (The Declaration of Independence) и англоязычном варианте Декларации о создании Шанхайской Организации Сотрудничества (The Declarationon the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization) осуществляется на основе сравнительно-сопоставительного метода и методики графических систематизаторов Д. Халперна. В свою очередь, особую значимость при формировании и организации коммуникационного процесса приобретает лингвистический знак в сообщении и информационном потоке, что говорит о масштабности жизни социального субъекта, знаний о реальной действительности. Именно языковые навыки позволяют формировать настоящую политическую когницию. В результате мы наблюдаем, что политический медиадискурс позволяет проследить, выявить политическую когницию как некую модель, которую участники политического процесса конструируют в своей памяти для того, чтобы понять истинное значение и важность информации. В результате анализа установлено, что в качестве исходных правил формирования политической когниции выступают правила размещения лингвистического знака в информационном потоке. Положение знака в информационном пространстве - пространстве сообщительности - влияет на конструирование социальной реальности в определенный исторический период.
The article deals with the formation of the political cognition in the political text of the «declaration» genre, which is the structural element of the media discourse. The systematization of the results of studying the principles of the formation of the political cognition in The Declaration of Independence and the English version of The Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is carried out on the basis of the comparative methodology and D. Halpern's graphic systematizers. In its turn, the linguistic sign in the message and information flow becomes particularly important in the formation and organization of the communication process, which indicates the scale of the social subject's life, awareness of the current situation. It is language skills that allow us to form a real political cognition. As a result, we observe that political media discourse allows us to trace political cognition as a model that participants in the political process construct in their memory in order to understand the true meaning and importance of information. The analysis revealed that the initial rules for the formation of the political cognition are the rules for placing a linguistic sign in the information flow. The position of the sign in the information space - the space of communicativeness - affects the construction of social reality in a specific historical period.