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For quite some time, the strive for more efficient acoustic absorbers keepsincreasing, driven by a number of psycho-physiological studies on health re-lated dangers of noise exposure. As the global wealth increases and with itthe global expectation of quieter living and working environments, manifestedin both politics and research, an important market for sound absorbing andnoise control systems develops in all industrialised countries. In the acousticcommunity, the main endeavours of the two last decades have been orientedtowards a better understanding of the dissipation phenomena in absorbers(and especially in poroelastic media) as well as proposing new topologies andstructures for these elements. These efforts have resulted in an abundant lit-erature and numerous improvements of the characterisation, modelling anddesign methodologies for a wide range of media and many different systems.The chosen research direction for the present thesis slightly deviates fromthis usual path of modelling absorbing materials as bulk media. Here theaim is to investigate the interfaces between the different components of typ-ical absorbers. Indeed, these interface regions are known to be difficult tocharacterise and controlling their properties is challenging for a number ofreasons. Interfaces in sound packages for instance are inherently by-productsof the assembly process and, even if they surely have an important impact onthe acoustic performance, they remain mostly overlooked in the establishedmodelling practices. Therefore, the overall objective of the current doctoralproject is to identify strategies and methods to simulate the effect(s) of un-certainties on the interface physical or geometrical parameters.The present licentiate thesis compiles three works which together form adiscussion about techniques and tools designed in an attempt to efficientlymodel thin layers and small details in rather large systems. As part of thework a section of physical model simplifications is discussed which will laythe ground for the next ...

International audience ; Cell and tissue engineering is characterized by strong social and political issues that need more information to the public and well-balanced regulations regarding the biological reality of these biotechnologies This presents many educational and translational challenges in structuring the scientific debate and the implementation of appropriate cultural policies. Indeed, the state of « stem » is a polysemic term that raises misunderstandings stressed because the biological and legal qualification of « stem » cells is not comparable. The complexity of the terminology used to describe the living world is unfortunately often overlooked in public debates and underestimated in scientific communication strategies. These semantic aspects not only pose a challenge to the public understanding of « regenerative » medicine, there are also understudied issues related to the framing of cultural public action and the visualization of biological complexity. ; L'ingénierie cellulaire et tissulaire est devenue un enjeu social et politique fort, qui implique des règlementations et des informations adaptées à la réalité biologique couverte par ces biotechnologies. Cet état de fait pose nombre de défis didactiques dans la structuration du débat scientifique ainsi que dans la mise en œuvre de politiques culturelles adaptées. En effet, l'état de « souche » est un terme scientifiquement polysémique qui suscite des malentendus accentués par le fait que le mode de qualification de la cellule « souche » en droit et en biologie n'est pas comparable. Malheureusement, la complexité des terminologies employées pour décrire le monde vivant est souvent occultée dans les débats publics et sous-estimée dans les stratégies de communication scientifiques. Or, ces aspects sémantiques posent des défis à la compréhension publique de la médecine dite « régénératrice ». Ils interrogent les cadrages de l'action publique culturelle et les régimes de visualisation de la complexité biologique.

This study investigates the conceptions of development, knowledge and education, that the Government of C projects spins, in the document "Towards a National Strategy of Innovation for the Development" created by the national advice for the competitiveness, between years 2006 and 2008, being contemplated in this analysis the executive summaries of volumes I and II. One looks for from critical and complex a perspective to approach dynamic which they emerge and they sublie in the these conceptions, being explored contributions that the critical analysis of the speech can contribute in the understanding of the prevailing ideologies in the model of effective social development in our country. We will maintain that the conceptions of development, education and knowledge, have been incorporated in the speech, therefore they have a latent ideological dominion, that risks the homogenización and unidimensionality of the strategies of social development of the country. ; Este estudio indaga las concepciones de Desarrollo, Conocimiento y Educación que proyecta el Gobierno de Chile, en el documento "Hacia una Estrategia Nacional de Innovación para el Desarrollo", elaborado por el Consejo Nacional para la Competitividad, entre los años 2006 y 2008, contemplándose en este análisis los resúmenes ejecutivos de los volúmenes I y II. Se busca, desde una perspectiva crítica y compleja, abordar las dinámicas que emergen y subyacen en dichas concepciones, explorando las contribuciones que el análisis crítico del discurso pueda aportar en la comprensión de las ideologías imperantes en el modelo de desarrollo social vigente en nuestro país. Sostendremos que las concepciones de Desarrollo, Educación y Conocimiento han sido incorporadas en el discurso, por tanto tienen un dominio ideológico latente que arriesga la homogeneización y unidimensionalidad de las estrategias de desarrollo social del país.

As multinational companies gain in weight economically and socially in an ever-increasingly globalized world, relations with nation-states and actors from the civil society become more important in order to defend and promote business interests. Companies increasingly need to use corporate diplomacy to anticipate market shifts and minimize the risks that can potentially threaten their position. The purpose of this master thesis is to find out and understand more about French corporate diplomats and their methods to achieve their objectives in Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with French executives from big multinational companies, in order to look into their techniques and approach chosen with external stakeholders. This research follows an inductive methodology, aiming at pinpointing common themes among the participants and apply them to a larger target population. Findings first show that French management style and education system, explored in the literature review, deeply influences the way French corporate diplomats lead and implement their strategies in Brazil. Their rational-driven mind and hierarchical internal organization shape French corporate diplomacy in a pyramidal structure, in order to cope with regulatory abundance and put forward financial objectives. The homogeneity of their backgrounds also reinforces these similar techniques through a close corporate ecosystem where they can communicate on corporate diplomacy best practices. They tend to keep decision-making processes in small circles and view lobbying as a risky strategy in Brazil because of the political environment and history, even though they tie close links with Brazilian officials to voice their viewpoints. ; Nas últimas décadas, as empresas multinacionais ganharam peso economicamente e socialmente em um mundo cada vez mais globalizado. As relações com estados-nações e atores da sociedade civil tornam-se mais importantes para defender e promover interesses comerciais. Empresas precisam usar a diplomacia corporativa ...

Contraint of developing narratives capable of masking certain dysphoric values associated with its practices and image, the fashion industry often opts for relatively atypical communicational tactics. The mobilisation of the manifesto and some of its derivatives such as demonstrations is part of this strategy, which consists of recovering static or even symbolic discourses from politics or the arts and reinvesting them for communication and, above all, commercial purposes. This recuperation also reflects the trivial dimension of the manifesto and thus the construction of standardised speeches described as hands-on formatting. Facing several controversial situations, fashion industry is often obliged to develop communication strategies in order to dissolve negative representations related to its management. Advertising can be a positive partner as long as it proposes common tactics. Representations of manifestos and protest marches are a part of the way the fashion industry 16 upon fixed and symbolic Discourses related to political or artistic positions which introduce them into communication and consumer goals. This fate of distortion shows that its trivial dimension and contributions to the construction of standard Discourses qualified as manifesto-patterns. ; Contrainte de développer des discours susceptibles de maquiller certaines valeurs dysphoriques associées à ses pratiques et son image, l'industrie de la mode opte souvent pour des tactiques communicationnelles relativement atypiques. La mobilisation du manifeste et de certains de ses dérivés comme des manifestations relève de cette stratégie qui consiste à récupérer des discours figés voire symboliques issus du politique ou de l'artistique et à les réinvestir à des fins communicationnelles et surtout marchandes. Cette récupération témoigne également de la dimension triviale du manifeste et par là de la construction des discours standardisés qualifiés de formats-manifs. Facing several controversial situations, fashion industry is often obliged to develop ...

The western societies largely dependent on computer and electronics systems are becoming more vulnerable by the possible cybernetic attacks against those systems. Furthermore, in a so hyper connected world, an impact in the core of the information and technology networks could generate millionaire losses to any country or institution; not to mention the strong psychological consequences after an attack of these characteristics. Thus, a great number of countries are developing tools to attack the governmental systems of other States. They are also trying to reinforce their security measures. Not only the States have realized the advantages the network facilitates, but terrorist groups have done it too. Precisely, in these points is where this article is focused, in order to find out how both of them are using this technology, in either ways, defensive or offensive strategies. ; La enorme dependencia de las sociedades occidentales respecto de los sistemas informáticos y electrónicos está haciendo que estas sean más vulnerables a los posibles ataques cibernéticos. Es más, en un mundo tan hiperconectado, un impacto en el corazón de los Networks de información y tecnología podría generar pérdidas millonarias a cualquier país o institución, por no hablar de las fuertes consecuencias psicológicas que podría ocasionar un ataque de estas características. De ahí que un gran número de países estén desarrollando herramientas para atacar los sistemas gubernamentales de otros Estados al mismo tiempo que intentan reforzar sus medidas de seguridad. Pero no solo los Estados han descubierto las ventajas que les proporciona la red, sino también lo están haciendo los grupos terroristas. Y es precisamente en estos puntos donde hemos centrado todo nuestro artículo, es decir, en averiguar qué usos están realizando unos y otros en función de una estrategia defensiva y ofensiva.

Paying attention to the global changes that have taken place in the world in recent decades with rapid dichatolization of all spheres of human life in general, and education of all levels, in particular, the international community and governments of all countries are developing new strategies for the educational process aimed at preparing people for life in the digital future. Therefore, the article examines the experience of reforming the education of the European Union countries, and explores the experience of reforming Austrian secondary and vocational education and the concept of the new digital school Schule 4.0. - jetzt wird's digital ».The study shows that the compulsory component of the professional competence of modern Austrian teachers, including foreign language teachers, is digital competence. Austria's Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (das Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung Österreichs) in cooperation with leading Austrian universities has developed a series of documents detailing the steps to implement Schule 4.0. - jetzt wird's digital ». The article analyzes the strategic documents of pedagogical training at Austrian universities about the development of digital competence and found that a future teacher of a modern Austrian school, including a foreign language teacher, should develop the digital skills from the beginning of training at a pedagogical university and reach the level of "expert" in accordance with the Digital Competence Framework (2016 and 2017) while getting a master's degree. ; В статті досліджено досвід реформування освіти Австрією та створення нової цифрової школи «Schule 4.0. – jetzt wird's digital». У результаті дослідження встановлено, що обов'язковим компонентом професійної компетентності сучасного педагога Австрії, у тому числі вчителя іноземних мов, є цифрова компетенція. Проаналізовано стратегічні документи педагогічної підготовки в частині розвитку цифрової компетенції та встановлено, що майбутні педагог сучасної австрійської школи ...

Research is devoted to the study of technologies of «DPR » in the political processes of contemporaneity. The specified determination of concept «DPR» is given taking into account the specific of dynamics of modern political processes. An attempt to probe introduction of technologies of «DPR» as daily administrative strategy is carried out. Facilities of constructing of technologies of «DPR» are studied in the political sphere of modern Ukraine. The structure of modern «DPR» is determined in political processes, that includes for itself dirty technologies, facilities of the political marketing, administrative strategies, political technologies, propaganda, political scandals, and others like that. The of communication role of Mass-Media and social networks is set as leading ductings of distribution of technologies of «DPR» in political processes. Drawn conclusion, that modern technologies of «DPR» carry out considerable influence on the dynamics of flowing of political processes and at modern terms show by itself daily administrative practices as to influence so of forming of mass-consciousness. ; Дослідження присвячене вивченню технологій «чорного піару» у політичних процесах сучасності. Дається уточнене визначення поняття «чорного піару» з урахуванням специфіки динаміки сучасних політичних процесів. Здійснюється спроба дослідити впровадження технологій «чорного піару» як щоденної управлінської стратегії. Вивчаються засоби конструювання технологій «чорного піару» у політичній сфері сучасної України. Визначається структура сучасного «чорного піару» у політичних процесах, що включає в себе брудні технології, засоби політичного маркетингу, управлінські стратегії, маніпулятивні політичні технології, пропаганда, політичні скандали тощо. Встановлено комунікаційну роль ЗМІ та соціальних мереж як провідних каналів поширення технологій «чорного піару» у політичних процесах. Робиться висновок, що сучасні технології «чорного піару» здійснюють значний вплив на динаміку протікання політичних процесів й за сучасних умов являють собою щоденні управлінські практики як впливу так й формування масової свідомості.

A revised version of this paper has been published in: "Basic Income Studies : an international journal of basic income research" - Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 1-16 https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:206958 Many studies in cognitive linguistics have highlighted the important role of metaphors in political discourse, and more specifically their ability to frame complex concepts (Lakoff 1996). The key question is however under which conditions different framings lead to different representations of such complex political issues. Using an experimental design, this paper tackles the question of the framing impact of metaphors by focusing on the opportunity to implement a basic income (BI) system in a given polity. We take advantage of the preliminary stage of the BI debate in Belgium to study the influence of discursive strategies on the opinion formation process of individuals. As De Wispelaere and Noguera (2012) highlighted, the framing of the BI proposal may significantly increase its psychological feasibility. Carefully choosing the arguments employed to address this question can help avoid triggering negative perceptions and ensure positive attitudes toward this policy. While most studies on the BI so far have been either normative or descriptive, our experiment aims at determining to what extent the confrontation of individuals to metaphors illustrating the BI system impact the way they apprehend its implementation in Belgium. We show that very light variations in an informative text can induce major differences in the opinion formation process of the participants. This suggests that, when a debate is controversial and ambiguous, citizens' opinions are sensitive to framing effects. BI proponents or opponents should thus pay particular attention to which arguments and metaphors are put forward in the public debate, as this could modify its outcome.

A virtual world had been created to join the world of reality. Activities of political elites, especially in a political setting, with the efficacy of the strategy by clicking and engineering the public opinion of discourses; war discourse by harnessing the power of media. Social media in a time vortex became a very significant machine to determine our lifestyles, political attitudes in addition to bring online a very lucrative business online, including politics. Mingling of political and economic interests became so dominant in the realm of the media industry. The presence of social cyber space provided a new perspective in understanding the development of political discourse. In this virtual world era, the current information relating to politics is easy to obtain and there had been a fatality information that ended up being a mockery, entertainment and humor that no longer had a value, function and meaning, they were mingled and distorted by the capitalist interests who only promote business oriented alone regardless of content. The presence of social media became an implement of shaping the new culture included culture and attitudes of political elites, mirror-imaging and political marketing that had created divisions and made the boxes of support political for the political actors with political advertising strategy in the form of imaging. Accommodations of mass media for the image of politics were understood in the perspective of the economy, especially in the law of supply and demand that became the logical characteristic and market regulation. When politic become a commodity, and ultimately the reality of elections can be capitalized, the media and the public image of political cyber regarded as legitimate and so natural, and everyone is free to create strategies to meet their interests.Keywords: Political Communication, Elites, Virtual Culture

Relatively few consumers are conscious of the waste generated in the course of producing the goods that they consume, although most are aware of the amount of waste they dispose of. This article reports on a small-scale survey (N = 28) among stakeholders aimed at developing adequate communication of preconsumer waste footprints of consumer goods in the context of the circular economy. Life cycle assessment (LCA) practitioners and consumers assessed five methodological details of an approach for calculating and communicating a product waste footprint (PWF). Most of the respondents expressed that the guidelines described in the proposed PWF methodology are good enough for the purposes of differentiating waste and byproducts, and defining which material flow shall be accounted for. Some LCA practitioners declared that the proposed streamlined method may not be adequate for conveying the environmental significance of waste types. The respondents also expressed that the PWF concept would be primarily useful and/or needed for consumers and government, and in the contexts of improving environmental awareness of consumers, environmental policy making, visualizing waste flows in a circular economy, and improving resource efficiency in industry, and less useful/needed in a business-to-business context. The PWF has been successfully used by diverse stakeholder groups in Sweden mostly to promote sustainable production and consumption across society. A notable example is the &lsquo ; invisible waste&rsquo ; (#invisiblewaste) campaign of the Swedish Waste Management Association (Avfall Sverige). The concerns of the LCA experts have therefore not held true. The symbolic power and parsimony of the PWF concept appears to be effective in sensitizing consumers towards waste issues so that circular economy strategies beyond recycling are possible to be fully realized.

To combat malaria transmission, the Ugandan government has embarked upon an ambitious programme of indoor residual spraying (IRS) with a carbamate class insecticide, bendiocarb. In preparation for this campaign, we characterized bendiocarb resistance and associated transcriptional variation among Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes from two sites in Uganda. Gene expression in two mosquito populations displaying some resistance to bendiocarb (95% and 79% An. gambiae s.l. WHO tube bioassay mortality in Nagongera and Kihihi, respectively) was investigated using whole-genome microarrays. Significant overexpression of several genes encoding salivary gland proteins, including D7r2 and D7r4, was detected in mosquitoes from Nagongera. In Kihihi, D7r4, two detoxification-associated genes (Cyp6m2 and Gstd3) and an epithelial serine protease were among the genes most highly overexpressed in resistant mosquitoes. Following the first round of IRS in Nagongera, bendiocarb-resistant mosquitoes were collected, and real-time quantitative PCR analyses detected significant overexpression of D7r2 and D7r4 in resistant mosquitoes. A single nucleotide polymorphism located in a non-coding transcript downstream of the D7 genes was found at a significantly higher frequency in resistant individuals. In silico modelling of the interaction between D7r4 and bendiocarb demonstrated similarity between the insecticide and serotonin, a known ligand of D7 proteins. A meta-analysis of published microarray studies revealed a recurring association between D7 expression and insecticide resistance across Anopheles species and locations. A whole-genome microarray approach identified an association between novel insecticide resistance candidates and bendiocarb resistance in Uganda. In addition, a single nucleotide polymorphism associated with this resistance mechanism was discovered. The use of such impartial screening methods allows for discovery of resistance candidates that have no previously-ascribed function in insecticide binding or detoxification. Characterizing these novel candidates will broaden our understanding of resistance mechanisms and yield new strategies for combatting widespread insecticide resistance among malaria vectors.

Problem. Active scientific, theoretical and practical activities in developing strategies and tactics for combating terrorism are at the center of attention of law, political science, psychology, sociology, as well as other branches of science. At the same time, the pedagogical problem with regard to determining the specificity of vocational training and ensuring the readiness future civil servants to perform professional tasks in the field of antiterrorist activity is not sufficiently studied. The main result of the educational process of higher education institutions should not be the system of knowledge, skills and abilities itself, but the readiness for modern intellectual, social-legal, communicative, informational practices that will provide the ability and ability to use a set of knowledge of the chosen specialization, basic knowledge from different directions, including legal training, including in the field of antiterrorist activity. Goal. Identify innovative forms and methods of training and ensure the readiness of future civil servants to carry out their professional tasks in the field of antiterrorist activity. Methods. The research methods were chosen: theoretical ones - the study of psychological and pedagogical and legal literature on the problem under study, the processing of documents and normative materials in order to clarify the content of vocational training and to ensure the readiness of civil protection officers to professional fulfillment of tasks in the field of antiterrorist activity; multicriteria system analysis and problem-oriented synthesis to determine the leading definitions of research and the theoretical substantiation of pedagogical innovations in the training of civil defense officers for professional accomplishment of tasks in the field of antiterrorist activity, in particular ICT tools, problem educational technologies, ICT; empirical - pedagogical observation, questionnaires, interviews, interviews, expert assessment methods, testing, pedagogical modeling, forecasting for ...

The global plan to eradicate hepatitis C virus (HCV) led by the World Health Organization outlines the use of highly effective direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) to achieve elimination by 2030. Identifying individuals with active disease and investigation of the breadth of diversity of the virus in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is essential as genotypes in this region (where very few clinical trials have been carried out) are distinct from those found in other parts of the world. We undertook a population-based, nested case-control study in Uganda and obtained additional samples from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to estimate the prevalence of HCV, assess strategies for disease detection using serological and molecular techniques, and characterize genetic diversity of the virus. Using next-generation and Sanger sequencing, we aimed to identify strains circulating in East and Central Africa. A total of 7,751 Ugandan patients were initially screened for HCV, and 20 PCR-positive samples were obtained for sequencing. Serological assays were found to vary significantly in specificity for HCV. HCV strains detected in Uganda included genotype (g) 4k, g4p, g4q, and g4s and a newly identified unassigned g7 HCV strain. Two additional unassigned g7 strains were identified in patients originating from DRC (one partial and one full open reading frame sequence). These g4 and g7 strains contain nonstructural (ns) protein 3 and 5A polymorphisms associated with resistance to DAAs in other genotypes. Clinical studies are therefore indicated to investigate treatment response in infected patients. Conclusion: Although HCV prevalence and genotypes have been well characterized in patients in well-resourced countries, clinical trials are urgently required in SSA, where highly diverse g4 and g7 strains circulate.

Background: Wolbachia , a common insect endosymbiotic bacterium that can influence pathogen transmission and manipulate host reproduction, has historically been considered absent from the Anopheles (An.) genera, but has recently been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations. As there are numerous Anopheles species that have the capacity to transmit malaria, we analysed a range of species to determine Wolbachia prevalence rates, characterise novel Wolbachia strains and determine any correlation between the presence of Plasmodium , Wolbachia and the competing endosymbiotic bacterium Asaia . Methods: Anopheles adult mosquitoes were collected from five malaria-endemic countries: Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana, Uganda and Madagascar, between 2013 and 2017. Molecular analysis of samples was undertaken using quantitative PCR, Sanger sequencing, Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results : Novel Wolbachia strains were discovered in five species: An. coluzzii , An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis , An. moucheti and An. species 'A', increasing the number of Anopheles species known to be naturally infected. Variable prevalence rates in different locations were observed and novel strains were phylogenetically diverse, clustering with Wolbachia supergroup B strains. We also provide evidence for resident strain variants within An . species 'A'. Wolbachia is the dominant member of the microbiome in An. moucheti and An. species 'A', but present at lower densities in An. coluzzii . Interestingly, no evidence of Wolbachia/Asaia co-infections was seen and Asaia infection densities were also shown to be variable and location dependent. Conclusions: The important discovery of novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles provides greater insight into the prevalence of resident Wolbachia strains in diverse malaria vectors. Novel Wolbachia strains (particularly high-density strains) are ideal candidate strains for transinfection to create stable infections in other Anopheles mosquito species, which could be used for population replacement or suppression control strategies.