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Finds Mueller's research to be persuasive in arguing that attitudes toward Communists have changed over time, but that his claims regarding the levels or structure of political tolerance to be less persuasive. (PFB)

Political tolerance, which is the willingness to extend civil liberties, is a core principle in a democracy. In the study of tolerance, scholars use some variation of the tolerance scale, which gives us individual and aggregated willingness to extend civil liberties, such as free speech to disliked groups. There are potential issues with the way tolerance is measured, particularly with regard to different social groups. Through a series of experimental studies using student and internet samples, I examine whether political tolerance is susceptible to social concerns. Given that the measure of tolerance may be susceptible to social concerns, estimates of political tolerance may not fully capture actual tolerance.

In this study, political tolerance is defined as the willingness to extend human rights to different socio-political groups. We considered 12 rights based on Human Rights and the 13 sociopolitical groups most relevant to Spain. Results based on 273 Spanish adolescents suggest that rights
with a higher social component are extended more willingly than those which are more political in nature. This study also attempted to find variables related to political tolerance. Statistically, differences in political tolerance were found in terms of age, political experience, self esteem,
support for democratic norms, support for violent groups, and identification with a group of friends, a religious group or a soccer team.

This article studies the willingness that adolescents have to extend human rights to feminists. This willingness defines the concept of `political tolerance' towards feminists. The results of this study show that the rights that adolescents are least willing to extend to feminists are those more related to the most visible feminist activities, such as the right of demonstrating on the street. Self-esteem, political experience and identification with a group of friends are positively related to political tolerance towards feminists, whereas support for violent groups or identification with the Catholic Church, and identification with other religious groups are negatively related.

Political tolerance is a significant issue for democracies under external threats. When imposed dangers are felt by citizens of the polity, competitors for political power are likely to believe that they are engaging in political battles of a zero-sum nature, having a life or death consequence. Because Taiwan is under constant military pressure from China, it is an excellent case for an analysis of political tolerance in a democracy that is threatened by external forces. Employing recently collected survey data, this study finds that the majority of Taiwanese residents show a willingness to extend rights of citizenship to others in the polity on the most salient issue that divides them. However, the perceived threats from Beijing's claims to the island and from the Taiwan independence movement have had negative impacts on the citizens' level of tolerance. The finding of this study will have important policy implications for Taiwan's young democracy and will also hold significant theoretical implications for the study of political tolerance under threats.

This article is an attempt to bridge both the concept of ethnic and political tolerance into one account. It also is an attempt to make a connection between both ethnic and political tolerance with the studies of voting behaviour. Using qualitative methodology with content analysis approach and reviewing past literature, this article proposed a development of democratic-rational learning framework, a hybrid perspective from democratic learning and rational choice theories. As to date, the non-existence of any single model that explains both areas may pave to a new avenue in understand tolerance ethnically and politically and its importance in the study of voting behaviour. The proposed framework is perhaps contributed to the current body of knowledge of both theories. It is significance where ethnic and politics perceived as most important matter, and tolerance become increasingly worldwide agenda in managing multi-diversity society. Evidences are discussed further. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p365

While students of political tolerance often view tolerance decisions as a trade-off between opposing values (civil liberties vs other values), there have been few explicit attempts to formulate & test such a multiple-values model. With rare exception, researchers typically examine linkages between tolerance judgments & a single value constellation (civil liberties or general norms of democracy) without examining directly the way people rank competing values. In this way, we use data from a national telephone survey to test a model of how various value trade-off measures (eg, value conflict) influence citizens' initial tolerance decisions, as well as their willingness to stick to that judgment in the face of counter-arguments (ie, the pliability of the initial baseline judgment). We find that while value conflict is often associated with greater political forbearance of disliked groups (eg, the Klan, flag burners), greater conflict also makes individuals more susceptible to counter-arguments. We also find that when people are presented with roughly equal counter-arguments, the tolerant are much more willing to abandon their initial judgment than the intolerant. We conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of our findings for the study of political tolerance & political values. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 42 References. Adapted from the source document.