Suchergebnisse

Some of the most important social and economic objectives, especially within the context of the aftermath of the recent financial crisis in the European Union and Lithuania, are the expansion of popular interest and engagement in scientific and technological developments, closer cooperation between science and business and augmentation of prestige of scientific and research based professions. Scientific communication is a very important tool, one that allows to achieve the aforementioned objectives. This is illustrated by the fact that countries leading in innovation have clear official policies of scientific communication and the society is heavily involved in shaping them. Conversely, countries that lag in innovative activity do not generally have an official policy of scientific communication. Scientific communication, as a phenomenon and a tool, is being researched and discussed within the academic and political discourse, but there is a certain subjectivity in Lithuanian scientific communication policy. The target audience of youth is one of the most important audiences and actions aimed at increasing its interest in scientific endeavours and scientific and research based professions would result in the increase in the number of scientists and researchers, which is one of the most important strategic aims of the European Union. The aim of this study – to analyse the demand and possibilities of scientific communication in professional schools.

As a specific part of political communication, propaganda often has a negative nuance in the society, probably as a result of historical practices of totalitarian propagandas and its links with soviet, Nazi and other repressive regimes. Therefore today propaganda is often investigated by using the methods of historical analysis and only historical influence of political propaganda on the various events in Lithuania and in the world is exhibited. But today propaganda encounters special social, technological, cultural circumstances and is influenced by economical processes, so it changes in its content, rhetoric, and communicational position and must touch the personality of a contemporary individual and citizen in a new way. The researches into this impact can no longer be limited to the historical analysis. Possible methodological prerequisites for contemporary propaganda researches are analyzed in the article and a proposition to conduct these researches with the attitude that propaganda is a communicational expression of the power relations is highlighted. Possible directions of applied researches, which will lead to identification of power structures in the society, are investigated and the influence of information spread by these structures on the social groups are indicated. The researches into the interaction between contemporary propaganda, popular culture and new media must reflect the context of power, so it is proposed to investigate the mentioned interaction by taking into consideration the consistency of the critical paradigm in social sciences, the techniques of cultural and ethnographic researches, discourse, content and semiotic analysis and other methodological prerequisites, which allow to open the power structures and relations in the society investigated.

As a specific part of political communication, propaganda often has a negative nuance in the society, probably as a result of historical practices of totalitarian propagandas and its links with soviet, Nazi and other repressive regimes. Therefore today propaganda is often investigated by using the methods of historical analysis and only historical influence of political propaganda on the various events in Lithuania and in the world is exhibited. But today propaganda encounters special social, technological, cultural circumstances and is influenced by economical processes, so it changes in its content, rhetoric, and communicational position and must touch the personality of a contemporary individual and citizen in a new way. The researches into this impact can no longer be limited to the historical analysis. Possible methodological prerequisites for contemporary propaganda researches are analyzed in the article and a proposition to conduct these researches with the attitude that propaganda is a communicational expression of the power relations is highlighted. Possible directions of applied researches, which will lead to identification of power structures in the society, are investigated and the influence of information spread by these structures on the social groups are indicated. The researches into the interaction between contemporary propaganda, popular culture and new media must reflect the context of power, so it is proposed to investigate the mentioned interaction by taking into consideration the consistency of the critical paradigm in social sciences, the techniques of cultural and ethnographic researches, discourse, content and semiotic analysis and other methodological prerequisites, which allow to open the power structures and relations in the society investigated.

The statistics presented in the article show that both in the university and the non-university sectors the entrants prefered to choose popular programs of universities in big cities, mainly in the fields of humanities and social sciences. As a result, regional universities and colleges as well as study programs related to science and technologies lost substantial numbers of students. These losses were partially compensated by enrolling larger numbers of full-fee-paying students.

The statistics presented in the article show that both in the university and the non-university sectors the entrants prefered to choose popular programs of universities in big cities, mainly in the fields of humanities and social sciences. As a result, regional universities and colleges as well as study programs related to science and technologies lost substantial numbers of students. These losses were partially compensated by enrolling larger numbers of full-fee-paying students.

The statistics presented in the article show that both in the university and the non-university sectors the entrants prefered to choose popular programs of universities in big cities, mainly in the fields of humanities and social sciences. As a result, regional universities and colleges as well as study programs related to science and technologies lost substantial numbers of students. These losses were partially compensated by enrolling larger numbers of full-fee-paying students.

The statistics presented in the article show that both in the university and the non-university sectors the entrants prefered to choose popular programs of universities in big cities, mainly in the fields of humanities and social sciences. As a result, regional universities and colleges as well as study programs related to science and technologies lost substantial numbers of students. These losses were partially compensated by enrolling larger numbers of full-fee-paying students.

It is admitted that issues of motivation for voluntary participation were little analysed in context of management (e.g., Marcinkevičiūtė, 2010; Christauskas, Petrauskiene, Marcinkeviciute, 2012). In Lithuania the topic of citizen involvement is particularly popular in political science (e.g., citizen political participation is actively analysed in publications by Imbrasaitė (2009a, b; 2010; 2011) etc). This article focuses on managerial context, therefore relevance of the topic and comparison of data of empirical research is based on increasing attention of scientists (e.g., Tijunaitiene, Neverauskas, Balciunas, 2009b; Petukienė, 2010; Buzaitytė – Kašalynienė, Narkeliūnaitė, 2011; Raipa, Buškevičiūtė, 2011; Stumbraitė-Vilkišienė, 2011; Christauskas et al., 2012; Gudžinskienė, Kurapkaitienė, Januškevičiūtė, 2013) to motivation to participate in civil society organisations and participation of individual segments. [.]

It is admitted that issues of motivation for voluntary participation were little analysed in context of management (e.g., Marcinkevičiūtė, 2010; Christauskas, Petrauskiene, Marcinkeviciute, 2012). In Lithuania the topic of citizen involvement is particularly popular in political science (e.g., citizen political participation is actively analysed in publications by Imbrasaitė (2009a, b; 2010; 2011) etc). This article focuses on managerial context, therefore relevance of the topic and comparison of data of empirical research is based on increasing attention of scientists (e.g., Tijunaitiene, Neverauskas, Balciunas, 2009b; Petukienė, 2010; Buzaitytė – Kašalynienė, Narkeliūnaitė, 2011; Raipa, Buškevičiūtė, 2011; Stumbraitė-Vilkišienė, 2011; Christauskas et al., 2012; Gudžinskienė, Kurapkaitienė, Januškevičiūtė, 2013) to motivation to participate in civil society organisations and participation of individual segments. [.]

Aim: To analyze and evaluate the regulation of extemporaneous compounding in pharmacies in Lithuania and EU countries. Objectives: 1. To evaluate regulation of extremporaneous compounding in the Republic of Lithuania and other EU countries. 2. To compare the most common pharmaceutical formulations of extremporaneously compounded medicine in the Republic of Lithuania and other EU countries. 3. To study the prescriptions of extremporaneous medicine compounded in public pharmacies in Klaipėda by forms and purpose (eg. solutions, ointments, for children, for adults). 4. Identify the professional experience of doctors who have prescribed prescriptions for extemporaneous medicine. Methods: The research of science researches, publications, articles and regulatory acts related to the topic of the Master's Thesis are reviewed and described. The method of content analysis of documents was chosen and applied for the study. The form of document analysis was prepared, according to which the content of the prescriptions of extremporaneous medicine was prepared from 01.01.2017 to 31.12.2017 was analyzed. Pharmaceutical formulations, the purpose of the medicine, the work experience of prescribing doctors was studied in these prescriptions. An analysis of the data received was performed using MS Excel 2013. Results: After analyzing the prescriptions of extemporaneously compounded medicine it has been noticed that the most common of the pharmaceutical forms in public pharmacies in Klaipėda are liquid (80%) - mostly ethanol solutions, suspension for skin care. Also, there was a lot of soft pharmaceutical forms (14%), the most popular is ointments. Conclusions: 1. The European Union has accepted a directive setting out general requirements for the extemporaneous compounding. However, such unified regulation is not sufficient so every EU country enacts its own regulatory enactments to regulate extremporaneous compounding. 2. Scientific articles showed that in EU countries such as Denmark, England, Ireland the most popular are liquid pharmaceutical forms, while, powder is mostly extemporaneously compounded in Finland, Italy. One of the most popular extemporanoeuosly compounded are dermatological medical products in Germany and Lithuania. 3. After analyzing the extremporaneously compounded medicine in Klaipėda, it turned out that the most popular preparations for adults are liquid pharmaceutical forms. Mostly it is various ethanol solutions (75%) for compresses and skin care. It is also popular for adults to compound semi-solid pharmaceutical forms that mainly produce dermatological ointments (58%). The most popular for children is to extemporaneously compound antibiotics and vitamins and minerals powder (78%). 4. After analyzing the work experience of Klaipeda doctors who prescribe extemporaneous medicine, it turned out that mostly these products are prescribed by doctors who have been working for more than 11 years.

Aim: To analyze and evaluate the regulation of extemporaneous compounding in pharmacies in Lithuania and EU countries. Objectives: 1. To evaluate regulation of extremporaneous compounding in the Republic of Lithuania and other EU countries. 2. To compare the most common pharmaceutical formulations of extremporaneously compounded medicine in the Republic of Lithuania and other EU countries. 3. To study the prescriptions of extremporaneous medicine compounded in public pharmacies in Klaipėda by forms and purpose (eg. solutions, ointments, for children, for adults). 4. Identify the professional experience of doctors who have prescribed prescriptions for extemporaneous medicine. Methods: The research of science researches, publications, articles and regulatory acts related to the topic of the Master's Thesis are reviewed and described. The method of content analysis of documents was chosen and applied for the study. The form of document analysis was prepared, according to which the content of the prescriptions of extremporaneous medicine was prepared from 01.01.2017 to 31.12.2017 was analyzed. Pharmaceutical formulations, the purpose of the medicine, the work experience of prescribing doctors was studied in these prescriptions. An analysis of the data received was performed using MS Excel 2013. Results: After analyzing the prescriptions of extemporaneously compounded medicine it has been noticed that the most common of the pharmaceutical forms in public pharmacies in Klaipėda are liquid (80%) - mostly ethanol solutions, suspension for skin care. Also, there was a lot of soft pharmaceutical forms (14%), the most popular is ointments. Conclusions: 1. The European Union has accepted a directive setting out general requirements for the extemporaneous compounding. However, such unified regulation is not sufficient so every EU country enacts its own regulatory enactments to regulate extremporaneous compounding. 2. Scientific articles showed that in EU countries such as Denmark, England, Ireland the most popular are liquid pharmaceutical forms, while, powder is mostly extemporaneously compounded in Finland, Italy. One of the most popular extemporanoeuosly compounded are dermatological medical products in Germany and Lithuania. 3. After analyzing the extremporaneously compounded medicine in Klaipėda, it turned out that the most popular preparations for adults are liquid pharmaceutical forms. Mostly it is various ethanol solutions (75%) for compresses and skin care. It is also popular for adults to compound semi-solid pharmaceutical forms that mainly produce dermatological ointments (58%). The most popular for children is to extemporaneously compound antibiotics and vitamins and minerals powder (78%). 4. After analyzing the work experience of Klaipeda doctors who prescribe extemporaneous medicine, it turned out that mostly these products are prescribed by doctors who have been working for more than 11 years.

Progress indication, as a result of development, is very important topic for nowadays economists and economy as science. Existing indicators are being criticized for not matching the definition of real country progress and newly created are too simple or too complex to reflect phenomena of development. For this reason, the main topic and problem of this work is what do we mean by the word group "country development", what compounds it and finally when we realize it, how can we measure it. In the first part of this work the definition of development and progress is being analyzed. The change of development phenomena during the time, there is also showed. The most typical change have been seen in interpretation of development which changed from quantitative to quantitative and qualitative. After a deep investigation in science literature, work shows that development can be traced into progress of four dimensions: economical, social, political and environmental. In the end of this part most popular indicators of progress (used in real life) are being criticized. Work reveals weak parts of such indicators as GDP, Human development indicator (HDI), Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) and Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). As all criticism was shown in the first part, authors of this article, on behalf of development or progress (there words are used as synonyms) interpretation – build progress measurement mechanism using most popular indicators such as GDP or HDI, by covering their disadvantages with newly added environment and income distribution factors and adding new dimensions in accordance to the progress interpretation used in analysis. In this way the alternative method of measuring country progress has been created. [.].

Progress indication, as a result of development, is very important topic for nowadays economists and economy as science. Existing indicators are being criticized for not matching the definition of real country progress and newly created are too simple or too complex to reflect phenomena of development. For this reason, the main topic and problem of this work is what do we mean by the word group "country development", what compounds it and finally when we realize it, how can we measure it. In the first part of this work the definition of development and progress is being analyzed. The change of development phenomena during the time, there is also showed. The most typical change have been seen in interpretation of development which changed from quantitative to quantitative and qualitative. After a deep investigation in science literature, work shows that development can be traced into progress of four dimensions: economical, social, political and environmental. In the end of this part most popular indicators of progress (used in real life) are being criticized. Work reveals weak parts of such indicators as GDP, Human development indicator (HDI), Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) and Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). As all criticism was shown in the first part, authors of this article, on behalf of development or progress (there words are used as synonyms) interpretation – build progress measurement mechanism using most popular indicators such as GDP or HDI, by covering their disadvantages with newly added environment and income distribution factors and adding new dimensions in accordance to the progress interpretation used in analysis. In this way the alternative method of measuring country progress has been created. [.].

Progress indication, as a result of development, is very important topic for nowadays economists and economy as science. Existing indicators are being criticized for not matching the definition of real country progress and newly created are too simple or too complex to reflect phenomena of development. For this reason, the main topic and problem of this work is what do we mean by the word group "country development", what compounds it and finally when we realize it, how can we measure it. In the first part of this work the definition of development and progress is being analyzed. The change of development phenomena during the time, there is also showed. The most typical change have been seen in interpretation of development which changed from quantitative to quantitative and qualitative. After a deep investigation in science literature, work shows that development can be traced into progress of four dimensions: economical, social, political and environmental. In the end of this part most popular indicators of progress (used in real life) are being criticized. Work reveals weak parts of such indicators as GDP, Human development indicator (HDI), Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) and Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). As all criticism was shown in the first part, authors of this article, on behalf of development or progress (there words are used as synonyms) interpretation – build progress measurement mechanism using most popular indicators such as GDP or HDI, by covering their disadvantages with newly added environment and income distribution factors and adding new dimensions in accordance to the progress interpretation used in analysis. In this way the alternative method of measuring country progress has been created. [.].

Regardless of the popular wisdom to make predictions in negotiations as if they always reflect the right according to the Bible– that "to every one who has will more be given" – this article starts with observation that weaker parties can and do sometimes successfully negotiate with stronger parties. Naturally this provokes questions: "Why can weak parties successfully negotiate with the stronger parties in asymmetric negotiations? How to explain this structural paradox?". The article argues that these questions would be old and answered if not for the long lasting tendency in the international relations discipline to analyze international negotiations from the point of view of the traditional power understanding, as well as systemic international relations theories. On another hand, difficulties objectively arise due to the fact that analysis of the structural paradox is connected to the problem of power – one of the most complex and difficult to define categories of the social science. And although much has been done recently in the social science to improve our understanding of the concept of power, it is still unclear what is the best way to conceptualise it.