Suchergebnisse

Civil liability and collective procedures, are terms in the effects a priori irreconcilable. Nevertheless, the legal politics of the collective procedure uses, so as to coherent and opportunist time, the civil liability, which is then put in the service of its purposes and of his regime and the use of which shows itself fluctuating and opportunist. The profit ? The mutation of the civil liability. Indeed, on one hand the legal efficiency of the law of the collective procedures makes its function evolve. Established on a balance of the interests, itprotects her. On the other hand, it develops the regime of the civil liability, that is his conditions of bottom or shape. But why to confine the protection of the interest in the collective procedure? Cannot we see in this function, the direction of the evolution of the civil liability in business law? ; Responsabilité civile et procédures collectives, sont des termes aux effets a priori inconciliables. Pourtant, la politique juridique de la procédure collective utilise, de manière à la fois cohérente et opportuniste, la responsabilité civile, qui est alors mise au service de ses finalités et de son régime et dont l'usage se révèle fluctuant et opportuniste. Le résultat ? La mutation de la responsabilité civile. En effet, d'une part l'efficacité juridique du droit des procédures collectives fait évoluer sa fonction. Fondée sur un équilibre des intérêts, elle laprotège. D'autre part, elle fait évoluer le régime de la responsabilité civile, que se soit ses conditions de fond ou de forme. Mais pourquoi circonscrire la protection de l'intérêt à la procédure collective ? Ne peut-on pas voir dans cette fonction la direction de l'évolution de la responsabilité civile en droit des affaires ?

Civil liability and collective procedures, are terms in the effects a priori irreconcilable. Nevertheless, the legal politics of the collective procedure uses, so as to coherent and opportunist time, the civil liability, which is then put in the service of its purposes and of his regime and the use of which shows itself fluctuating and opportunist. The profit ? The mutation of the civil liability. Indeed, on one hand the legal efficiency of the law of the collective procedures makes its function evolve. Established on a balance of the interests, itprotects her. On the other hand, it develops the regime of the civil liability, that is his conditions of bottom or shape. But why to confine the protection of the interest in the collective procedure? Cannot we see in this function, the direction of the evolution of the civil liability in business law? ; Responsabilité civile et procédures collectives, sont des termes aux effets a priori inconciliables. Pourtant, la politique juridique de la procédure collective utilise, de manière à la fois cohérente et opportuniste, la responsabilité civile, qui est alors mise au service de ses finalités et de son régime et dont l'usage se révèle fluctuant et opportuniste. Le résultat ? La mutation de la responsabilité civile. En effet, d'une part l'efficacité juridique du droit des procédures collectives fait évoluer sa fonction. Fondée sur un équilibre des intérêts, elle laprotège. D'autre part, elle fait évoluer le régime de la responsabilité civile, que se soit ses conditions de fond ou de forme. Mais pourquoi circonscrire la protection de l'intérêt à la procédure collective ? Ne peut-on pas voir dans cette fonction la direction de l'évolution de la responsabilité civile en droit des affaires ?

"failure to integrate spontaneously into a legal category leads to one of these expressive qualifications of the perplexity of lawyers, quasi-generis or sui generis" 1. Faced with the unadaptability of traditional dispute resolution mechanisms to environmental law 2, and the need to respond to breaches of environmental standards, a new procedure was created with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 3: the procedure for non-compliance or failure to comply with the procedure. The non-compliance procedure belongs to the legal category of international control. This legal category is divided into two parts: on the one hand, judicial review, on the other hand, systematic review. Both litigation and systematic review are legal subcategories of the category of international control; they have been grouped together because of their common characteristics, their linking criteria: the characters common to all types of international control. The non-compliance procedure has the ; « La non intégration spontanée dans une catégorie juridique conduit à une de ces qualifications expressives de la perplexité des juristes que sont le quasi-ou le sui generis » 1. Face à l'inadaptabilité des mécanismes classiques de règlement des différends au droit de l'environnement 2 et, à la nécessité de réagir aux violations des normes environnementales une nouvelle procédure a vu le jour avec le Protocole de Montréal relatif à des substances qui appauvrissent la couche d'ozone 3 : la procédure de non-respect ou non compliance procedure. La procédure de non-respect appartient à la catégorie juridique du contrôle international. Cette catégorie juridique se subdivise en deux branches : d'une part, le contrôle contentieux d'autre part, le contrôle systématique. Le contrôle contentieux tout comme le contrôle systématique constituent des sous catégories juridiques de la catégorie du contrôle international ; ils ont été regroupés en raison de leurs caractères communs, de leurs critères de liaison : les caractères communs ...

Award date: 31 December 1991 ; Supervisor: J. Schwarze ; First made available online: 21 September 2015

The Dublin 'Regulation' is a legislative instrument which the European Union has adopted for the management of asylum. In practical terms, it is an obstacle for persons seeking protection from the French State by complicating access to the asylum procedure. This complex and unintelligible legislative mechanism is implemented through brutal and discretionary practices leading to invisible violence against people seeking refuge. On the basis of a radio workshop with the people concerned, we propose an analysis from the point of view of those who are forced to live through the Dublin procedure in order to highlight its practical effects. In practice, the creation of a new legal category leads to the ranking and prioritisation of persons applying for asylum, creating differentiated treatment and a climate of legal instability that acts up to the materiality of their lives. Processing through control, policing and repression build criminalisation and produce the illegality of individuals, denying their rights and assigning them to an uncertain and anxiety pathway. Like a trap, this procedure stuck them by pushing them to the wrong step, forcing them to comply with legal and administrative rules that are incomprehensible or even absurd. This 'boring' procedure, as they call, exacerbates the characteristics of the asylum procedure: it prevents the autonomy of the persons concerned and makes their installation impossible. This results in feelings of humiliation and daily stress. However, in the face of such violence against them, people seeking refuge do not discourage and continue to resist. ; International audience ; The Dublin 'Regulation' is a legislative instrument which the European Union has adopted for the management of asylum. In practical terms, it is an obstacle for persons seeking protection from the French State by complicating access to the asylum procedure. This complex and unintelligible legislative mechanism is implemented through brutal and discretionary practices leading to invisible violence against ...

Budgeting is not only a technical process but also a highly political one because technique and discretionary judgement are intertwined, and different actors have different interests. Budgetary procedures can and should help to reduce various types of information imbalance and help local authorities to deliver services more effectively. This study highlights certain sensitive areas in the budgeting process, analyses the solutions tried by the different Council of Europe member states and identifies practices that seem particulary worthwhile. It suggest finally conclusions and guidelines for central governments and for local and regional authorities.

The European Union has created, beginning of 1995 the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA), based in London, which is in charge of medicinal products used both in human and veterinary medicines. The Agency gives opinions to the European Commission through either the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) and the Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products (CVMP). Since 1rst January 1998, the european decentralized procedure for the evaluation of medicinal products will superseed most of the national procedures. In Belgium, the Minister in charge of public health has recently adapted the national structure of registration to the european ones by creating an independent unit in charge of the evaluation of Veterinary Medicinal Products from the point of view of Quality, Safety and Efficacy. ; L'Union européenne s'est dotée depuis le 1ier janvier 1995 d'une agence européenne pour l'évaluation des médicaments, basée à Londres, en charge des médicaments tant humains que vétérinaires. L'agence fournit des avis à la Commission de l'Union européenne par l'intermédiaire soit du comité des spécialités pharmaceutiques (CPMP) soit du comité des médicaments vétérinaires (CVMP). Depuis le 1ier janvier 1998, la procédure européenne décentralisée (reconnaissance mutuelle) supplante les procédures nationales dans la majorité des cas. En Belgique, le Ministre en charge de la Santé publique au niveau fédéral a récemment adapté la structure d'enregistrement au niveau national pour mieux répondre aux nouveaux besoins créés par les procédures européennes en créant une chambre vétérinaire indépendante chargée de l'évaluation des produits vétérinaires tant du point de vue de leur qualité que de leur innocuité et leur efficacité. ; Peer reviewed

Implantology is a domain which has developed and democratized a lot during the last twenty years.In fact, it offers prosthetic solutions answering to the increasing demands of patients on the different aspects: comfort, aesthetics and therapeutic durability.However, the evolution of techniques, knowledge in the fields of biomaterials and bone physiology, doesn't make it possible to overcome the healing time necessary for the osteo-integration of the implant between its installation and the establishment of the prosthesis of use.It's during the healing period that the dentist will use the temporary prostheses in his treatment allowing the patient to find a satisfactory smile which will be indispensable to the management of the delay in the front sector.This work aims to present the different therapeutic alternatives for the temporization in aesthetic sector. After a few reminders on the chronology of implant treatment, we will study the mechanical, functional, biological and aesthetic imperatives to which the temporary prosthesis must respond.A second part is devoted to the description of the different types of temporary prostheses with their indications, advantages and disadvantages. The last part exposes the limits of the temporization. ; L'implantologie est une discipline qui s'est beaucoup développée et démocratisée durant ces vingt dernières années.En effet, elle offre des solutions prothétiques répondant aux exigences croissantes des patients du point de vue du confort, de l'esthétique et de la pérennité thérapeutique.Cependant l'évolution des techniques, des connaissances dans les domaines des biomatériaux et de la physiologie osseuse ne permettent pas de s'affranchir du temps de cicatrisation nécessaire à l'ostéo-intégration de l'implant entre sa pose et la mise en place de la prothèse d'usage.C'est au cours de cette période de cicatrisation que le chirurgien-dentiste va avoir recours aux prothèses de temporisation dans son plan de traitement permettant au patient de retrouver un sourire satisfaisant et qui se révéleront indispensable à la gestion de la temporisation en secteur antérieur.Ce travail a pour objectif de présenter les différentes alternatives thérapeutiques pour la temporisation en secteur esthétique. Après quelques rappels sur la chronologie du traitement implantaire, nous étudierons les impératifs mécaniques, fonctionnels, biologiques et esthétiques auxquels la prothèse de temporisation doit répondre.Une deuxième partie est consacrée à la description des différents types de prothèses de temporisation avec leurs indications, avantages et inconvénients.La dernière partie expose les limites de la temporisation.

Implantology is a domain which has developed and democratized a lot during the last twenty years.In fact, it offers prosthetic solutions answering to the increasing demands of patients on the different aspects: comfort, aesthetics and therapeutic durability.However, the evolution of techniques, knowledge in the fields of biomaterials and bone physiology, doesn't make it possible to overcome the healing time necessary for the osteo-integration of the implant between its installation and the establishment of the prosthesis of use.It's during the healing period that the dentist will use the temporary prostheses in his treatment allowing the patient to find a satisfactory smile which will be indispensable to the management of the delay in the front sector.This work aims to present the different therapeutic alternatives for the temporization in aesthetic sector. After a few reminders on the chronology of implant treatment, we will study the mechanical, functional, biological and aesthetic imperatives to which the temporary prosthesis must respond.A second part is devoted to the description of the different types of temporary prostheses with their indications, advantages and disadvantages. The last part exposes the limits of the temporization. ; L'implantologie est une discipline qui s'est beaucoup développée et démocratisée durant ces vingt dernières années.En effet, elle offre des solutions prothétiques répondant aux exigences croissantes des patients du point de vue du confort, de l'esthétique et de la pérennité thérapeutique.Cependant l'évolution des techniques, des connaissances dans les domaines des biomatériaux et de la physiologie osseuse ne permettent pas de s'affranchir du temps de cicatrisation nécessaire à l'ostéo-intégration de l'implant entre sa pose et la mise en place de la prothèse d'usage.C'est au cours de cette période de cicatrisation que le chirurgien-dentiste va avoir recours aux prothèses de temporisation dans son plan de traitement permettant au patient de retrouver un sourire satisfaisant et qui se révéleront indispensable à la gestion de la temporisation en secteur antérieur.Ce travail a pour objectif de présenter les différentes alternatives thérapeutiques pour la temporisation en secteur esthétique. Après quelques rappels sur la chronologie du traitement implantaire, nous étudierons les impératifs mécaniques, fonctionnels, biologiques et esthétiques auxquels la prothèse de temporisation doit répondre.Une deuxième partie est consacrée à la description des différents types de prothèses de temporisation avec leurs indications, avantages et inconvénients.La dernière partie expose les limites de la temporisation.

"Judicial proceedings in times of health crisis: Procsual law study", in LE NEMRO. Quarterly review of economic law The whole world is in crisis, and it is very little to say so. The coronavirus pandemic saves no sector, including the judiciary. It calls for a re-examination of the fundamental principles of the trial, which she strongly violates. Whether it is the principle of the publication of debates or the requirement of a reasonable time, everything is compromised. The health crisis also affects the enforcement of court decisions and forces the procedural right to adapt or even to anticipate. ; International audience ; "Judicial proceedings in times of health crisis: Procsual law study", in LE NEMRO. Quarterly review of economic law The whole world is in crisis, and it is very little to say so. The coronavirus pandemic saves no sector, including the judiciary. It calls for a re-examination of the fundamental principles of the trial, which she strongly violates. Whether it is the principle of the publication of debates or the requirement of a reasonable time, everything is compromised. The health crisis also affects the enforcement of court decisions and forces the procedural right to adapt or even to anticipate. ; « Les procédures judiciaires en période de crise sanitaire : étude de droit processuel », in LE NEMRO. Revue trimestrielle de droit économique Le monde entier est en crise, et c'est bien peu de le dire. La pandémie due au coronavirus n'épargne aucun secteur, y compris le secteur judiciaire. Elle invite à revisiter les principes fondamentaux du procès qu'elle bafoue fortement. Qu'il s'agisse du principe de la publicité des débats ou de l'exigence du délai raisonnable, tout est compromis. La crise sanitaire affecte également l'exécution des décisions de justice et force le droit processuel à s'adapter, voire à anticiper.

The issue of procedure in private international law seems simple, at first glance, to solve as the jurisdiction of the law of the forum is imbued with evidence. This is from the perspective of private international law methods - especially the conflict method and method of the substantive rules - as part of the action of the European Union that reflection has been developed. The position of the last in the first two sources justifies this position. The evidence of the rule above quickly felt. It conducts to douter the relevance of the use of conflict method to solve the difficulties that regional institution intends to annihilate in disputes involving a foreign element. But the difficulties of definition of the category procedure quickly hold the attention also. It thus appears a first field of action of the Union, already explored, but must be completed. However, the construction of the European judicial area – because there is the objective - seems to require, by the admission of the European authorities, contain procedural disparities. These are the substantive rules themselves that appear often ask questions in cross-border disputes by making it dificult in particular the free movement of judgments. So it is to this second method of private international law that the European Union had to turn. The vocation of the Union to act having been established, and a quick inventory of the achievement have been drawn up, it could be sought substantive rules that seemed necessary. Beyond these, the conflict method ensures the completeness of the system. ; La question de la procédure en droit international privé parait de prime abord simple à résoudre tant la compétence de la loi du for est empreinte d'évidence. C'est sous l'angle des méthodes du droit international privé – et particulièrement la méthode conflictuelle et la méthode des règles matérielles – dans le cadre de l'action de l'Union européenne que la réflexion a été développée. La place de cette dernière dans les sources des deux premières justifie cette position. L'évidence de la règle énoncée ci-dessus s'est rapidement fait ressentir. Elle a pu faire douter de la pertinence du recours à la méthode conflictuelle pour résoudre les difficultés que l'institution régionale entend annihiler dans les litiges comportant un élément d'extranéité. Mais les difficultés de définition de la catégorie procédure retiennent tout aussi rapidement l'attention. Il apparait ainsi un premier champ d'action de l'Union, déjà exploré certes, mais devant être complété. Toutefois, l'édification de l'espace judiciaire européen – car là est l'objectif poursuivi – semble nécessiter, de l'aveu même des autorités européennes, d'endiguer les disparités procédurales. Ce sont les règles matérielles elles-mêmes qui paraissent, souvent, poser question dans les litiges transfrontières en rendant difficile, notamment, la libre circulation des décisions. C'est donc vers cette seconde méthode du droit international privé que l'Union européenne a dû se tourner. La vocation à agir de l'Union ayant été établie, et un rapide état des lieux de l'acquis ayant été dressé, il a pu être recherché les règles matérielles qui semblaient nécessaires. Au-delà de celles-ci, la méthode conflictuelle assure la complétude du système.

The number of rare diseases is assessed between 5000 and 8000 distinct pathologies. Individually, these diseases are rare, but together they represent a major health problem at the population level. Because of the limited number of patients with certain diseases and the lack of knowledge about them, diagnosis for patients is often delayed.More than 80 % of rare diseases have a genetic origin, the vast majority of which are monogenic. The democratization of high-throughput sequencing technologies since 2005 has allowed the massive acquisition of genomic data from both healthy individuals and patients. However, establishing a diagnosis of a rare disease with current molecular biology technologies remains difficult.The industrial-scale application of exome and genome sequencing analyses associated with the constant increase in medical knowledge represents a concrete hope to bring a diagnosis to the majority of patients concerned by a rare disease suspected to be genetic.This thesis was particularly interested in the implementation of processes for constitutional genome-wide sequencing data analysis following industrial standards and bioinformatics good practices. Then, in the detection of copy number variations from exome sequencing data, but under-explored by many laboratories.Finally, this thesis has allowed the development and the initiation of collaborations still active today. This has been concretized by a study on detection of small somatic variations in an in vitro model of cancer development linked to the cellular microenvironment, the detection of structural variations using the innovative Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology and the comparison of prioritization methodologies for genetic variations using clinical descriptions based on HPO terms. ; Le nombre de maladies rares est estimé à entre 5000 et 8000 pathologies distinctes. Elles sont individuellement rares puisque par définition elles affectent moins de 1 individu sur 2000 dans la population générale, mais leur nombre les rend collectivement ...

The number of rare diseases is assessed between 5000 and 8000 distinct pathologies. Individually, these diseases are rare, but together they represent a major health problem at the population level. Because of the limited number of patients with certain diseases and the lack of knowledge about them, diagnosis for patients is often delayed.More than 80 % of rare diseases have a genetic origin, the vast majority of which are monogenic. The democratization of high-throughput sequencing technologies since 2005 has allowed the massive acquisition of genomic data from both healthy individuals and patients. However, establishing a diagnosis of a rare disease with current molecular biology technologies remains difficult.The industrial-scale application of exome and genome sequencing analyses associated with the constant increase in medical knowledge represents a concrete hope to bring a diagnosis to the majority of patients concerned by a rare disease suspected to be genetic.This thesis was particularly interested in the implementation of processes for constitutional genome-wide sequencing data analysis following industrial standards and bioinformatics good practices. Then, in the detection of copy number variations from exome sequencing data, but under-explored by many laboratories.Finally, this thesis has allowed the development and the initiation of collaborations still active today. This has been concretized by a study on detection of small somatic variations in an in vitro model of cancer development linked to the cellular microenvironment, the detection of structural variations using the innovative Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology and the comparison of prioritization methodologies for genetic variations using clinical descriptions based on HPO terms. ; Le nombre de maladies rares est estimé à entre 5000 et 8000 pathologies distinctes. Elles sont individuellement rares puisque par définition elles affectent moins de 1 individu sur 2000 dans la population générale, mais leur nombre les rend collectivement ...

The number of rare diseases is assessed between 5000 and 8000 distinct pathologies. Individually, these diseases are rare, but together they represent a major health problem at the population level. Because of the limited number of patients with certain diseases and the lack of knowledge about them, diagnosis for patients is often delayed.More than 80 % of rare diseases have a genetic origin, the vast majority of which are monogenic. The democratization of high-throughput sequencing technologies since 2005 has allowed the massive acquisition of genomic data from both healthy individuals and patients. However, establishing a diagnosis of a rare disease with current molecular biology technologies remains difficult.The industrial-scale application of exome and genome sequencing analyses associated with the constant increase in medical knowledge represents a concrete hope to bring a diagnosis to the majority of patients concerned by a rare disease suspected to be genetic.This thesis was particularly interested in the implementation of processes for constitutional genome-wide sequencing data analysis following industrial standards and bioinformatics good practices. Then, in the detection of copy number variations from exome sequencing data, but under-explored by many laboratories.Finally, this thesis has allowed the development and the initiation of collaborations still active today. This has been concretized by a study on detection of small somatic variations in an in vitro model of cancer development linked to the cellular microenvironment, the detection of structural variations using the innovative Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology and the comparison of prioritization methodologies for genetic variations using clinical descriptions based on HPO terms. ; Le nombre de maladies rares est estimé à entre 5000 et 8000 pathologies distinctes. Elles sont individuellement rares puisque par définition elles affectent moins de 1 individu sur 2000 dans la population générale, mais leur nombre les rend collectivement ...

The issue of procedure in private international law seems simple, at first glance, to solve as the jurisdiction of the law of the forum is imbued with evidence. This is from the perspective of private international law methods - especially the conflict method and method of the substantive rules - as part of the action of the European Union that reflection has been developed. The position of the last in the first two sources justifies this position. The evidence of the rule above quickly felt. It conducts to douter the relevance of the use of conflict method to solve the difficulties that regional institution intends to annihilate in disputes involving a foreign element. But the difficulties of definition of the category procedure quickly hold the attention also. It thus appears a first field of action of the Union, already explored, but must be completed. However, the construction of the European judicial area – because there is the objective - seems to require, by the admission of the European authorities, contain procedural disparities. These are the substantive rules themselves that appear often ask questions in cross-border disputes by making it dificult in particular the free movement of judgments. So it is to this second method of private international law that the European Union had to turn. The vocation of the Union to act having been established, and a quick inventory of the achievement have been drawn up, it could be sought substantive rules that seemed necessary. Beyond these, the conflict method ensures the completeness of the system. ; La question de la procédure en droit international privé parait de prime abord simple à résoudre tant la compétence de la loi du for est empreinte d'évidence. C'est sous l'angle des méthodes du droit international privé – et particulièrement la méthode conflictuelle et la méthode des règles matérielles – dans le cadre de l'action de l'Union européenne que la réflexion a été développée. La place de cette dernière dans les sources des deux premières justifie cette ...