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Article describes the issues of shaping the structures of local government administration considering new concepts of public management. Attention will be focused on governance, which determines two paradigms of public administration: public administration aimed at cooperation and organized in a network manner. Will evaluate the degree of their impact on the structure of local government administration in Poland. Further considerations will aim to identify the relationship between the quality of governance and administrative structure of local government. The quality of governance is recognized (by the World Bank) in six dimensions of good governance, which is a function of appropriately shaped bodies. Striving to meet the criteria of good governance may involve restrictions on the use of cooperation and networking paradigms. ; Artykuł podejmuje problematykę kształtowania struktur administracji samorządowej w świetle nowych koncepcji funkcjonowania sektora publicznego. Uwaga została skoncentrowana na współzarządzaniu, które wyznacza dwa paradygmaty administracji publicznej: administrację publiczną ukierunkowaną na współpracę oraz zorganizowaną w sposób sieciowy. Ocenie poddany został stopień ich wpływu na kształtowanie struktury administracji samorządowej w Polsce. Dalsze rozważania miały na celu identyfikację związku pomiędzy jakością rządzenia a strukturą administracyjną samorządu terytorialnego. Jakość rządzenia ujmowana jest (za Bankiem Światowym) w sześciu wymiarach dobrego rządzenia, które z kolei jest funkcją odpowiednio ukształtowanych instytucji. Dążenie do spełnienia kryteriów dobrego rządzenia może wiązać się z ograniczeniami w stosowaniu paradygmatów współpracy i sieci.

Abstract in English: Governance in Russian Regions: A Policy ComparisonHelge Blakkisrud reviews Governance in Russian Regions: A Policy Comparison, edited by Sabine Kropp, Aadne Aasland, Mikkel Berg-Nordlie, Jørn Holm-Hansen & Johannes Schumann. The book investigates the emergence and the workings of governance networks in a Russian context.

We may dare to ask about rationale behind the recent devotion caused by Artificial Intelligence (AI). Whether it could be produced by the fear or, by contrast, it stems from the inner ignorance and uncertainty that blind us by attempting to give a quick explanation to a massive technological disruption directly caused by COVID19. AI is not a new phenomenon as such, despite the fact that what it could be new is the way AI is already interfering in citizens' daily life functions and services shaping them with a deep intensity as a result of the processing capacity of AI. Nonetheless, (i) little is known so far about the relationship between AI and governance, or what is worst, (ii) AI is being deployed without considering democratic accountability and far from our public eye and scrutiny. Acknowledging the complexity of such topic, this article constructively aims to analyse the ongoing technopolitical transformations occurring in the aftermath of the coronavirus crisis for the governance model of the Basque Country. This article is targeted to the political left (either Basque or Spanish nationalist) in pursuit of avoid delaying the work that should be implemented in response to questions, challenges, and policies for XXI. century algorithmic governance. The article concludes through three-intertwined-layer approach: (i) the first approach lists AI functional uses; (ii) the second approach presents brefly several AI projects being currently developed in different European countries; (iii) ultimately, a strategic roadmap lead to stakeholders in the Basque Country is outlined.

The article focuses on the theoretical and practical analysis of various levels of governance in higher education - at the systemic level, at the institutional level and at the level of public policy making in higher education system and universities. Both Poland and Ukraine are facing the common challenges of the urgent need to diminish bureaucracy at universities and to deregulate the system of higher education, which requires the necessary changes to the legal framework at the institutional and systemic levels. The article considers which tools in the process of transformation of higher education, both at the macro (governance in HES and public policy) and micro (governance and management in HEI) levels can be used in order to find effective solutions in the areas of management, governance and public policy in the higher education system. ; Artykuł poświęcony analizie teoretycznej oraz praktycznej różnych poziomów rządzenia (governance) w szkolnictwie wyższym - na poziomie systemowym, instytucyjnym i na poziomie polityki państwa wobec systemu szkolnictwa wyższego oraz uniwersytetów. Zarówno Polska, jak i Ukraina stają wobec wspólnego wyzwania konieczności odbiurokratyzowania działania uczelni i deregulacji systemu szkolnictwa wyższego, co wymaga niezbędnych zmian reguł ładu instytucjonalnego i systemowego. W artykule pokazano, jakie narzędzia w procesie transformacji szkolnictwa wyższego zarówno na poziomie makro (governance in HES i polityka publiczna), jak i mikro (governance i management in HEI) mogą być wykorzystane w celu podejmowania skutecznych rozwiązań w obszarach: zarządzanie, governance i polityka publiczna w systemie szkolnictwa wyższego.

The problem examined in the paper is part of a broader reflection on public governance, especially in its territorial dimension. The author focuses mainly on the modernisation of the public sector in Poland and the world with regard to the principles of participatory democracy as evidenced by the practice of urban governance. In particular, the author focuses on one of the tools that stimulate participation, i.e. participatory budgeting, which has recently resulted in a breakthrough trend in institutional practice and which can be regarded as an innovation in public governance. The aim of the paper is to examine the impact of the implementation of participatory budgeting on governance in selected Polish cities. The whole analysis is carried out in the context of normative assumptions and the analysed problem highlights the question of the standards of good public governance, which should be respected at the local level. The paradigm adopted by the author reflects the call for the "right to the city for the citizens," i.e. an approach whereby cities should develop not only in order to support the economy but also to be able to meet people's aspirations to a better quality of life.

The article discusses current dilemmas of the European Union policy with regard to the development of competitive and low emission transport in the context of good governance principles. The first part discusses selected assumptions of the idea of public governance reflected in the EU transport policy. Then the current degree of development of the EU transport was assessed. The assessment of consequences of increased demand for transport confirmed the need to efficiently deliver on the strategy for the development of low emission transport. It is also stressed that the implementation of the assumptions of the public governance idea may be seen as an innovative solution in managing a complex network of ties and coordination of policies at different levels and support the shift towards low emission, circular economy model in transport. However, attention has been paid to the need to continue studies on the assessment of efficiency and effectiveness of good governance principles. ; Artykuł jest poświęcony prezentacji aktualnych dylematów polityki Unii Europejskiej dotyczących rozwoju konkurencyjnego i niskoemisyjnego transportu w kontekście realizacji zasad dobrego rządzenia (good governance). W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono wybrane założenia koncepcji współrządzenia (public governance), mające odzwierciedlenie w polityce transportowej Unii Europejskiej. Następnie dokonano oceny obecnego stanu rozwoju transportu Unii Europejskiej. Ocena konsekwencji wzrostu popytu na transport potwierdziła potrzebę efektywnej realizacji strategii na rzecz rozwoju niskoemisyjnego transportu. Podkreślono, że wdrażanie założeń koncepcji public governance może stanowić nowatorskie rozwiązanie w zakresie zarządzania skomplikowaną siecią powiązań i koordynacji polityk na wszystkich szczeblach, wspierając przejście transportu do modelu gospodarki niskoemisyjnej o obiegu zamkniętym. Zwrócono jednak uwagę na potrzebę kontynuacji badań nad oceną skuteczności i efektywności realizacji zasad good governance.

The paper offers a case study of the Marianske Lazne administration as an example of the New Public Governance (NPG) approach ed in the Czech Republic. The focus is on the particular pillars representing the features of NPG. Until now, five months after the general election, the particular attention of the Pirate Party on the determinants of NPG objectives could be observed through: making all meetings of the board's expert commissions accessible for the general public; publishing all documents discussed by the town's council on the internet; making all the town's banking accounts transparent; creating a department of internal audit separated from the rest of the administration; granting the status of a permanent guest at the board's meetings to a representative of the opposition; doubling the frequency of the council's meetings; preparing new rules of procedure facilitating the participation of citizens in the council's meetings; strengthening the communication channels between the council on the one hand and the chairpersons of expert commissions and directors of municipal organisations on the other; cancelling the positions with unclear benefits for the town; and making the rules of using municipal funds more transparent. There are still mo re evident measures expected in the areas of the second and third pillars of the Pirates' program, that is the provision of quality services for citizens and vicular and the positive development of tfie town's spa industry.

The article focuses on the theoretical and practical analysis of various levels of governance in higher education - at the systemic level, at the institutional level and at the level of public policy making in higher education system and universities. Both Poland and Ukraine are facing the common challenges of the urgent need to diminish bureaucracy at universities and to deregulate the system of higher education, which requires the necessary changes to the legal framework at the institutional and systemic levels. The article considers which tools in the process of transformation of higher education, both at the macro (governance in HES and public policy) and micro (governance and management in HEI) levels can be used in order to find effective solutions in the areas of management, governance and public policy in the higher education system.

In a relatively short time the Internet has become one of the main and the most important media of our times. The increasing number of users, as well as the growth of its role and importance in almost every aspect of social and economic life have led in recent years to the intensification of the discussion on the future of the Internet and the way it should be governed. From the very beginning the Internet developed bottom-up without a decision-making center responsible for its development. There are many organizations in the world operating at local, regional and global levels, that focus on different aspects of its operation and development. This process called "Internet governance" is the process within which governments, information and communication technology (ICT) companies and civil society work together to set standards, values, norms and decisions that shape the way we use the World Wide Web. This article attempts to explain this phenomenon, shows the origins of the dispute between the supporters of the multistakeholder model of the Internet governance. It also presents the proposals of some states to strengthen the role of governments in this process and presents the position of the European Union, which in this discussion may play a key role as a mediator in the debate about the future of the Internet governance. ; Internet w stosunkowo krótkim czasie stał się jednym z głównych i najistotniejszych mediów naszych czasów. Wzrastająca liczba jego użytkowników, jak również wzrost jego roli i znaczenia w niemalże każdym aspekcie życia społeczno-gospodarczego spowodowały w ostatnich latach nasilenie się dyskusji na temat przyszłości internetu i sposobu w jaki powinien być zarządzany. Internet od samego początku rozwijał się oddolnie bez centralnego ośrodka decyzyjnego. Na świecie funkcjonuje wiele organizacji działających na poziomie lokalnym, regionalnym i globalnym, które skupiają się na różnych aspektach jego działania i rozwoju. Proces nazywany "zarządzanie Internetem" (Internet Governance), to proces, w którym rządy, przedsiębiorstwa z branży technologii informacyjnych i komunikacyjnych oraz społeczeństwo obywatelskie wspólnie wypracowują standardy, wartości, normy i decyzje, które kształtują sposób, w jaki użytkowana jest sieć. Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje próbę wyjaśnienia tego zjawiska, przedstawia genezę sporu pomiędzy zwolennikami wielostronnego modelu zarządzania internetem oraz państwami postulującymi wzmocnienie roli rządów w tym procesie oraz prezentuje stanowisko Unii Europejskiej, która może w tej dyskusji odegrać kluczową rolę stając się mediatorem w debacie o przyszłym modelu zarządzania internetem.

The article presents the way that governance has formed in Poland after winning the independence in 1918. It also includes the discussion on first legal acts with institutional meaning such as decree law dated on 22nd November 1918 about the supreme representative authority of the Republic of Poland and the act of Parliament's ordinance of 20th February 1919 entrusting Józef Piłsudski with further execution of the office of Chief of state. These documents became the basis for reborn country and enabled to rebuild institutions in historically difficult period. In the opinion of author, the experiences of first years of independence had ultimatelly influenced the solutions that were adapted in so called March Constitution from the year of 1921. ; Artykuł przedstawia kształtowanie się systemu rządów w Polsce po odzyskaniu niepodległości w 1918 r., w tym pierwsze akty prawne o znaczeniu ustrojowym – dekret z 22 listopada 1918 r. o najwyższej władzy reprezentacyjnej Republiki Polskiej oraz uchwałę Sejmu Ustawodawczego z 20 lutego 1919 r. o powierzeniu Józefowi Piłsudskiemu dalszego sprawowania urzędu Naczelnika Państwa. Stały się one podstawą funkcjonowania odrodzonego państwa polskiego, umożliwiając w trudnym okresie historycznym odbudowę państwowości. Zdaniem Autorki doświadczenia pierwszych lat niepodległości wpłynęły ostatecznie na rozwiązania, które przyjęto w tzw. Konstytucji marcowej z 1921.

This paper is a short commentary on Elinor Ostrom's criticism of 'The Tradegy of Commons', which is part of her research on Common Pool Resources (CPR) institutions. She delivered an institutional theory of Common Pool Resources governance and also seriously undermined so called social paradoxes, as Olsons' logic of collective action or prisoners dilemma as a model of social situations. The core of these social paradoxes and Garett Hardin's Tragedy of Commons respectively, is an assumption of rational choice taken by an isolated, selfish and egoistic individual. In Ostroms opinion such theories are not really wrong, but are very special cases in the World of interpersonal communication, customs and institutions. Ostrom has developed an institutional analysis of CPR governance and formulated basic rules of a good and durable CPR Institution. Ostroms' works takes account of both laissez-faire and centralized, government-run allocation as the wrong approach toward management of the Commons. These analyses seem useful in Poland, where nowadays CPR governance is highly centralized.