A detergent-free protocol for purification of the coronavirus prefusion S-protein using styrene- maleic acid copolymer (SMA) was developed. Expression of the S-protein was carried out in HEK293T cells. Two solubilization methods were used to purify and prepare the S-protein for microscopy: in NP-40 detergent and as part of SMA. The resulting preparations were examined in an electron microscope, and the particles of purified S-proteins were classified. Analysis of two-dimensional projections of the particles showed that the use of lipodiscs for solubilization leads to lower mobility of the purified protein on the substrate, compared to the protein in the detergent, which may further contribute to obtaining higher resolutions when studying the structure of membrane proteins.
The study of the main cultural, domestic and political trends is currently being updated due to the fact that in addition to the economic and political aspects of the development of social and political life is gaining strength and influence of cultural and cultural trends. This is due to the fact that in the period of globalization erased the boundaries of national and cultural identity, although the cultural aspect of the political development of the state on the example of the USSR in 1965–1985., allows us to show the importance of the cultural component of social and political life of the province in our days, such a retrospective allows us to highlight the main aspects projected on modern society and note the validity of this projection in the conditions of modern scientific knowledge.
The article presents to an assessment of the institutional complexity level of the industry markets on the example of seven Russian metallurgical industries. The author specifies the system of institutional interaction in the industry markets. The research methodology bases on the construction of an industry markets institutional map, which is a system of two projections: the complexity level of the industry market institutions and the complexity level of industrial market institutional environment. The result of the paper is the empirical institutional mapping for the seven metallurgical industries in the fact and with the adjustment for stability. The institutional map visualizes high complexity level in all metallurgical industries, but this fact is due to various reasons. Our research can be interesting for updating of the enterprises strategy, and for the choice of an industrial policy.
The paper presents an interest for those specialists who are involved in solution of efficiency problems in light industry of Belarus as one of the significant industries that forms an economic situation in the Republic, its export potential and social climate. It is extremely relevant for the Belarusian enterprises to reduce production costs in order to preserve and strengthen positions in the light industry market. Operating capacities for production of natural, synthetic textile and knit-wear materials and their subsequent treatment are in many respects unjustifiably energy intensive. Nowadays the only acceptable solution of the problem for reduction of production costs is to decrease its energy component. Such approach requires transition to creation of modern heat and power supply systems at heat technology enterprises.The most important sub-system of the enterprises is own combined production of energy flows of secondary electrical and heat energy, freeze. There is a complex of problems that arise during designing process of tri-generation unit. One of the most important problems presupposes determination of a base load demand and capacity of every energy flow generated by an energy source. The solution is directly related to production output, which in its turn is determined by the requirements of sales markets. Due to various reasons the markets have their own specificity for the enterprises under consideration. It is proposed to use statistical methods for searching requirements. In this connection it is necessary to take into account industry development rate (pre-determined by State Programs, Plans, Governmental solutions, including directive instructions), production volumes of competitive goods and actual goods situation on the sales market.The paper presents the first part of the executed complex investigations which are directed on the development of scientifically-substantiated proposals for higher energy efficiency of the industry as a whole. It has become possible on the basis of the results obtained in the process of studying its power and heat engineering problems. The results of an analytical calculation analysis of statistical and obtained forecasting data are considered as a basis for the development of scientifically substantiated proposals for modernization of energy supply systems and power resource saving of the industry that fully corresponds to the investigation objective. The result of the executed investigations, that is a significant reduction of the energy component in the production costs will be presented in the follow-up publications. ; Статья представляет интерес для специалистов, занятых решением проблем эффективности легкой промышленности Беларуси как одной из значимых отраслей, в большой степени формирующих состояние экономики республики, ее экспортный потенциал и социальный климат. Для сохранения и упрочения позиций на рынках для предприятий легкой промышленности чрезвычайно актуально снижение себестоимости продукции. Действующие производства натуральных, синтетических текстильных и трикотажных материалов и их последующая обработка во многом неоправданно энергоемки. Сегодня единственно приемлемым решением задачи снижения себестоимости продукции отрасли является уменьшение ее энергетической составляющей, для чего необходим переход к созданию современных теплоэнергетических систем на теплотехнологических предприятиях. Важнейшей подсистемой последних является собственное комбинированное производство энергопотоков вторичных электрической и тепловой энергии, холода. Среди вопросов, возникающих при проектировании тригенерационных комплексов, один из основных – определение базовой нагрузки и мощностей каждого генерируемого энергопотока энергоисточника. Решение непосредственно связано с выпуском продукции, который определяется спросом на рынках сбыта, в силу разных причин имеющим свою специфику для рассматриваемых предприятий. Поиск спроса предлагается вести с использованием статистических методов. Требуется учитывать как темпы развития отрасли (предопределенные государственными программами, планами, правительственными решениями, в том числе директивными), объемы производства конкурентоспособной продукции, так и фактическое положение продукции на рынках сбыта.Данная публикация – первая часть комплексных исследований авторов, направленных на разработку научно обоснованных предложений повышения энергоэффективности отрасли в целом на базе полученных результатов при изучении ее энергои теплотехнических проблем. Результаты расчетно-аналитического анализа статистических и полученных прогнозных материалов положены в основу разработки научно обоснованных предложений по модернизации энергообеспечения и экономии энергоресурсов отрасли, т. е. цели исследований. Результат проделанной работы – существенное снижение энергетической составляющей себестоимости продукции – будет представлен в последующих публикациях.
The aspects of the introduction of the single currency calculations economic and geographic integration zone. Presented the basic theory of optimum currency areas. Made conclusions about the main advantages and disadvantages of the theory of optimal currency areas. We describe the world's major world currencies - the dollar and the euro. It makes projections about the prospects of other reserve currencies in the world. Presented diff erent approaches are proposed for the introduction of a single currency settlement currency and a single monetary zone in the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union. ; Рассмотрены аспекты введения единой валюты расчетов экономико-географической интеграционной зоны. Приведены основные теории оптимальных валютных зон. Сделаны выводы об основных достоинствах и недостатках теорий оптимальных валютных зон. Описаны основные мировые валюты мира – доллар и евро. Также сделан прогноз о перспективах развития иных резервных валютах мира. Предложены различные подходы по введению единой валютной валюты расчетов, а также единой валютной зоны на территории Евразийского экономического союза.
The article deals with the role of the military terminological language unit. The authors present different points of view on the nature, structure and research methodology of the term and give their own interpretation of the term as an object of study. While investigating linguistic phenomena, it is important to take into account the fact that language has epistemic and cognitive functions. Terminologists keep in mind the opposition between the word in the common language dictionary expressing the conventional meaning and the definition of the word in a special dictionary of professional terms. Terms are words included in a special dictionary (for example, diplomatic, military, natural-scientific, commercial, tech-nical, juridical, etc.) used in language for specific purposes by representatives of multivarious professional spheres. The article contains a detailed analysis of the peculiarities of the English military terminological system and stresses that the military sphere is in certain touch with all social aspects of our life: military terminological units can be found in special texts on military topics and in mass media texts, both in the speech of professional military persons and in the communication between specialists of other fields of knowledge in which the military terminological unit, still keeping its reference to the military paradigm, can be used as a component of the common national language. On the basis of the specificity of the ter-minological meaning, the authors of the article make a conclusion that the semantic volume of the military terminological language unit expands in the process of cognition. The paper also argues that the most typical model of term formation is represented in the military sphere by compounding. ; В статье на материале английского языка рассматриваются особенности военной терминологической системы.
Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; В статье на основе обобщения статистических данных рассматриваются демографическая ситуация, сложившаяся в Великобритании в настоящее время, и рынок труда страны, анализируются миграционные потоки в период 2005—2015 гг. и определяются основные причины иммиграции. Проводится сравнительный анализ населения Великобритании и иммигрантов по возрастным группам, изучаются государственные расходы на социальную защиту населения и приводятся результаты исследования Университетского колледжа Лондона по вопросу вклада иммигрантов в экономику страны. Определяются причины возникновения разногласий в вопросе миграции, дается характеристика текущего состояния миграционного конфликта Великобритании и Европейского союза и делается прогноз его дальнейшего развития. = On the basis of summarized data the article examines the current demographic situation in the United Kingdom and the labor market of the country, analyzes migration flows for the period from 2005 to 2015 and identifies the main reasons for migration. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the UK population and immigrants by age structure, studies public social protection expenditure and provides the results of the research by the University College London on the economic contribution made by immigrants to the UK. The cause of disagreement in migration matters is identified, the current state of the dispute between the United Kingdom and the European Union is defined and the projection of its further development is made.
The metaphysics of domestic reform seems to be the leitmotif of Russian political science. The debate about the direction of the reforms of the last 25 years, about the nature and specifics of transformation of the society and the individual constantly come up in various contexts, the intersection point of which is the identification of relations between political and institutional transformation and the status of Russia as a subject of historical creativity. The goals and results of transformations in the social and individual projections reflect multilayered overlay of civilizational parameters of Russian society, its social canvas, social needs and political strategies. The problem of social stability and variability correlates with the notions of subjects and objects of political and economic reforms, their ideological intentions and the dominant sociopolitical discourses. The ambiguity of the outcomes of the reforms in Russia implicates research perspective of categorization and understanding of the essential forces of the individual and the society: understanding the social features of Russia, reflection of social needs in the mass consciousness, the political meanings of the reformation and finally the destiny of man. Many of the concepts and narratives are reflected in the book: 25 Years after the USSR: People, Society, Reforms: People, Society, Reforms (Compiled by P. Dutkiewicz, R. Sakwa, V.I. Kulikov. Ed. by E.B. Shestopal, A.Y. Shutov, V.I. Yakunin. Moscow: Moscow University Press. 2015). The given article proposes reflection on methodological approaches of the reviewed book.
The aim of this article is to study the history of "The Fall of the Squadron" play in the theatres ofSoviet Union. The plot of the pay is based on actual events of 1918 when the Black Sea Fleet of theRussian Empire was deliberately sinked as a result of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. From the standpointof 1930's the play aimed to imprint the past as a projection of Revolution. The performances ofthe play mainly contained the heroic and revolutionary spirit of the Black Sea seamen and their"second homeland" — the city of Sevastopol. But after the political reforms in the 1950-1960's theatres the started to address their productions to people's inner world. The destruction of the Fleet was considered not only as part of the Civil War but also as a human tragedy for those who faced it has lost everything they've had. ; Рассматриваются особенности эволюции пьесы А. Е. Корнейчука «Гибель эскадры» на со-ветской театральной сцене. Ее сюжет опирался на историю затопления Черноморского флота в1918 г. вследствие подписания Брестского мира. В трактовке 1930-х гг. пьеса стремилась закре-пить прошлое как проекцию революции. В спектаклях преобладала героически-революционнаясущность черноморцев и их «второй Родины» — Севастополя. Но после политических реформ1950 — 1960-х гг. театральные постановки обратились к внутреннему миру человека. Уни-чтожение флота воспринималось не только как один из эпизодов Гражданской войны, но и кактрагедия людей, на глазах у которых гибло все, что составляло важную часть их жизни.
The article is devoted to the problem of non-state entities in a changing nature of world politics. Hamas and Hezbollah are seen as major non-governmental actors in the Middle East with great potential to infl uence regional political processes including the Palestinian-Israeli peace talks. The authors made an attempt to conduct comparative analysis of those movements' compliance with the benchmarks of an actor (drafted by J. Nye, R. Keohane and other prominent political scientists) so as to assess its roles and positions in the region. Suggestions on shaping foreign policy towards those nonstate actors were made and strategies of its incorporation in the world order were investigated. The authors described negative and positive projections of such an engagement of Hamas and Hezbollah in the regional processes and gave their perspective on the feasibility of each scenario. ; Статья посвящена проблеме негосударственных акторов в меняющейся политической системе мира. Рассматриваются ХАМАС и Хизбалла как наиболее крупные негосударственные акторы на Ближнем Востоке, обладающие значительным потенциалом с точки зрения влияния на ход региональных политических процессов, в том числе палестино- израильского урегулирования. На основе основных критериев «акторности», которые отмечали Р. Кохейн, Дж. Най и другие политологи, была предпринята попытка провести сравнительный анализ указанных движений для оценки степени и характера их акторности в регионе. После определения их значимости были рассмотрены методики внешнеполитического взаимодействия с этими политическими игроками и предложены стратегии включения ХАМАС и Хизбаллы в существующую региональную политическую систему. Были описаны негативный и позитивный сценарии развития ситуации ввиду такого встраивания, и оптимистичный вариант обоснован как наиболее вероятный.
The article deals with The Land of Cokaygne, the poem of the 14th century recorded in Middle English in a manuscript associated with Ireland. The poem is a description of an unprecedented land, which is the embodiment of the earthly Paradise, and therefore one of the goals of studying its image was to establish the symbolic meanings of its details. Th e mention of the four rivers of the land of Cokaygne, the precious gems that are the bed for the mouth of the four healing streams, the roses and lilies that adorn the meadow of the abbey described in detail, etc., according to the author of the article, turned out to be associated with biblical images and medieval religious beliefs, therefore, the depicted earthly Paradise seems to be a projection of both the heavenly Jerusalem and the Garden of Eden. Th is religious connotation separates the English version of the Cokaigne legend from foreign-language versions created solely for the entertainment of the social lower classes, and not addressed to "men of wisdom". The author of the article touches upon the fragment of the English poem which depicts the heavenly games of the monks, and their fantastic fl ight over the abbey, the center of this land. The author sees the origins of the anonymous poet's fantasy in his acquaintance with the English tradition of depicting celestial flights and with the Irish tradition of mentioning 'evidence' of boats floating in the sky. The article argues that the poet embodied this fantasy, because the forms of the verbs 'fly' and 'flee', that originated in the Old English and developed in some dialects of Middle English, were indistinguishable.
The article analyzes the role of the Transsib in the state migration policy of Russia in thelate XIX — early XX centuries, connected with the modernization of the economy and society.Conclusions are drawn that with regard to the territorial aspects of economic growth andindustrialization, the successes of the government policy of accelerated development shouldbe assessed through the degree and forms of state participation in the conscious projection ofspatial economic shifts and the formation of a large economic space as prerequisites for outstrippingthe development of a capacious domestic market and adequate to scale The countryof the resource-material basis of the economy. From this point of view, laying Transsib was notso much the satisfaction of current economic exchanges, but rather the transformation of thecountry into a single indivisible economic whole. Transsib, this largest railway project was notso much a direct response to the urgent economic needs of developing ties with Siberia, as avisionary, strategically oriented project. ; В статье проанализирована роль Транссиба в государственной миграционной политикеРоссии в конце XIX — начале XX вв., связанные с модернизацией экономики и общества.Сделаны выводы о том, что в отношении территориальных аспектов роста экономики и инду-стриализации, успехи правительственной политики ускоренного развития должны оцениватьсячерез степень и формы участия государства в сознательном проецировании пространствен-ных экономических сдвигов и формировании большого экономического пространства, какпредпосылки опережающего развития емкого внутреннего рынка и адекватного масштабамстраны ресурсно-материального базиса экономики. С этой точки зрения, прокладка Транссибазаключалось не столько в удовлетворении текущих экономических обменов, сколько в пре-вращении страны в единое неразделимое экономическое целое. Транссиб, этот крупнейшийжелезнодорожный проект явился не столько непосредственным откликом на неотложные эко-номические потребности развития связей с Сибирью, сколько дальновидным, стратегическиориентированным проектом.
In modern political and theoretical discourse, the concept of a ' just society' is usually perceived as a normative idea that expresses the notion of what society "should be". Nowadays, social justice as a political slogan is becoming an increasingly universal requirement made by social movements, political parties and groups regarding the ways of social organization and its functions. Regardless of the different interpretations, it is inseparable from other related concepts, such as 'equality', ' freedom' and many others. It also represents the projection of various concepts of justice on social relations in individual countries, regions, and, finally, throughout the world ('global justice' on the scale of all mankind). Comparative analysis of the A.M. Kovalev's concept of a just society and the main trends in the interpretation of this idea in modern Western socio-political theory indicate that the methodology developed by an outstanding Russian scientist can rightfully be considered one of the most promising. Its distinguishing feature is the creative interpretation of a set of ideas about a just society, dating back to the early works of Marx. It is combined with the analysis of the ideas of the Western European Enlightenment, the philosophy of Kant, Hegel and Fichte, the evolution of the social philosophy of the Frankfurt School and other equally influential areas of modern political theory (R. Aron and others). An analysis of modern political theories shows that the dyad " justice / state" constitutes the ontological core of the political and philosophical discourse, in the structure of which the ideas of Marxism play an important role. In the A.M. Kovalev's theory of a just society, the various assessments of the heuristic potential of Marxism acquire additional incentives, opening the way to new creative discussions. The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of A.M. Kovalev.
