A budget of State (Government budget) in all countries is known as a financial plan of all planed incomes, expenses and revenues approved by the competent institution (in the Republic of Lithuania – by Seimas). It is a plan for saving, borrowing and spending by the State, that is drawned according to the requirements of the Law. The article deals with the problem of realization of principle of long-term (long-range) budget planning in the Republic of Lithuania. The legal definition and the essence of long-term budget planning, the reasons for changing to long-term budget planning is analyzed in the article. Particular attention is given to the question of the reform of budget planning in Lithuania that started in 1998 and signified transition from the model of short-term to the model of long-term budget planning. It' affirmed that the planning of budget of the State for particular period of time is established in Law on budgeting as one of the main principles of the whole budget process. According to the Law on budgeting and other legal acts the draft of the budget of the Republic of Lithuania shall be prepared for the period of three years basing on legislative acts of the Republic, information from state statistical agencies, socio-economic programmes and scientific-technological projections, etc.
A budget of State (Government budget) in all countries is known as a financial plan of all planed incomes, expenses and revenues approved by the competent institution (in the Republic of Lithuania – by Seimas). It is a plan for saving, borrowing and spending by the State, that is drawned according to the requirements of the Law. The article deals with the problem of realization of principle of long-term (long-range) budget planning in the Republic of Lithuania. The legal definition and the essence of long-term budget planning, the reasons for changing to long-term budget planning is analyzed in the article. Particular attention is given to the question of the reform of budget planning in Lithuania that started in 1998 and signified transition from the model of short-term to the model of long-term budget planning. It' affirmed that the planning of budget of the State for particular period of time is established in Law on budgeting as one of the main principles of the whole budget process. According to the Law on budgeting and other legal acts the draft of the budget of the Republic of Lithuania shall be prepared for the period of three years basing on legislative acts of the Republic, information from state statistical agencies, socio-economic programmes and scientific-technological projections, etc.
A budget of State (Government budget) in all countries is known as a financial plan of all planed incomes, expenses and revenues approved by the competent institution (in the Republic of Lithuania – by Seimas). It is a plan for saving, borrowing and spending by the State, that is drawned according to the requirements of the Law. The article deals with the problem of realization of principle of long-term (long-range) budget planning in the Republic of Lithuania. The legal definition and the essence of long-term budget planning, the reasons for changing to long-term budget planning is analyzed in the article. Particular attention is given to the question of the reform of budget planning in Lithuania that started in 1998 and signified transition from the model of short-term to the model of long-term budget planning. It' affirmed that the planning of budget of the State for particular period of time is established in Law on budgeting as one of the main principles of the whole budget process. According to the Law on budgeting and other legal acts the draft of the budget of the Republic of Lithuania shall be prepared for the period of three years basing on legislative acts of the Republic, information from state statistical agencies, socio-economic programmes and scientific-technological projections, etc.
A budget of State (Government budget) in all countries is known as a financial plan of all planed incomes, expenses and revenues approved by the competent institution (in the Republic of Lithuania – by Seimas). It is a plan for saving, borrowing and spending by the State, that is drawned according to the requirements of the Law. The article deals with the problem of realization of principle of long-term (long-range) budget planning in the Republic of Lithuania. The legal definition and the essence of long-term budget planning, the reasons for changing to long-term budget planning is analyzed in the article. Particular attention is given to the question of the reform of budget planning in Lithuania that started in 1998 and signified transition from the model of short-term to the model of long-term budget planning. It' affirmed that the planning of budget of the State for particular period of time is established in Law on budgeting as one of the main principles of the whole budget process. According to the Law on budgeting and other legal acts the draft of the budget of the Republic of Lithuania shall be prepared for the period of three years basing on legislative acts of the Republic, information from state statistical agencies, socio-economic programmes and scientific-technological projections, etc.
One of the Consumer protection policy aspects are consumer's protection from the unfair terms in consumer contracts. On the European Union level unfair terms in consumer contracts are regulated by the Council directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts. According to this directive, there can be drawn several criteria, which are important in determining whether the term is unfair – the term was not individually negotiated, it is in breach of good faith and causes significant imbalance in the parties' the rights and obligations arising under the contract, to the detriment of the consumer. These are the general unfairness criteria. According to the directive 93/13/EEC the term would be not individually negotiated if the consumer has not been able to influence the substance of the term. The meaning of the requirement of good faith and significant imbalance are not given in the directive 93/13/EEC, therefore it should be explained by the courts in individual cases. In addition, the illustrative list of the unfair terms in the annex of the directive 93/13/EEC plays the role of the guide to the courts investigating whether the term in consumer contract can be considered as unfair. Moreover, the transparency requirement is included in the directive 93/13/EEC. Written contract terms should be formulated in such a plain and intelligible language, that the consumer would be able to understand them without the help of another person. This requirement bears not only the substance of the contract, formulation of the sentences or the meaning of the words, but also the outlook of the contract. Lithuania, implementing the directive 93/13/EEC into the Civil code, has not transposed several provisions that are important to the protection of the consumers – the requirement of good faith and the requirement that written contract terms should be put in plain and intelligible language. On the other side, the black list of unfair terms in the article 6.188 of the Civil code leads to the greater protection of the consumer than the grey list put in the annex of the directive 93/13/EEC.
One of the Consumer protection policy aspects are consumer's protection from the unfair terms in consumer contracts. On the European Union level unfair terms in consumer contracts are regulated by the Council directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts. According to this directive, there can be drawn several criteria, which are important in determining whether the term is unfair – the term was not individually negotiated, it is in breach of good faith and causes significant imbalance in the parties' the rights and obligations arising under the contract, to the detriment of the consumer. These are the general unfairness criteria. According to the directive 93/13/EEC the term would be not individually negotiated if the consumer has not been able to influence the substance of the term. The meaning of the requirement of good faith and significant imbalance are not given in the directive 93/13/EEC, therefore it should be explained by the courts in individual cases. In addition, the illustrative list of the unfair terms in the annex of the directive 93/13/EEC plays the role of the guide to the courts investigating whether the term in consumer contract can be considered as unfair. Moreover, the transparency requirement is included in the directive 93/13/EEC. Written contract terms should be formulated in such a plain and intelligible language, that the consumer would be able to understand them without the help of another person. This requirement bears not only the substance of the contract, formulation of the sentences or the meaning of the words, but also the outlook of the contract. Lithuania, implementing the directive 93/13/EEC into the Civil code, has not transposed several provisions that are important to the protection of the consumers – the requirement of good faith and the requirement that written contract terms should be put in plain and intelligible language. On the other side, the black list of unfair terms in the article 6.188 of the Civil code leads to the greater protection of the consumer than the grey list put in the annex of the directive 93/13/EEC.
In the Master Thesis there is investigated the pre-trial terms and their security and control issues. The main aim - to examine the pre-trial deadlines; discuss them in a historical perspective, etc. to compare with pre-existing, current terms, based on the European Court of Human Rights and the Lithuanian Supreme Court, the criminal law of scientific analysis, to explore, as is understood reasonable terms in courts practice. The aim is to reveal the contents of the pre-trial terms in criminal proceedings, a review of its development. Objectives and targets to achieve invoked logical, linguistic, historical and comparative methods. In the master thesis there is represented and proved the opinion regarding the terms of investigation, there is discussed the principle of the fast process, its influence for the terms of pre-trial investigation. Fast process ensures the human right to the fair trial and its process. During the pre-trial investigation the evaluation of circumstances is easier and faster as there are less time after commitment. In the master thesis it was looked for an answer to this question – could the formal terms defined by legislators reduce the duration of the pre-trial investigation. There was analyzed the European Human Rights court practise and the practise of Constitutional Court and Supreme Court in the Republic of Lithuania regarding these topics. The master thesis consists of the content, introduction, there main pats, conclusions, list of the literature and summary.
In the Master Thesis there is investigated the pre-trial terms and their security and control issues. The main aim - to examine the pre-trial deadlines; discuss them in a historical perspective, etc. to compare with pre-existing, current terms, based on the European Court of Human Rights and the Lithuanian Supreme Court, the criminal law of scientific analysis, to explore, as is understood reasonable terms in courts practice. The aim is to reveal the contents of the pre-trial terms in criminal proceedings, a review of its development. Objectives and targets to achieve invoked logical, linguistic, historical and comparative methods. In the master thesis there is represented and proved the opinion regarding the terms of investigation, there is discussed the principle of the fast process, its influence for the terms of pre-trial investigation. Fast process ensures the human right to the fair trial and its process. During the pre-trial investigation the evaluation of circumstances is easier and faster as there are less time after commitment. In the master thesis it was looked for an answer to this question – could the formal terms defined by legislators reduce the duration of the pre-trial investigation. There was analyzed the European Human Rights court practise and the practise of Constitutional Court and Supreme Court in the Republic of Lithuania regarding these topics. The master thesis consists of the content, introduction, there main pats, conclusions, list of the literature and summary.
The subject of reseach is 1260 terms of office-work field of modern Lithuanina. One-word and composite terms were picked out from standing legislations and reguliations and instructional editions of office-work. In this reseach work terms are discussed by their origin and structure.
The subject of reseach is 1260 terms of office-work field of modern Lithuanina. One-word and composite terms were picked out from standing legislations and reguliations and instructional editions of office-work. In this reseach work terms are discussed by their origin and structure.
Scientific problem: Lithuanian sailing coaches insufficient communication with athletes, skills gaps and coaches predominant autocratic leadership style are the main constraints for athletes to achieve high sports results. Research hypothesis: • Athletes having a greater mastery assesses more social support in coaching, positive feedback and communication competencies, than lower sportsmanship respondents. • Athletes and coaches leadership style assessments are different. Reseach object: the coach's competence, communication features, coach leadership style. Reseach aim: valuate Lithuanian sailing coaches leadership style of coaches and athletes and coaches in terms of competencies and communication peculiarities in terms of athletes. The tasks of the research: 1. Identify the different seniority of Lithuania sailing coaches leadership style of their own point of view. 2. Identify athletes approach to coaching leadership style. 3. Investigate the large and medium–master sailors (girls and boys) approach to coaching competencies, communication features. Conclucion: • The results showed that most of the coaches, in their view, led by democratically athletes. Two coaches a high degree of manifestation of democracy, seven – the average, in addition to the autocratic (3 coaches) and liberal (4 coaches) leadership style. The higher the coach seniority, the more manifested democratic – liberal leadership style (p=0.42). While competition coaches (less spent 10 years) often led democratic – autocratic leadership style (p=0.56). • Elite athletes coaches identified in Leadership autocratic behavior (p = 0.01) and moderate athletes most distinguished behavior training of coaches – coaching – instruction (p = 0.009), when the main focus is on the technical, tactical training, physical fitness improvement. Both groups mentioned in the second democratic behavior, but more occurring among middle–skill respondents (p = 0.04) further – a positive response (p = 0.06) and social support (p = 0.11). The evaluation results between ...
Scientific problem: Lithuanian sailing coaches insufficient communication with athletes, skills gaps and coaches predominant autocratic leadership style are the main constraints for athletes to achieve high sports results. Research hypothesis: • Athletes having a greater mastery assesses more social support in coaching, positive feedback and communication competencies, than lower sportsmanship respondents. • Athletes and coaches leadership style assessments are different. Reseach object: the coach's competence, communication features, coach leadership style. Reseach aim: valuate Lithuanian sailing coaches leadership style of coaches and athletes and coaches in terms of competencies and communication peculiarities in terms of athletes. The tasks of the research: 1. Identify the different seniority of Lithuania sailing coaches leadership style of their own point of view. 2. Identify athletes approach to coaching leadership style. 3. Investigate the large and medium–master sailors (girls and boys) approach to coaching competencies, communication features. Conclucion: • The results showed that most of the coaches, in their view, led by democratically athletes. Two coaches a high degree of manifestation of democracy, seven – the average, in addition to the autocratic (3 coaches) and liberal (4 coaches) leadership style. The higher the coach seniority, the more manifested democratic – liberal leadership style (p=0.42). While competition coaches (less spent 10 years) often led democratic – autocratic leadership style (p=0.56). • Elite athletes coaches identified in Leadership autocratic behavior (p = 0.01) and moderate athletes most distinguished behavior training of coaches – coaching – instruction (p = 0.009), when the main focus is on the technical, tactical training, physical fitness improvement. Both groups mentioned in the second democratic behavior, but more occurring among middle–skill respondents (p = 0.04) further – a positive response (p = 0.06) and social support (p = 0.11). The evaluation results between different gender athletes, both men and women identified the training – instruction of trainers in leadership (p = 0.18). • Elite athletes in evaluating the behavior of coaches to conduct them in accordance with the component to the lower than the average athletes (p = 0.03); women – lower than men (p = 0.06). The emotional component coaches elite athletes by – lower than the average athletes (p = 0.28); women – lower than men (p = 0.28). Gnostic component showing the coach, the professional competence has been assessed under the extreme sports excellence group than the average performance athletes group (p = 0.04); women – lower than men (p = 0.04). It was found that the higher the skill group of athletes, the coach considered below. Girls, in particular, elite group of coaches was rated worse than boys (girls – below average guys – average).
Scientific problem: Lithuanian sailing coaches insufficient communication with athletes, skills gaps and coaches predominant autocratic leadership style are the main constraints for athletes to achieve high sports results. Research hypothesis: • Athletes having a greater mastery assesses more social support in coaching, positive feedback and communication competencies, than lower sportsmanship respondents. • Athletes and coaches leadership style assessments are different. Reseach object: the coach's competence, communication features, coach leadership style. Reseach aim: valuate Lithuanian sailing coaches leadership style of coaches and athletes and coaches in terms of competencies and communication peculiarities in terms of athletes. The tasks of the research: 1. Identify the different seniority of Lithuania sailing coaches leadership style of their own point of view. 2. Identify athletes approach to coaching leadership style. 3. Investigate the large and medium–master sailors (girls and boys) approach to coaching competencies, communication features. Conclucion: • The results showed that most of the coaches, in their view, led by democratically athletes. Two coaches a high degree of manifestation of democracy, seven – the average, in addition to the autocratic (3 coaches) and liberal (4 coaches) leadership style. The higher the coach seniority, the more manifested democratic – liberal leadership style (p=0.42). While competition coaches (less spent 10 years) often led democratic – autocratic leadership style (p=0.56). • Elite athletes coaches identified in Leadership autocratic behavior (p = 0.01) and moderate athletes most distinguished behavior training of coaches – coaching – instruction (p = 0.009), when the main focus is on the technical, tactical training, physical fitness improvement. Both groups mentioned in the second democratic behavior, but more occurring among middle–skill respondents (p = 0.04) further – a positive response (p = 0.06) and social support (p = 0.11). The evaluation results between different gender athletes, both men and women identified the training – instruction of trainers in leadership (p = 0.18). • Elite athletes in evaluating the behavior of coaches to conduct them in accordance with the component to the lower than the average athletes (p = 0.03); women – lower than men (p = 0.06). The emotional component coaches elite athletes by – lower than the average athletes (p = 0.28); women – lower than men (p = 0.28). Gnostic component showing the coach, the professional competence has been assessed under the extreme sports excellence group than the average performance athletes group (p = 0.04); women – lower than men (p = 0.04). It was found that the higher the skill group of athletes, the coach considered below. Girls, in particular, elite group of coaches was rated worse than boys (girls – below average guys – average).
This article, based on the teleological method, could be characterised as a compressed doctrine of presidential term limits that consists of the discussions of the 1787 Philadelphia Constitutional Convention and Federalists/Anti-Federalists during the process of ratification of the draft Constitution. The analysis of the thoughts of various American statesmen on the constitutional regulation of the executive tenure during the period of 1775–1790 demonstrates the importance and objectives of the executive tenure for the future of the US constitutional system. The early doctrine of the US presidential term limits consists of three steps, which could be defined as understanding, discussion, and finding the solution to the issue. The first step relates to the constitutional conventions of the states in the period of 1775– 1780, when the problem of the term limits of the executive was raised jointly with the issue of the powers of state governors' institutions. Their relative modesty, in comparison to the terms and powers of other institutions, is explained by the fears of the American statesmen related to the dangers of monarchy and tyranny. The said feelings and the importance of the national executive were the key factors in the first sessions of the 1787 Philadelphia Convention. Most delegates were conservative on the structure of the executive, elections, and the term limits, proposing a collegial body, single term, and elections at the parliament. However, the idea that a weak executive might not be effective prompted harsh political debates between the representatives of the states. [.]
This article, based on the teleological method, could be characterised as a compressed doctrine of presidential term limits that consists of the discussions of the 1787 Philadelphia Constitutional Convention and Federalists/Anti-Federalists during the process of ratification of the draft Constitution. The analysis of the thoughts of various American statesmen on the constitutional regulation of the executive tenure during the period of 1775–1790 demonstrates the importance and objectives of the executive tenure for the future of the US constitutional system. The early doctrine of the US presidential term limits consists of three steps, which could be defined as understanding, discussion, and finding the solution to the issue. The first step relates to the constitutional conventions of the states in the period of 1775– 1780, when the problem of the term limits of the executive was raised jointly with the issue of the powers of state governors' institutions. Their relative modesty, in comparison to the terms and powers of other institutions, is explained by the fears of the American statesmen related to the dangers of monarchy and tyranny. The said feelings and the importance of the national executive were the key factors in the first sessions of the 1787 Philadelphia Convention. Most delegates were conservative on the structure of the executive, elections, and the term limits, proposing a collegial body, single term, and elections at the parliament. However, the idea that a weak executive might not be effective prompted harsh political debates between the representatives of the states. [.]
