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Courts frequently assess the constitutionality of government regulation on free speech by reference to the law's impact on hypothetical expression not before the court. In some instances, courts have permitted litigants whose speech is not regulated by a statute to nevertheless raise First Amendment overbreadth challenges on the basis that third-party expression might be chilled—as in, silenced. Still, in other instances, courts have invalidated government regulation on the basis of its impact upon the hypothetical expression of others. In either event, the concept of a chilling effect is a speculative and superfluous misnomer that has no place in First Amendment free speech jurisprudence. The chilling effect doctrine, which reasons that laws that chill speech are unconstitutional, makes too many false assumptions about the speakers' knowledge of the law, their ability to correctly apply the law, and their willingness to conform to the law in order to adequately capture constitutionally protected speech. For this reason, whether a law might deter putative speakers from engaging in their desired expression is an important concern, but one that should be abandoned as a measure of constitutional standing and harm. To date, scholars have addressed the chilling effect doctrine only in relation to other aspects of constitutional law without fully contemplating its role in First Amendment jurisprudence. As a result, the relevant literature is highly fractured. By focusing solely on the chilling effect doctrine and its shaky underpinnings, this Article draws from existing scholarship to create a new, universal framework for critiquing the doctrine. Because the chilling effect doctrine arises from faulty assumptions regarding knowledge and conformity, it should be abdicated and replaced with a direct impact test premised on how hypothetical expression would fare under the challenged regulation.

Nowadays, the nature of land title and cadastral (LTC) data in the Turkey is dynamic from a temporal perspective which depends on the LTC operations. Functional requirements with respect to the characteristics are investigated based upon interviews of professionals in public and private sectors. These are; Legal authorities, Land Registry and Cadastre offices, Highway departments, Foundations, Ministries of Budget, Transportation, Justice, Public Works and Settlement, Environment and Forestry, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Culture and Internal Affairs, State Institute of Statistics (SIS), execution offices, tax offices, real estate offices, private sector, local governments and banks. On the other hand, spatio-temporal LTC data very important component for creating infrastructure of Land Administration Model (LADM). For this reason, spatio-temporal LTC data needs for LADM not only updated but also temporal. The investigations ended up with determine temporal analyses of LTC data, traditional LTC system and tracing temporal analyses in traditional LTC system. In the traditional system, the temporal analyses needed by all these users could not be performed in a rapid and reliable way. The reason for this is that the traditional LTC system is a manual archiving system. The aims and general contents of this paper: (1) define traditional LTC system of Turkey; (2) determining the need for spatio-temporal LTC data and analyses for core domain model for LADM. As a results of temporal and spatio-temporal analysis LTC data needs, new system design is important for the Turkish LADM model. Designing and realizing an efficient and functional Temporal Geographic Information Systems (TGIS) is inevitable for the Turkish LADM core infrastructure. Finally this paper outcome is creating infrastructure for design and develop LADM for Turkey.

Проанализированы причины, не позволившие довести до стадии промышленного прототипа и серийного выпуска для внутреннего и глобального рынка конкурентоспособную экспортно ориентированную отечественную разработку роботохирургического комплекса. Разработка выполнена по направлению, имеющему статус приоритетного и выделенного в качестве особо значимого в Прогнозе научно-технологического развития России на период до 2030 года, в дорожных картах Национальной технологической инициативы и других стратегических документах. В финансировании проекта приняли участие практически все созданные в РФ фонды и институты развития. Сделан вывод, что ключевой причиной критического увеличения жизненного цикла высокотехнологичного рыночного продукта является отсутствие целеполагания и программы согласованных действий заинтересованных министерств и ведомств, а также отсутствие в РФ крупной технологической компании, способной производить в промышленных масштабах экспортно ориентированную продукцию и обеспечить ее глобальные продажи. ; The article analyses the reasons that prevent a competitive export-oriented Russian domestic development of the robot surgical complex from being industrially prototyped and serially released for the domestic and global market. The development is completed within the framework of a «priority project» which was also highlighted as of significant importance in the Forecast analysis of the scientific-technological development of Russia for the period of up until 2030 and in the road maps of the National technological initiative and other strategic documents. The project was financed by nearly all development funds and institutes in Russia. A conclusion is drawn that the key reason behind the significant increase in a life span of a high-tech market product is the absence of a target setting and a programme of coordinated actions from committed ministries and governmental agencies, as well as the lack of a large high tech company in Russia, capable of producing in industrial volumes the export-oriented products and ensure their global sales.

This study is departed from the idea that the provision of budget for the persons with disabilities is a very important thing. Recalling this problem, a good regulation is required. This study raised a problem of the urgency of budgeting for the persons with disabilities and the funding strategy as well as the juridical strategy in governing the budget for the persons with disabilities. This study employed a juridical analytical method, a research which is conducted to analyze certain provision of law to be used later in answering the society' problem. From the research, it could be found that the provision of fund to provide the infrastructures for the persons with disabilities is very urgent. Such urgency included the reasons concerning the funding provision for the persons with disabilities and the determination of their needs required the funding provision. The budgeting strategy for the persons with disabilities is highly dependent on who is responsible for the affairs concerning the persons with disabilities. In the context of the relationship division between Central Government and Local Government, it includes those decentralized to local areas. For that reason, the local areas could provide it from Local Original Income (PAD) deriving from Entertainment Tax with earmarking pattern. When it was not sufficient, recalling that the existing local tax potential was inadequate or null, the funding for the persons with disabilities could be provided by Central Government and the other legitimate source of funds. The regulation strategy which should be taken is to amend the Law Number 28 of 2009 and Law Numer 40 of 2007 on Corporate Social Responsibility, to establish the Law of the Persons with Disabilities to govern the funding.Keywords: persons with disabilities, budget, state finance

IntroductionHIV controllers (HICs) experience relatively low‐level viraemia and CD4 preservation without antiretroviral therapy (ART), but also immune activation that may predispose to adverse clinical events such as cardiovascular disease and hospitalization. The objective of this study was to characterize the rates and reasons for hospitalization among HICs and persons with medically controlled HIV.MethodsSubjects with consistently well‐controlled HIV were identified in the U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study. ART prescription and HIV‐1 RNA data were used to categorize subjects as HICs or medically controlled as defined by ≥3 HIV‐1 RNA measurements ≤2000 or ≤400 copies/mL, respectively, representing the majority of measurements spanning ≥12 months. Hospitalizations were tallied and assigned diagnostic categories. All‐cause hospitalization rates were compared between groups using negative binomial regression.Results and discussionOf 3106 subjects followed from 2000 to 2013, 221 were HICs, including 33 elite (1.1%) and 188 viraemic (6.0%) controllers, who contributed 882 person‐years (PY) of observation time. An additional 870 subjects with medically controlled HIV contributed 4217 PY. Mean hospitalization rates were 9.4/100 PY among HICs and 8.8/100 PY among medically controlled subjects. Non‐AIDS‐defining infections were the most common reason for hospitalization (2.95/100 PY and 2.70/100 PY, respectively) and rates of cardiovascular hospitalization were similar in both groups (0.45/100 PY and 0.76/100 PY). There was no difference in hospitalization rate for HICs compared with subjects with medically controlled HIV (adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.15 [95% confidence interval 0.80 to 1.65]).ConclusionsAll‐cause and cardiovascular hospitalization rates did not differ between HICs and persons with medically controlled HIV. Non‐AIDS defining infections were common in this young, healthy, predominantly male cohort of military personnel and beneficiaries.

Purpose
– The study aims to examine whether and how second-hand clothing shoppers differ from non-shoppers on various psychographic variables, including environmentalism, perception of contamination, price sensitivity and perception of vintage clothing. Additionally, this study hopes to uncover whether and how the aforementioned psychographic variables help predict second-hand clothing shopping behaviour, specifically shopping frequency at second-hand clothing stores.


Design/methodology/approach
– Data were collected through a survey method from 152 college students.


Findings
– Results showed that college students who shopped at second-hand clothing stores were more likely to be environmentally conscious, more sensitive to higher prices and more likely to wear used clothing to express a vintage look and to be "green", and to perceive used clothing to be less contaminated, as compared to those who did not shop at second-hand clothing stores. This study concluded that, among college students, second-hand clothing shoppers may do so not only for economic reasons but also for creation of style and feeling special about themselves.


Research limitations/implications
– This study suggests that college students who shop at second-hand clothing stores are different from those who do not shop at second-hand stores in terms of their environmental attitudes, perceptions of contamination from used clothing, sensitivity to prices and how they feel about vintage clothing. Further, financial concern (i.e. price sensitivity) is no longer the only reason for second-hand clothing shopping.


Originality/value
– Little research has been conducted to understand second-hand clothing shopping behaviour among college students. This study examined multiple psychographic variables and provided insights into college students' second-hand shopping behaviour.

Abstract
The paper presents a comparative analysis of the evolution of the legislative process concerning ART (especially PGD) in the specific cultural, societal and political contexts of two countries- Slovakia and Germany. Our analysis is based on 1. mapping the variety of discourses on ART in order to gain an understanding of the perspectives of the main actors and their arguments; and on 2. exploring the reasons for the differences in the current regulation of ART among European Union member states. In both Slovakia and Germany we found there was a deficit of democratic legitimacy, because the arguments and experiences of those primarily affected by the restrictive measures on the use of ART in medical care-infertile women and men-are not taken into consideration with any seriousness. On the contrary, government and legislators pay too much attention to the ethical opinions of the Catholic Church. Government intervention in Germany is highly problematic because there is no sufficient justification of the reasons behind restrictions on parental autonomy and the procreative freedom of women and men. Moreover, the restrictions are not consistent across an array of similar cases and are not applied equally to all (they differ depending on whether the embryo is in vivo or in vitro and healthy or unhealthy). Instead of an interventionist approach which protects the embryo against its own potential mother, it would be more sensible to adopt the "women-centered" approach already suggested by several authors (see for instance Freedman & Isaacs, 1993, Himmel & Michelmann, 2007). It holds that both the mother and embryo have to be at the centre of bioethical and legal considerations, instead of there being an exclusive reliance on ethical principles and expert opinions with regard to the embryo alone

En este artículo se exploran las causas del declive de los partidos comunistas de Europa occidental desde el supuesto de que el mismo se produjo en una situación previa de crisis, anterior a la caída del Muro, que se agudizó con el colapso de los Estados comunistas, y tuvo muy distintos efectos debido a la distinta trayectoria histórica de los diversos partidos nacionales en relación con la Unión Soviética. Se analizan también las distintas respuestas ideológicas y organizativas dadas por las formaciones comunistas occidentales ante la pérdida del referente soviético y la relevancia que para la orientación política de estas tuvo su ubicación en los sistemas de partidos nacionales. Se extraen finalmente las conclusiones relativas a las causas y principales rasgos de la configuración de una nueva izquierda anticapitalista europea en la que han quedado en gran parte subsumidos los antiguos partidos comunistas. ; In this article we analyze the reasons of the decline of the communist parties of western Europe under the supposition that this decline took place in a previous situation of crisis, prior to the fall of the Wall of Berlin, which was sharpened by the collapse of the communist States, and had very different effects due to the different historical path of the diverse national parties in relation with the Soviet Union. We also analyze the different ideological and organizational answers given by the communist western formations to the loss of the Soviet model, and the relevancy that its location in the systems of national parties had in the political orientation of this formations. Finally we extract the conclusions relative to the reasons and principal features of the configuration of a new anticapitalist European left that includes the former communist parties.

Proceeding of: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2015) ; Physical activity is recognized as one of the key factors for a healthy life due to its beneficial effects. The range of physical activities is very broad, and not all of them require the same effort to be performed nor have the same effects on health. For this reason, automatically recognizing the physical activity performed by a user (or patient) turns out to be an interesting research field, mainly because of two reasons: (1) it increases personal awareness about the activity being performed and its consequences on health, allowing to receive proper credit (e.g. social recognition) for the effort; and (2) it allows doctors to perform continuous remote patient monitoring. This paper proposes a new approach for improving activity recognition by describing an activity recognition chain (ARC) that is optimized by means of genetic algorithms.This optimization process determines the most suitable and informative set of features that turns out into higher recognition accuracy while reducing the total number of sensors required to track the user activity. These improvements can be translated into lower costs in hardware and less intrusive devices for the patients. In this work, for the assessment of the proposed approach versus other techniques and for replication purposes, a publicly available dataset on physical activity (PAMAP2) has been used. Experiments are designed and conducted to evaluate the proposed ARC by using leave-one-subject-out cross validation and results are encouraging, reaching an average classification accuracy of about 94%. ; This research was partially funded by European Union's CIP Programme (ICT-PSP-2012) under grant agreement no. 325146 (SEACW project).

International audience ; Trolleybuses and the European cityscape : energy choices under environmental pressure (London, Paris, and Rome, 1930s) Arnaud Passalacqua (Paris Diderot University) During the interwar period, the European cities faced new mobility problems. The substitution of horse power by different kinds of motors, which began before the First World War, was only completed during the 1930s. Beside the intensification of car traffic, one of the most striking changes of that time is the dismantling of tram networks, which occurred in a few cities. At least London, Paris and Rome have chosen to totally or partially dismantle their tram networks and to develop different enhancements of mobility. A new system, the trolleybus, could easily find a place on the dismantled tram lines, for energy and cityscape reasons. This was the case in London, whereas Paris only used motor buses in place of trams. Rome followed an intermediate way by developing a mix of mobility, based on trams, trolleybuses and motor buses. Our paper will address the different elements behind the decisions made in the three cities on the question of trolleybus. The hybrid nature of this system, powered by electricity supplied by overhead wires but rolling on pneumatic tires, leads to special links between energy and cityscape. We will try to understand the role of these environmental factors in the debates of the 1930s. Our hypothesis is that these environmental considerations have been partially exploited in order to hide other kinds of reasons behind the choices made in the different contexts, such as industrial interests, social fears or political choices. And this game explains the adoption or the rejection of trolleybuses. As a result, despite transfers and rivalry between cities, the 1930s built original mobility supply in these three European capital cities.

В статье на примере Русской революции 1917 г. анализируется одна из ключевых и наиболее распространенных точек зрения исследователей на революции как путь модернизации государств. Автор дискутирует с устоявшимся в современной историографии представлением о том, что причины и последствия революций обусловлены задачами модернизации государства, не способного решить внутренние проблемы путем реформ. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что революция становится структурной причиной модернизации государства, в которой ее составные части (урбанизация, индустриализация, демократизация) структурно взаимосвязаны, но размещены на длительном временном промежутке. Единственным, по мнению автора, признаком, в чем тезис модернизации в ходе революции не может быть оспорен, это изменение социальной структуры общества. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of state modernization as a result of revolutions exemplified by the Russian revolution. There are considered researchers' approaches to the problem of modernization of states after revolutions, analyzed the problem zones of the concept, in particular with respect to the Russian revolution. The author questions the historiography view that the reasons and consequences of revolutions are caused by problems of modernization in a state (which is incapable to solve these problems by reforms). These statements were fully applied to the Russian revolution. The author comes to the conclusion that the Russian revolution of 1917 was the first one the tasks of which purposefully included modernization of the state. From the author's point of view, revolution certainly becomes the structural reason of further modernization of the state in which modernization processes (urbanization, industrialization and democratization) are structurally interconnected and interdependent, but are within a long time interval. According to the author, the only thing where the thesis of modernization during revolution can''t be challenged is the change of the social structure of society.

Following a review of all available studies, glyphosate, an active substance used in pesticides, has been assessed as non-carcinogenic by the competent national, European and other international institutions for health assessment including the WHO/FAO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). At a meeting of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2015 in Lyon, the participating experts classified glyphosate as a carcinogenic substance in Group 2A ("probably carcinogenic to humans"), based on "limited evidence in humans" and "sufficient evidence in animals". This classification was published in a short report in the "Lancet" journal on 20 March 2015. As Germany is the "Rapporteur Member State" in the European Union (EU) for the active substance glyphosate, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) is issuing its comments on this classification by IARC based on the published short report. The BfR will perform a thorough review of the classification issued by IARC once the monograph becomes available. According to an IARC notification of 29 May 2015, the scheduled publication date has been brought forward to July 2015. As neither the BfR nor any of the other assessment authorities worldwide currently have access to this report, it is not yet possible to comprehensively assess the reasons given for the conclusions drawn by IARC. The WHO recently created an "ad hoc expert task force" to consider possible reasons for the different assessments of the data by IARC and the JMPR. The Taskforce should report back to JMPR in September 2015 for further discussion and action. This process is known as a scientific divergence procedure within the WHO. ; DE; en; efsa-focal-point@bfr.bund.de

International audience ; Trolleybuses and the European cityscape : energy choices under environmental pressure (London, Paris, and Rome, 1930s) Arnaud Passalacqua (Paris Diderot University) During the interwar period, the European cities faced new mobility problems. The substitution of horse power by different kinds of motors, which began before the First World War, was only completed during the 1930s. Beside the intensification of car traffic, one of the most striking changes of that time is the dismantling of tram networks, which occurred in a few cities. At least London, Paris and Rome have chosen to totally or partially dismantle their tram networks and to develop different enhancements of mobility. A new system, the trolleybus, could easily find a place on the dismantled tram lines, for energy and cityscape reasons. This was the case in London, whereas Paris only used motor buses in place of trams. Rome followed an intermediate way by developing a mix of mobility, based on trams, trolleybuses and motor buses. Our paper will address the different elements behind the decisions made in the three cities on the question of trolleybus. The hybrid nature of this system, powered by electricity supplied by overhead wires but rolling on pneumatic tires, leads to special links between energy and cityscape. We will try to understand the role of these environmental factors in the debates of the 1930s. Our hypothesis is that these environmental considerations have been partially exploited in order to hide other kinds of reasons behind the choices made in the different contexts, such as industrial interests, social fears or political choices. And this game explains the adoption or the rejection of trolleybuses. As a result, despite transfers and rivalry between cities, the 1930s built original mobility supply in these three European capital cities.

In recent years, a large number of disputes have arisen in which parties invoke the First Amendment, but the government action they challenge does not directly regulate "speech," as in communication. Instead, the government is restricting the creation of communicative materials that are intended to be disseminated in the future – i.e., they restrict producing speech. Examples of such disputes include bans on recording public officials in public places, Los Angeles County's ban on bareback (condom-less) pornography, restrictions on tattoo parlors, so-called "Ag-Gag" laws forbidding making records of agricultural operations, as well as many others. The question this article address is whether such laws pose serious First Amendment problems.I conclude that they do. First Amendment protection for conduct associated with producing speech is justified for two distinct reasons: first, because such protection is necessary to make protection for communication meaningful; and second, because the Press Clause provides a textual and historical basis for such protection. However, because speech production involves conduct that can have substantial, negative social consequences, it is also true that First Amendment protection for speech production must be limited, and probably less extensive than protection for actual communication.In the balance of this article, I propose a doctrinal framework for how restrictions on speech production might be analyzed. The framework draws on broader free-speech principles such as the content-based/content-neutral dichotomy, and the Supreme Court's repeated statements that the First Amendment accords special importance to speech relevant to the democratic process. However, the framework is distinct from general free-speech analysis, and for the reasons discussed above, generally more tolerant of regulation. I close by applying my proposed doctrinal rules to a number of recent disputes.

Why do individuals adhere to conspiracy theories? The ability of conspiracy leaders to persuade or the alleged credulity of conspiracy followers is insufficient to report on this. Membership is based, in the minds of individuals, on 'good reasons for believing' (Raymond Boudon). Two types of causes can be distinguished. On the one hand, general, structural causes that explain our contemporary more receptiveness to conspiracy ideas: firstly, the loss of trust in 'official information', whether political, scientific or media, but also the role of the Internet in disseminating alternative knowledge. On the other hand, specific, ideological causes explain that individuals adhere to one rather than another conspiracy theory. Rumours and superstitious beliefs will be reconciled. ; International audience ; Why do individuals adhere to conspiracy theories? The ability of conspiracy leaders to persuade or the alleged credulity of conspiracy followers is insufficient to report on this. Membership is based, in the minds of individuals, on 'good reasons for believing' (Raymond Boudon). Two types of causes can be distinguished. On the one hand, general, structural causes that explain our contemporary more receptiveness to conspiracy ideas: firstly, the loss of trust in 'official information', whether political, scientific or media, but also the role of the Internet in disseminating alternative knowledge. On the other hand, specific, ideological causes explain that individuals adhere to one rather than another conspiracy theory. Rumours and superstitious beliefs will be reconciled. ; Pourquoi des individus adhèrent-ils à des théories du complot ? La capacité de persuasion des leaders conspirationnistes ou la prétendue crédulité des adeptes du complotisme sont insuffisantes à rendre compte de cette adhésion. L'adhésion s'appuie, dans l'esprit des individus, sur de « bonnes raisons de croire » (Raymond Boudon). On peut distinguer deux types de causes. D'une part, des causes générales, structurelles, qui expliquent une ...