Stressing that the liberalisation of international trade and investment may lead to a geographical concentration of economic activity, this paper discusses the scope for FDI as an instrument of regional policy aimed at offsetting the centripetal forces unleashed by liberalisation. Focusing on Sweden, the paper finds no signs that FDI has contributed to reducing income and development gaps in this country. More specifically, remote provinces that qualify for EU regional support - including support for FDI - have not performed better in terms of employment, labour productivity, and education levels than remote provinces that do not qualify for such support. An exception concerns the R&D intensity of firms (both foreign and indigenous), which tends to be higher in supported than unsupported remote regions.
In this paper we use a generalized entropy index such as the Theil index to analyze regional inequalities in Europe. We proved that there is a synchronization between the convergence and catching-up process of objective 1 regions towards the EU15 average with the reform of the EU regional policy. During the period 1982-1988 the Theil index shows that inequalities between objective 1 regions and non-objective 1 regions have increased while from 1989 onwards the reduction in the inequalities between these two groups has been the norm. We also remark the fact that there are high disparate rates of growth among objective 1 regions both within countries and across countries but our computations show also a trend towards a more balanced growth among objective 1 regions within and across EU countries. This success of the European Union regional policy in objective 1 regions will mean a big opportunity for Central and Eastern European countries and hence the increases in competition arising from an enlarged European market combined with a suitable regional development policy should in the future boost the growth of those countries. In the last part of the paper we made a simulation for the funding envelope from 2007, based on the 2000-2006 budget. We show that the figures of the Agenda 2000 provide enough financial support for 90% of the total CEEC population and for 75% of "current" objective 1 population. Key Words: Regional Policy, European Enlargement, Central and Eastern European Countries, Strategic Planning, Regional Growth, Regional Development
An important element in the urban and regional development strategy of many local and regional governments is geographical marketing. The process of geographical marketing combines promotional, spatial and organisational activities, and can be aimed at various groups. In 1989 a marketing campaign was started by the province of Groningen, in the northern part of the Netherlands. This campaign, which is still being carried on, has used various means of communication: advertisements in newspapers and magazines, and radio and television commercials. It has been aimed at entrepreneurs and at the general public as well. An ex ante study of the public image of Groningen was carried out before the start of the campaign. For this purpose a random sample of the Dutch population was inquired by telephone. Since then similar inquiries were carried out every two years, in order to measure the effects of the campaign. In these inquiries the image of the provinces of Friesland and Noord-Brabant was measured along with that of Groningen, and used for reference. The availability of this kind of data for a period of twelve years, measured at regular intervals, provides an opportunity to study the development of regional images through time. In this paper the data of the inquiries will be analysed. One of the main questions to be answered in the paper relates to the pace and the nature of the changes in image, observed in all three provinces. The second question specifically deals with the influence of the marketing campaign on the image of Groningen.
Vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Regionalismus in Südkorea und seinen Ursachen: 1. Ökonomische Ursachen - ungleiche wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in den Regionen 2. Politische Ursachen - regional unausgewogene Rekrutierung der politisch-administrativen Elite - regionalistische Wahlpropaganda 3. Historische Ursachen (u.a. der Honam-Yöngnam-Konflikt als Wiederkehr des Paekche-Shilla - Konfliktes?) 4. Sozial-psychologische Ursachen - soziale Diskriminierung der Bevölkerung Honams. Die regionalen Antipathien in Südkorea wurden seit Ende der 60er Jahre ein gesellschaftliches Problem. Wesentlich beigetragen zur Entstehung des Regionalismus in Südkorea haben zweifellos die regional unausgewogene Elitenrekrutierung und vor allem die ungleiche wirtschaftliche Entwicklung innerhalb Südkoreas. Doch diese Benachteiligungen, von denen besonders die südwestliche Honam-Region betroffen war, allein lösten die sich in den Wahlergebnissen manifestierenden regionalistischen Konflikte nicht aus. Es ergaben sich immer wieder Situationen, in denen südkoreanische Politiker den Regionalismus zur Erzielung politischer Vorteile in Anspruch nahmen. Dabei bediente man sich auch bestehender Vorurteile. Ein Wiederaufleben eines historisch verschütteten traditionellen Konfliktes (zwischen Shilla und Paekche) wurde vorgegaukelt.
One of the main challenges regions face in sustainable development is changing their production and consumption patterns. This paper focuses on the role of regional government in sustainable production and consumption polices, one of the specific topics in the framework of the European Regional Sustainable Development Network activities. Issues of sustainable production and consumption are very broad. This paper focuses on policies and instruments directed towards sustainable production and consumption in regions. The paper elaborates current theory and practice in the area of sustainable production and consumption policies to answer the main question of what are the key challenges and opportunities for regional government. The paper starts with a short overview of current (policy) thinking in the field of regional sustainable production and consumption. We then identify the theoretical and practical issues for both regional policy development and regional stakeholder involvement in the field of regional sustainable production and consumption. Finally, we explore examples of good practice in the development of regional public policy related to sustainable production and consumption patterns and identify some key messages for both the EU and the regions.
Die verstärkte Nutzung regionaler Potenziale soll gerade im Zeitalter der Globalisierung insbesondere kleine und mittlerer Unternehmen in die Lage versetzen, im Wettbewerb zu bestehen. Doch obwohl viele politische Initiativen darauf abzielen, regionale zu initiieren, kooperiert momentan lediglich ein Drittel aller Unternehmen in der Investitionsgüterindustrie mit regionalen Partnerfirmen. In den neunen Bundesländern ist die Kooperationsneigung deutlich ausgeprägter als im Westen. In den alten und neuen Ländern sind regionale Kooperationen bislang eher Ausdruck der Schwäche, als dass auch in guten Ertragssituationen gezielt als Instrument genutzt würden.
The paper is based on an institutional survey in Austria. The aim of the survey was to identify different types of regional institutions - traditional versus new innovative institutions. The main research focus concentrated on new challenges in regional development processes resulting from the EU-strategy to foster sustainable regional development in the member states. As a consequence the question of the relevance of completely new types of institutions arises on the one hand. These new types are directly linked to the EU structural fund policy, e.g. LEADER+ manager, EU regional manager. With respect to this focus these institutions mainly concentrate on EU programmes and initiatives. On the other hand the traditional institutions have their specific focus on e.g. tourism, economic development etc. not necessarily with any direct link to EU-programmes. Therefore this contribution starts with a general institutional analysis (i.e. organisational attributes, activity profiles, regional embeddedness, position in the regional stakeholder network, etc.) to find differences between traditional and new innovative institutions. Based on these attributes we will present the institutional landscape in Austrian regions. This landscape consists of the above mentioned traditional and the new innovative institutions. Are these co-existing institutions able to concentrate the top-down (i.e. regional policy) and the bottom-up (i.e. project initiatives) interests in order to foster sustainable regional initiatives' For answering this question we haven chosen several case-studies in different Austrian regions. This case study analysis will be presented as follows: * Strengths and weaknesses of different institutional settings (e.g. various competing institutions versus one strong institution) * Comparison of strategic decisions in the case study regions * Is there any ideal solution identifiable for other regions'
Increasing interest on regional inequalities can be easily observed not only within countries but also among countries, related to globalization process and trade unions. European Union has also focused on issues on regional development, inequalities and convergence. Enlargement of EU makes this issue very significant, in terms of structural funds allocation and integration. In this context, Turkey has also several projects for adjustment. One of them is defining NUTS regions in order to adjust regions to EU norms and create some comparable statistical data. In this paper, it is examined regional inequalities in Turkey for NUTS regions, following two other papers (Gezici&Hewings, 2001; 2003) which are examined regional inequalities in terms of three different regional classification. Thus, this paper will give additional information to make a comparison between different regional classifications. Moreover, it will give an opportunity to evaluate adjustment process related to regional issues in Turkey. Regional inequalities will be identified using spatial data analysis in order to see the effects of spatial dependence on regional inequalities. Key words: interregional inequalities, spatial data analysis, NUTS regions, Turkey
In this paper we derive the equilibrium level of redistribution from one mobile factor (say, the rich or capital) to another posibly mobile factor (say, the poor or labour) when regions choose both their inter-regional transfers and redistributive policies non-cooperatively. We find that inter-regional transfers are always desirable (to mitigate the fiscal competition), but cannot be sustained (as a Nash equilibrium) when chosen simultaneously with the redistributive policy. On the other hand if regions can precommit t0o inter-regional transfers before setting their redistributive policy, the strategic effect of interregional transfers makes them sustainable. However there are also equilibria with partial or no inter-regional transfers at all. The effects of regional asymmetries are analyzed. Interestingly enough, evidence suggests that predictions of our model accord very closely with the pattern of transfers in the EU across member states.
In this paper we derive the equilibrium level of redistribution from one mobile factor (say, the rich or capital) to another posibly mobile factor (say, the poor or labour) when regions choose both their inter-regional transfers and redistributive policies non-cooperatively. We find that inter-regional transfers are always desirable (to mitigate the fiscal competition), but cannot be sustained (as a Nash equilibrium) when chosen simultaneously with the redistributive policy. On the other hand if regions can precommit t0o inter-regional transfers before setting their redistributive policy, the strategic effect of interregional transfers makes them sustainable. However there are also equilibria with partial or no inter-regional transfers at all. The effects of regional asymmetries are analyzed. Interestingly enough, evidence suggests that predictions of our model accord very closely with the pattern of transfers in the EU across member states.
The article contributes to the current discourse on learning regions. It aims to identify favourable conditions for policy learning in regions. Supported by the most prominent theories on regional development and innovation, the existence of autonomous policy networks in regions is regarded as a fundamental prerequisite for generating innovations. However, previous research does not clarify how networks have to be organized and linked to the institutional framework inside and outside a region, how actors should interact in networks, and whether competitive or cooperative orientations of actors are more conducive to change. Our theoretical reasoning leads us to the conclusion that learning regions are those that manage to meet different, to a certain degree contradictory, demands regarding structures of networks and actors involved. Successful learning, the generation and implementation of new patterns of politics and new policies depends on specific structural characteristics of networks, but also on actors' cognitive dispositions, orientations, strategies and interactions. Moreover, favourable institutional settings are identified which may induce adequate network structures and support innovative policies. Finally we draw some conclusions for practical regional policy in a 'learning region'.
Wesentliches Kennzeichen des staatlich geförderten regionalen Marketings in Deutschland ist die Herausstellung der Herkunft im Zusammenhang mit Qualität. Staatliche Absatzförderung vollzieht sich jedoch nicht nur im Kontext deutscher Bundesländer bzw. der Bundesrepublik, sondern insbesondere auch im Kontext des Europäischen Binnenmarktes. Damit sind die rechtlichen und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen der Europäischen Union, die ihren Niederschlag im EU-Rechtssystem finden, maßgeblich für die Gestaltung der staatlichen Absatzförderung regionaler Produkte. In diesem Beitrag wird diskutiert inwiefern die Hervorhebung eines Zusammenhangs zwischen Herkunft und Qualität in der staatlichen Absatzförderung in Zukunft noch zulässig ist. Diese Auseinandersetzung findet auf zwei Ebenen statt. Zum einen wird die Zulässigkeit der Verwendung geographischer Herkunftsangaben unter der Berücksichtigung der unterschiedlichen Schutzauffassungen des deutschen und des europäischen Rechtssystems dargelegt und diskutiert. Nach der Darstellung des rechtlichen Schutzes und der Verwendung von Herkunftsangaben wird dann auf die Rahmenbedingungen für staatliche Beihilfen, die für Maßnahmen des regionalen Marketings relevant sind eingegangen. Es wird die Frage geklärt, ob eine staatliche Absatzförderung von Marketingmaßnahmen mit Herausstellung eines Zusammenhangs zwischen Herkunft und Qualität in Zukunft noch zulässig sein wird. Anschließend wird daher vertieft auf die Rahmenbedingungen für staatliche Beihilfen für Absatzförderungsmaßnahmen eingegangen. Vor dem Hintergrund der dargelegten institutionellen, ökonomischen, rechtlichen, und politischen Rahmenbedingungen erfolgt abschließend die Diskussion der voraussichtlichen Zukunft der geographischen Herkunftsangaben.
Die europäische Landwirtschaft ist durch große regionale Gegensätze gekennzeichnet, die unter anderem zu unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen politischer Eingriffe führen. Oft sind auch die agrarpolitischen Instrumente selbst regional differenziert, so dass die regionalen Unterschiede bei Analysen des europäischen Agrarsektors nicht außer acht gelassen werden dürfen. Zur Deckung des hier bestehenden Analysebedarfs, wird in dieser Arbeit in einem geschlossenen Ansatz eine regional differenzierte ex post und ex ante Analyse der Auswirkungen der Agrarpolitik auf die regionalen landwirtschaftlichen Produktionsstrukturen in der EU durchgeführt. Dazu wird auf das regionalisierte Agrarsektormodell CAPRI ( C ommon A gricultural P olicy R egional I mpact) zurückgegriffen, mit dem in internationaler Kooperation die europäische Landwirtschaft auf Ebene der NUTS II Gebiete (195 Regionen) abgebildet wird. Einen ersten Analyseschritt stellt die Spezifizierung der CAPRI-Datenbasis dar, die nach dem Prinzip des aktivitätsanalytisch differenzierten Gesamtrechnungsansatzes aufgebaut ist. Den 55 abgebildeten landwirtschaftlichen Produktionsverfahren werden die relevanten Politikinstrumente (z. B. Prämien) direkt zugeordnet. Als Ausgangspunkt und Konsistenzrahmen bei der Datenbankerstellung dient die SPEL/EU-Datenbasis. Dadurch können im top-down-Verfahren aus den wenigen verfügbaren regionalen Werten (Flächennutzung, Viehbestände und Erträge) die regionalen Datentabellen gefüllt werden. Nur bei der Bestimmung der regionalen Futterrationen und des Handelsdüngereinsatzes wird alternativ auf die Maximum Entropie Methode zurückgegriffen. Die Nachteile, die sich durch die notwendige, jedoch wenig zielgerechte Orientierung an administrativen Einheiten ergeben, werden in dieser Arbeit z.T. durch die Neugruppierung ähnlicher Regionen mit Hilfe der Clusteranalyse aufgehoben. Es werden neun klar unterscheidbare Regionstypen gebildet. Als Kriterien für die Ähnlichkeit der Regionen dienen dabei die Produktionsanteile bestimmter Produktgruppen und der Grünlandanteil an der LF. In der ex post und ex ante Analyse werden die Cluster sowohl zur Beschreibung der Agrarstruktur als auch zur Interpretation der Modellergebnisse verwendet. Die Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich dabei auf die politisch wichtigsten Produktgruppen, d. h. auf die Entwicklung der Getreide-, Ölsaaten- und Rindfleischproduktion. Am Beispiel dieser Produktionsbereiche werden die Vorteile des gewählten Ansatzes bei der Erklärung von Entwicklungen und bei der Einordnung von Modellergebnissen deutlich. Aus den Analysen bezüglich Getreide und Ölsaaten geht hervor, dass ihr Anbauverhältnis vor allem durch den Kleinerzeugeranteil, den Ölsaatenertrag und die Prämienrelation von Getreide zu Ölsaaten beeinflusst wird. Die Erlösentwicklungen haben dagegen nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die regional unterschiedlichen Veränderungen. Bei der Analyse der Rinderhaltung zeigt sich, dass ihre regionale Verteilung ex post vor allem durch die natürlichen Standortfaktoren und weniger durch politische Maßnahmen gesteuert wurde. Die politischen Instrumente in der Milchproduktion und in der Mutterkuhhaltung wirkten eher auf den Gesamtumfang der Rinderhaltung bzw. der Rindfleischproduktion. Die ex ante Analyse macht zudem deutlich, dass die neuen Quotenregelungen in der Agenda 2000 die Rinderhaltung zukünftig sehr stark steuern werden und so regionale Unterschiede in den Hintergrund treten lassen. Insgesamt gesehen, bestimmt die Ausrichtung der Politikinstrumente aber vor allem die regionale Verteilung der Direktzahlungen. Wirkungsanalysen in dieser Richtung können daher wichtige Informationen für die Weiterentwicklung der Agrarpolitik liefern. ; The impact of the Common Agricultural Policy on regional agricultural production structures in the EU - Analysis based on a regionalized agricultural sector model European agriculture is marked by huge regional contrasts, which among other things lead to the various political interventions impacting in different ways. Very often the agricultural policy instruments themselves are regionally differentiated and therefore careful consideration must be given to these differences when analysing the European agricultural sector. In order to cover the existing need for analysis in this area, this paper examines both ex post and ex ante the effects of the EU Common Agricultural Policy on regional agricultural production structures in Europe. These analyses are carried out with the help of the regionalized agricultural sector model CAPRI ( C ommon A gricultural P olicy R egional I mpact), which in international cooperation includes European agriculture at NUTS II areas level (195 regions). The first step of the analyses is the specification of the CAPRI database. This database is built on the Activity Based Accounting System and differentiates between 55 agricultural production processes, to which a large part of the relevant policy-instruments (e. g. premiums) can be directly assigned. The starting point and consistency framework for the specifying of the data base are represented by the SPEL/EU data base, with which using the top-down procedure the regional data tables can be filled from the few available regional values (land utilisation, herd sizes and yields). One exception to this is the fixing of regional feed rations and the use of commercial fertilizers, with the Maximum Entropy Method being taken as the basis. The disadvantages resulting from the necessary yet little targeted focus of administrative units are partly offset by the fact that using the cluster analysis groups of similar regions can be marked out. They are combined into nine clearly distinguishable region types. The criterion for determining the similarity of the regions is the production structure, which is described in terms of specific product-groups as part of the relevant overall regional production and the portion of grassland in the agricultural area. In the ex post and ex ante analysis the clusters are used both to describe the agricultural structure and to interpret the model results. The analyses focus on the most important product groups in terms of policy, i. e. on the development of cereal, oilseed and beef production. Taking these production areas as an example, the advantages of the approach chosen to explain the developments and to classify the model results become obvious.Investigations in the area of cereals and oilseeds show that the proportion of the land devoted to these two crop groups is determined primarily by three factors. These are the portion of small producers, the oilseed yield and the relation in premiums between cereals and oilseeds. On the other hand, developments in return have only a slight impact on the changes varying from region to region. An analysis of cattle breeding shows that its regional spread ex post was primarily controlled by natural location factors and less by political measures. The policy instruments relating to milk production and suckler cows had more of an effect on the full extent of cattle breeding and beef production respectively. The ex ante analysis also demonstrated that the quota systems contained in Agenda 2000 will have in the future a very strong effect on cattle breeding at national level and in turn push regional differences into the background. On the whole however, the regional spread of direct payments will primarily be influenced by how the political instruments are geared. It can be concluded that analyses of the effects along these lines will consequently provide important information in terms of the future development of agricultural policy.
Im Zuge der geplanten Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union sind die Defizite der regionalen Strukturpolitik der EU erneut in den Blickwinkel der wissenschaftlichen und politischen Diskussion geraten. Schon seit langem wird beklagt, daß die europäischen Struktur- und Kohäsionsfonds ihre regional- und verteilungspolitischen Ziele weitgehend verfehlen, eine Tendenz zur stetigen Erweiterung der Förderkulisse aufweisen, die Absorptionsfähigkeit der am stärksten geförderten Regionen überfordern und letztendlich zu einem ökonomisch ineffizienten Förderdschungel geführt haben. Diese (vermeintlichen) Defizite haben eine lebhafte Debatte darüber ausgelöst, wie eine effiziente regionale Strukturpolitik ausgestaltet werden könnte. So wichtig und wertvoll diese Debatte auch ist, so hat sie doch den Blick auf die Frage verstellt, welchen ökonomischen Mehrwert eine – ergänzend zu den regionalen Förderprogrammen der Mitgliedstaaten – implementierte regionale Strukturpolitik auf supranationaler Ebene erbringen kann. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, zu zeigen, daß das grundlegende Defizit der regionalen Strukturpolitik der EU darin besteht, daß diese Politik anstrebt, umverteilungspolitische Ziele mit überwiegend regionalpolitischen Instrumenten zu erreichen. Im folgenden werden zunächst die Ziele und Instrumente der Struktur- und Kohäsionsfonds skizziert. Anschließend wird diskutiert, ob die Förderung der regionalen Wirtschaftskraft eine sinnvolle supranationale Aufgabe darstellt. Abschließend wird gezeigt, daß verteilungspolitische Ziele im Mittelpunkt der regionalen Strukturpolitik der EU stehen und daß diese Ziele effizienter über einen interregionalen Finanzausgleich erreicht werden können.
The article describes existing situation and gives analysis of the regional development policy determination and implementation in the all three Baltic countries. The starting point of the regional policy formulation and creation was equal for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991. According statistical indicators there are differences between implementation of the regional development activities between all Baltic countries and in regions of inside each country. Disparities between countries illustrate Gross domestic product per capita according to purchasing power standards in 2000 were: Latvia 6700, Lithuania 7500 and Estonia 8600 PPS. Registered unemployment rate, which is one of the statistical indicators for the regional development evaluation, shows negative regional disparities in Latvia in 2001. The highest difference was between Riga region (the richest) and Latgale (the poorest) region is 3.7 times. The author is analysed more detail differences between regions in Latvia and main guidelines of the regional policy implementation in Lithuania and Estonia. Analyses show differences of the institutional mechanism in all three Baltic Countries. The legal bases are different by time and content in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The executive institutions are different at national and regional levels in all three Baltic Countries. In Latvia are accepted five regions correspond to EU NUTS level 3. In Estonia are five regions and in Lithuania 10 counties correspond to regions. Regional development policy support is concentrated on separate territories in each country according EU regional policy principles. The most important regional development program is specially supported region program, which is on-going regional development instrument in Latvia. The main part of specially supported areas is located in Latgale region. National Government of Latvia was selected Latgale and Zemgale regions as the target regions for Phare 2000 support. In 2001-2003 National Policy for Regional Development in Lithuania are focused on three target regions for concentration of Phare support and Lithuania Cabinet support to the regional development: Klaipeda-Taurage, Marijampole and Utenas counties. In Estonia the regional policy to target areas is implemented through the regional development programs as Program for the Agricultural areas, Program for the Industrial areas, Program for the Islands, Program for the Network of centres, Program for the Local Initiative, Program for the cross-border-Cooperation and Program for the Setomaa region. The expected results and evaluation system are not included in the regional development policy documents in all three countries. It is one of the weakest points of the regional development policy implementation process in Latvia. The regional development legislation is very general without monitoring indicators and evaluation process. The author has analysed prepared development strategies of regions according possibility to evaluate success of development planning documents. The descriptive analyse of documents, statistical indicators, matrixes and interviews with responsible persons for the regional development policy at national level and regional level were used in the research.
