Suchergebnisse

Objetivo: Conocer la influencia de la estructura social en las prácticas de cuidado en infantes, con la participación de madres pertenecientes al programa de FAMI en el barrio Aeropuerto de Cúcuta, aplicando la teoría de la diversidad y universalidad de Madeleine Leninger representada en el modelo del sol naciente. Materiales y Métodos: investigación de tipo cualitativa – etnográfica, la muestra se tomó por conveniencia y a priori conformada por ocho mujeres de estrato socioeconómico 2 pertenecientes al programa FAMI, a quienes se aplicaron entrevistas a profundidad que fueron grababas utilizando una videograbadora para facilitar su análisis, todo esto previo consentimiento de las informantes. Resultados: se pueden destacar que el cuidado de los infantes está influenciado por: las familias, sus conocidos (amigos y vecinos) y las costumbres de cada uno, que se van trasmitiendo de generación; también se identificó como factor relevante la economía del hombre como único proveedor del sustento, lo que hace limitante el acceso a los cuidados del niño. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos permiten determinar que las expresiones, situaciones y los hechos en la práctica de cuidado de los infantes están influenciadas por la estructura social en los factores tecnológicos, la familia y factores sociales, los valores culturales y modos de vida, factores políticos y legales y lo económico. Las prácticas de cuidado no están influenciadas por la religión y la educación; así mismo, se identifican elementos de éstos factores contenidos en los sistemas genéricos y profesionales, siendo enfermería quien articula e integra conocimientos para determinar acciones de cuidado. Palabras claves: Cultura, sistema, profesional, enfermería.Influence of social structure in care practices in infants under one year Abstract Objective: To determine the influence of social structure on infant care practices, with the participation of mothers belonging to the program in the district¨ FAMI Aeropuerto de Cúcuta¨, applying the theory of diversity and universality of Madeleine Leninger represented in the model ¨rising sun¨. Materials and Methods: a qualitative research - ethnographic, the sample was taken for convenience and a priori consists of eight women socioeconomic FAMI 2 belonging to the program, who have applied depth interviews that were recorded using a VCR to facilitate analysis, all this with the consent of the informants. Results: We may note that the care of infants is influenced by family, acquaintances (friends and neighbors) and customs of each one is transmitted from generation to generation, also identified as a relevant factor the economy of man as sole breadwinner, making limiting access to child care. Conclusions: The results can determine whether the expressions, situations and events in the practice of caring for infants is influenced by the social structure, in the technological factors, family and social factors, cultural values and ways of life, political, legal factors and the economy of the family . Care practices are not influenced by religion and education, likewise, it can be identified elements of these factors contained in generic systems and health professionals who articulates and integrates nursing knowledge to determine care actions. Keywords: Culture, system, professional, nursing.Influência da estrutura social em práticas de cuidado em menores de um ano Resumo Objetivo: determinar a influência da estrutura social sobre as práticas de cuidados infantis, com a participação de mães pertencentes ao programa no aeroporto distrito ¨FAMI Cucuta¨, aplicando a teoria da diversidade e universalidade da Madeleine Leninger representada no modelo ¨subindo sol¨. Materiais e Métodos: a pesquisa qualitativa - etnográfica, a amostra foi colhida por conveniência e, a priori, é composto por oito mulheres socioeconômicos¨ FAMI 2 ¨pertencentes ao programa, que aplicou entrevistas em profundidade, que foram foram gravação usando um gravador de vídeo para facilitar a análise, tudo isso com o consentimento dos informantes. Resultados: Pode-se notar que o cuidado das crianças é influenciado por familiares, conhecidos (amigos e vizinhos) e os costumes de cada um, a ser transmitida de geração, também identificado como um fator relevante na economia do homem como arrimo, fazendo com que a limitação do acesso ao cuidado da criança. Conclusões: Os resultados podem determinar se as expressões, situações e acontecimentos na prática de cuidar de crianças são influenciados pela estrutura social nos fatores tecnológicos, sociais e familiares fatores, valores culturais e modos de vida, os fatores políticos e jurídica e económica. Práticas de cuidados não são influenciados pela religião e educação, da mesma forma, identifica os elementos desses fatores contidos em sistemas genéricos e os profissionais de saúde que articula e integra conhecimentos de enfermagem para identificar ações de cuidado. Palavras-chave: Cultura, sistema, profissionais de enfermagem

Argentina has assumed the commitment that adolescents and youth complete secondary level education. While the access to this level has increased significantly throughout the recent years, there are still some serious problems that prevent us from reaching that goal. Compulsory secondary school constitutes an important challenge for the educational system. In addition to appealing to accessibility of material resources to expand the offer of education, it requires that we fundamentally address the school's institutional culture, the actors involved, and the pedagogic proposal for this level. School dropout is undoubtedly the most critical point in this assessment. This study aims to expand the diagnosis of the dropout crisis that takes place during the academic year in the secondary schools in Argentina. The analysis focuses on state secondary schools in urban areas, considering the territory, and the configuration of its offer. Do the same dropout levels take place in all the state secondary schools of the country? Based on the analysis of dropout levels for each secondary school and the dispersion of this phenomenon observed depending on its distribution across schools the results of this study indicate that it is possible to identify different situations. The results show that there are at least four types of scenarios which require different political strategies. They warn about the level of heterogeneity present in the educational offer of this level in each of the territories and call for a deeper analysis of this issue with more information about the social and institutional context of the schools. ; La Argentina ha asumido el compromiso de que todos los adolescentes y jóvenes terminen el nivel secundario. Si bien el acceso al nivel se ha incrementado significativamente en los últimos años, hay todavía serios problemas para lograr que todos permanezcan y egresen del nivel. La secundaria obligatoria constituye un desafío importante para el sistema educativo, o los sistemas educativos que lo constituyen. Es una meta que además de interpelar la disponibilidad de recursos materiales para ampliar la oferta, interpela fundamentalmente a la escuela, su cultura institucional, los actores involucrados y la propuesta pedagógica. El abandono escolar es sin duda el punto más crítico en este diagnóstico. Este trabajo tiene como objeto ampliar el diagnóstico sobre el abandono escolar que ocurre durante el año lectivo en las escuelas secundarias en Argentina. El análisis se centra en los establecimientos de gestión estatal del ámbito urbano, considerando el territorio y la configuración de su oferta. ¿Se produce el mismo nivel de abandono en todos los establecimientos del país? Los resultados del estudio indican que a partir del análisis del nivel de abandono de los establecimientos y la dispersión de este fenómeno observado en función de su distribución entre las escuelas, es posible identificar distintas situaciones. Los resultados muestran que se registran al menos cuatro tipos de escenarios que requieren de estrategias de política diferenciadas. Advierte sobre el nivel de heterogeneidad que presenta la oferta educativa del nivel en cada uno de los territorios y de la necesidad de profundizar el análisis de esta problemática junto con mayores datos sobre el contexto social e institucional de los establecimientos. ; A Argentina comprometeu-se a que todos os adolescentes e jovens completem o nível secundário. Enquanto o nível de acesso tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos, ainda subsistem graves problemas. A obrigatoriedad do secundário é um grande desafio para o sistema de ensino. É uma meta que, além de questionar a disponibilidade de recursos materiais para ampliar a oferta, questiona principalmente os desafios do ensino, a cultura institucional, os atores envolvidos e a abordagem pedagógica. O abandono escolar precoce é definitivamente o ponto mais crítico para o diagnóstico. Este trabalho tem a intenção de ampliar o diagnóstico sobre evasão escolar que ocorre durante o ano letivo nas escolas secundárias da Argentina. A análise centra-se em instalações de gestão estaduais de áreas urbanas, considerando o território e a criação de sua oferta. O mesmo nível de negligência ocorre em todos os estabelecimentos do país? Os resultados indicam que a partir da análise do nível de abandono das instalações e da dispersão do fenômeno observado em termos de sua distribuição entre as escolas, podemos identificar diferentes situações. Os resultados mostram, pelo menos, quatro tipos de cenários que requerem diferentes estratégias políticas. Ele alerta para o nível de heterogeneidade do nível de oferta de ensino em cada um dos territórios e da necessidade de uma análise mais aprofundada desta questão, juntamente com mais detalhes sobre o contexto social e institucional dos estabelecimentos.

[spa] El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar una serie de procesos sociales que tienen lugar en un valle del Pirineo catalán. En las últimas décadas el área estudiada ha sufrido cambios que han transformado la estructura social de la población, el sistema económico así como las representaciones sobre el territorio. Mi interés se centrará en el estudio de los procesos de patrimonialización que forman parte estructurante de las transformaciones del territorio, y su impacto en la estructura social y los imaginarios locales. Entiendo que el análisis de los nuevos usos del pasado nos permite explorar estos fenómenos de manera privilegiada. El análisis de los procesos de patrimonialización de la cultura y la naturaleza supone tener en cuenta la diversidad de elementos que los componen. Se trata de procesos complejos y no determinados, que incluyen diversos discursos tanto globales como locales que impactan en una serie de políticas y legislaciones de diferentes administraciones, así como la actuación de distintos agentes y relaciones de poder. Los discursos globales sobre el patrimonio, estructurados en relación a ideas de conservación y recuperación, han influido tanto en la elaboración de políticas y legislaciones como en la percepción local del pasado. Desde esta perspectiva, podemos observar el desarrollo del territorio como un proceso intrínsecamente relacionado con los contextos globales. Los procesos de patrimonialización de la cultura y la naturaleza se desarrollan paralelamente a la composición de nuevos modelos económicos orientados al turismo. Los elementos que señalan el fracaso de un sistema de producción y sus consecuencias desastrosas sobre la población como ser el abandono de las casas, la despoblación del territorio y la degradación de los espacios cultivados, entre otros, son reaprovechados a partir de nuevos discursos que revalorizan esos signos de decadencia. Sobre estos procesos se desarrolla un movimiento de recuperación de las casas y su posterior venta como segunda residencia, la creación de un parque natural o bien la revalorización del paisaje. Por lo tanto, me propongo estudiar la presencia a nivel local de una serie de discursos globales y su influencia en la formulación de políticas públicas, la configuración particular que adoptan en un contexto determinado, social, político y económico, así como su aceptación, rechazo o cuestionamiento por parte de la población local. Los procesos de patrimonialización de la cultura y la naturaleza funcionan como tecnologías de gobierno, ideologías legitimadas en prácticas y discursos globales que no se presentan asociadas a un modelo económico específico. Sin embargo, las políticas y prácticas determinadas por los discursos del patrimonio han acompañado procesos de cambio que han dado lugar a un nuevo modelo de explotación del territorio. Me interesa destacar el impacto de estos procesos en la estructura social y en las representaciones locales. El análisis de los diferentes usos del pasado es clave a la hora de entender estos procesos. ; [eng] The aim of this thesis is analyzing a series of social processes in a Pyrenean Valley. In the past decades, specific changes have transformed the social structure, the economic system as well as the representations of the territory. My focus will be on the study of 'patrimonialization processes' that are a structuring basis of the recent transformations, as well as its impact in social structure and local imaginaries. I sustain the idea that analyzing the new uses of the past allows us to explore these processes from a privileged perspective. I will study the existence of global discourses in a local level, and its influence over the formulation of public policies, as well as the particular configuration that they adopt in a specific social, political and economic context. I will also attend to the way in which these global discourses are accepted, rejected or questioned by local populations. The patrimonialization processes of culture and nature work as technologies of government, as ideologies that are legitimized in practices and global discourses but that not show themselves related to a specific economical model. Nevertheless, policies and practices influenced by heritage discourses have triggered transformations that allow the implementation of a new economic system based on tourism. My interest is to analyze the impact of these processes on social structure and local representations. The study of the different uses of the past is a key factor to understand these processes.

Dottorato di ricerca in Storia e cultura del viaggio e dell'odeporica nell'età moderna ; La famiglia Volkonskij appartiene a un ramo tra i più antichi della nobiltà russa. I suoi membri si distinsero per spirito di abnegazione e coraggio sia che fossero al servizio della zar, come Nikita Grigor'evič o Petr Michajlovič, sia che ne contestassero apertamente le politiche come il giovane Sergej Grigor'evič, che prese parte alla rivolta decabrista del 1825. Anche le rappresentanti femminili annoverano personaggi di spicco, su tutte Marija Nikolaevna Raevskaja, moglie di Sergej, che decise coraggiosamente di seguire il marito nel lungo e difficile esilio siberiano al quale era stato condannato. Un altro membro che fece onore al prestigio di questa famiglia, divenendo celebre tanto in Russia quanto in Europa fu Zinaida Aleksandrovna Belosel'skaja-Belozerskaja, moglie di Nikita. Il suo nome rimbalza praticamente in ogni memoria dei personaggi a lei contemporanei sparsi per tutto il continente europeo. Zinaida era la figlia del raffinato principe Belosel'skij-Belozerskij, ambasciatore di Caterina II prima a Dresda e poi a Torino, che aveva affascinato i suoi contemporanei distinguendosi per i suoi principi, le idee illuministe e l'enorme cultura nel segno della quale aveva cresciuto la sua incantevole figlia. Zinaida era la degna erede di suo padre: dopo aver trascorso l'infanzia tra Dresda e Torino, si era trasferita molto giovane a San Pietroburgo e qui era presto entrata a palazzo in qualità di dama di compagnia dell'imperatrice vedova attirando le attenzioni dello zar Alessandro I. Dopo aver fatto parte del seguito imperiale durante la marcia trionfale in seguito alla vittoria nella guerra patriottica del 1812, la Volkonskaja partecipò al Congresso di Vienna, a quello di Verona, affascinò la corte austriaca, quella francese, inglese e papale, stringendo rapporti profondi e stimolanti con gli uomini più influenti del suo tempo, fossero essi politici, intellettuali o artisti. In Russia il suo nome divenne celebre grazie al suo salotto sulla via Tverskaja, nel palazzo che attualmente ospita i magazzini Eliseev. A Roma era universalmente nota non solo per risiedere in una delle ville più belle della città, divenuta oggi residenza dell'Ambasciatore inglese in Italia, ma soprattutto per il suo generoso mecenatismo volto a sostenere la colonia degli artisti russi e, negli ultimi anni della sua vita, come fervente cattolica convertita. Gli ospiti dei suoi salotti erano luminari dell'università di Mosca, come Ševyrev, Del'vig, Odoevskij e Pogodin, poeti del calibro di Puškin, Mickiewicz e Belli, artisti affermati e alti prelati quali Thorvaldsen, Walter Scott, i cardinali Consalvi e Mezzofanti così come Kipreenskij, Bruni, Ščedrin e Gal'berg, giovani promesse dell'arte russa. In una parola: chiunque fosse amante del bello, della cultura o frequentasse il bel mondo a Mosca come a Parigi, a Odessa come a Roma fu almeno una volta suo ospite. Da parte sua Zinaida Volkonskaja fu cantante, mecenate, compositrice, membro delle principali società intellettuali di Russia e Italia, ispiratrice di alcuni tra i più bei versi dei poeti più acclamati e intima amica dello zar. Intratteneva fitte corrispondenze con intellettuali e funzionari e si distingueva per intelligenza, arguzia e innato savoir faire. La sua biografia, per quanto attraversi fasi assai differenti fra loro, è costantemente popolata da figure di primo piano e la vede presente nei luoghi dove si fa la Storia. In primo luogo Zinaida fu un'instancabile viaggiatrice. Iniziò a viaggiare fin da piccola per seguire il padre da Dresda a Torino, poi il ritorno in Russia, la marcia europea al seguito di Alessandro, l'entrata a Parigi delle truppe russo-prussiane, i festeggiamenti in Inghilterra, i congressi di Vienna e Verona. E ancora i soggiorni in Italia nel 1815 e nel 1820, quello a Parigi, Odessa, Mosca e di nuovo l'Italia e Roma. Anche quando si stabilì col suo salotto nella vecchia capitale russa, si rimise in cammino per il (quasi) definitivo trasferimento in Italia dopo soli quattro anni. Dei primi quarant'anni della sua vita, ne trascorse circa quindici in viaggio. La principessa è stata celebrata dai suoi contemporanei e in molti si sono prodigati nella descrizione della sua lunga e intensa vita: esistono infatti almeno cinque biografie, ciascuna delle quali si distingue dalle altre per l'approfondimento di un tratto peculiare o lo studio di un particolare periodo. La biografia pubblicata da N.A. Belozerskaja su «Istoričeskij vestnik» e il libro Pilgrim princess di Maria Feirweather offrono i resoconti più completi della vita della Volkonskaja, sebbene in entrambe le opere si riscontrino inesattezze o informazioni mancanti e spesso imprecise circa avvenimenti e periodi della biografia della principessa. Dalla bibliografia presa in considerazione emerge la mancanza di un approfondimento circa i salotti di Odessa e Parigi, ma la lacuna più evidente riguarda i lunghi anni trascorsi da Zinaida in viaggio. Solo Ettore Lo Gatto e Giulia Baselica trattano l'argomento, sebbene restringendo il campo al solo viaggio del 1829 alla volta dell'Italia, unico tra tutti sul quale si hanno notizie più dettagliate, non tanto per i frammenti delle memorie pubblicate da Zinaida (presentate qui in traduzione integrale, corredate da due lettere inedite provenienti dall'archivio statale russo di letteratura e storia dell'arte di Mosca – RGALI), quanto per il dettagliato resoconto che il prof. Ševyrev, compagno di viaggio della principessa, trascrisse sui suoi diari pubblicati in patria su numerose riviste e successivamente in un libro sulle Impressioni italiane. Sugli altri viaggi non ci sono testimonianze dirette e possono essere ricostruiti solo grazie a fonti indirette. La ricerca è stata resa particolarmente complessa dalla scarsa accessibilità dei documenti: se si escludono i manoscritti conservati nell'archivio statale e i materiali della biblioteca nazionale di Mosca – successivamente pubblicati sui «Severnye cvety» del 1830 e 1831, la maggior parte delle fonti si trova nell'archivio della Houghton Library dell'Università di Harvard, mentre pochi altri documenti sono sparsi nelle biblioteche di Francia, Germania, Polonia e Inghilterra. L'archivio privato della principessa, dopo la sua morte, in pochi anni è andato disperso tra i discendenti, riaffiorando non di rado nelle collezioni private e nelle aste degli antiquari romani. Il barone Lemmermann, dopo averne raccolto una parte consistente, lo donò nel 1967 ad Harvard, dove dovette attendere molti anni prima di essere catalogato. Unica testimonianza dei contenuti di tale archivio, sebbene parziale, è costituita dal libro di Bayara Aroutunova Lives in Letters, che raccoglie alcune tra le missive più significative ricevute dai numerosi corrispondenti della principessa. Il presente lavoro raccoglie e organizza per la prima volta tutti i materiali disponibili circa i viaggi della principessa Volkonskaja, con lo scopo di metterne in luce la centralità in un'esistenza votata alla realizzazione del progetto che Pietro il Grande aveva solo vagheggiato qualche decennio prima: quel ponte tra Russia ed Europa che Zinaida attuerà tanto nel privato dei suoi salotti, quanto nelle diverse ambascerie. Inoltre questa tesi presenta una nuova biografia dettagliata dalla quale sono state eliminate le frequenti imprecisioni, rivaluta l'attività letteraria della Volkonskaja e mette in luce la rilevanza delle opere pie che contraddistinsero gli ultimi anni della sua vita. Infine l'Appendice Documentaria presenta, accanto ai già citati resoconti di viaggio, la traduzione di alcune delle opere più significative della principessa e frammenti della sua corrispondenza privata inediti in italiano. Malgrado tutti gli sforzi compiuti la ricerca non si definisce né può essere completa: i documenti conservati in archivi inaccessibili, quali gli archivi segreti vaticani o gli archivi imperiali russi, potrebbero costituire materiale prezioso per far luce su alcuni punti della biografia della principessa rimasti oscuri o fornire nuovi dettagli sulla sua figura: interi periodi sono stati ricostruiti finora solo grazie alle testimonianze indirette di chi conobbe la Corinna del Nord. Tali lacune sono da attribuirsi inoltre all'azione censoria che Aleksandr Nikitič operò sull'archivio privato di sua madre dopo la morte di Zinaida per salvaguardarne l'onore distruggendo informazioni e materiali potenzialmente compromettenti, ragione che spinse anche Propaganda Fide a secretare le lettere dell'archivio del cardinal Consalvi, tra le quali alcune della Volkonskaja, e probabilmente anche i custodi delle memorie della famiglia imperiale russa. Il più accessibile resta l'archivio statunitense, di cui è disponibile una dettagliata catalogazione alla luce della quale è possibile ipotizzare la possibilità di rinvenire informazioni se non del tutto nuove, quantomeno più dettagliate su questa donna straordinaria che tanto diede alla cultura del primo Ottocento europeo. ; Volkonsky family have been one of the older and nobler branches of Russian aristocracy. Its members stood out for abnegation and bravery, whether in favour, such as Nikita or Petr, or against the Emperor, such as the decembrist Sergey Grigorevich. The female branch includes high ranking personalities as well: amongst all Maria Nikolaevskaya Raevskaya, Sergey's wife, who decided voluntarily to follow her husband to the Siberian exile, to which he had been condemned. Another woman, who honoured the name and the prestige of this family was Zinaida Aleksandrovna Beloselskaya-Belozerskaya, Nikita's wife. Her name can be found in quite every memory of her contemporaries all over Europe. She was the daughter of the sofisticated prince Alexander Beloselsky-Belozersky, Catherine the Great's ambassador first in Dresden, than in Turin, who fascinated his contemporaries with his principles, Illuministic ideas and huge culture. Princess Zinaida was educated following her father's steps. She was his worthy heiress: grown up in Dresden, than in Turin, she left for Petersburg in her early adolescence, becoming after few months lady-in-wating of the Empress Dowager and drawing the attentions of young Emperor Alexander I. After Napoleon's defeat in the great patriotic war of 1812, Zinaida followed the imperial entourage across Europe, took part in the Congresses of Vienna and Verona, fascinating Austrian, English, French and Vatican courts, establishing heartfelt and stimulating friendships with the most influential figures of her times, might they be politicians, intellectuals or artists. In Russia her name became famous thanks to her salon in Tverskaya street, in the building now housing Eliseev's stores. In Rome she was well-known not only for her beautiful villa, in which nowadays England's ambassador resides, but particularly thanks to her patronage in support of the roman Russian artistic colony and, in the last days of her life, for her passionate support to catholicism. The guests of her salons were eminences from Moscow university, such as Shevyrev, Delvig, Odoevsky and Pogodin, distinguished poets like of Pushkin, Mickiewicz and Belli, prominent artists and prelates like Thorvaldsen, Walter Scott and cardinals Consalvi and Mezzofanti, as well as Kipreensky, Bruni Shchedrin and Galberg, who showed promise as painters and artists. Everyone who loved culture, beauty and elegance was at least once in her place. Zinaida herself was a singer, a philantropist, a composer, a member of the most important intellectual societies both in Russia and in Italy, inspired many acclaimed poets and was an intimate friend of Emperor Alexander I. She also had correspondences with intellectuals and officials and distinguished herself for cleverness, intellect and innate savoir faire. Her biography, though it includes very different periods, is constantly featured by prominent figures and during her entire life she was in every place, where History was made. First of all she was an unceasing traveller. She began travelling since she was a child in order to follow her father from Dresden to Turin, then their journey back to Russia, the European march following the tsar, the Russian-Prussian army entry to Paris, the celebrations in England, the Congresses of Vienna and Verona. The sojourn in Italy in 1815 and 1820, in Paris, in Odessa, in Moscow and once again in Rome. Even when she decided to open her salon in Moscow, her stay lasted not more than four years, before she moved (quite) definitely to Rome. As she was forty she had already spent fifteen years travelling. Princess was celebrated by her contemporaries and many of them wrote about her: there are at least five biographies and each of them particularly focuses on a single stage or a peculiarity of her life and personality. Biographies published by A.N. Belozerskaya and M. Fairweather seem to be the most complete works on Volkonskaya's life, even if in both of them there can be found mistakes and lack of information. Considering the analyzed bibliography, there are so far poorly examinated seasons of her life, such as the salons in Paris or in Odessa, but the most evident lack concerns her travels. In Italy only Ettore Lo Gatto and Giulia Baselica wrote about this topic, but only analyzed the 1829-year travel, the only one about wich we have detailed information. Zinaida, actually, wrote some travel memories (here presented in their first Italian complete translation, with two non-published letters from the Moscow State archive for literature and arts), but mainly we have details about this journey thanks to the diaries of Shevyrev, who took part in this travel. Researches about Volkonskaya were also difficult on account of hard access to documents: the main part of sources from Zinaida's private archive can be found at Harvard's Houghton Library, while some manuscripts and few other materials are conserved in Moscow (RGALI and Russian State Library) or in French, German, Polish or English libraries. Princess Volkonskaya's private archive, firstly scattered in numerous private collections, was out together by baron Lemmermann, who in 1967 donated it to Harvard University, where it was classified only many years later. The only direct, but partial, evidence of the content of this archive is Aroutunova's Lives in letters, a book collecting some of the most significant letters received by Zinaida from her correspondents. The present work is aimed to gather and organize all available information and materials about Volkonskaya's travels, in order to underline their importance in a life dedicated to the realization of Peter the Great's long for dream about a bridge connecting Russia and Europe. Finally the Appendix presents the Italian translation of some of the most significant literary works of princess Zinaida and few fragments of her private correspondence. In spite of all the efforts made this work is not, and it can't be complete: documents stored in unaccessible archives, such as the Vatican or the Imperial ones, might reveal helpful knowledge about some obscure years in the life of princess Volkonskaya. These lacks are due, furthermore, to the censorship by Alexander Nikitich of the private collection of his mother, in order to preserve her memory from likely compromising materials. Maybe the same reasons forced Propaganda Fide and the imperial Russian officers to take the same action. Harvard University is the main accessibile archive: thanks to its detailed cataloguing we can hold that there is a possibility to reveal accurate information about this extraordinary woman, to whom XIX century european culture owes so much.

El Objeto de la tesis son las ciudades de Gibellina y Salemi (valle del Belice, Sicilia), destruidas, en su totalidad o en parte, por un violento terremoto en enero de 1968. El objetivo de la tesis es estudiar la relación entre permanencia y transformación en la arquitectura de la ciudad a través del análisis de un caso extremo donde una catástrofe provoca una fractura repentina en la evolución, física y social, de la historia de un lugar. El proceso de reconstrucción evidencia como estos elementos se combinan en el proyecto arquitectónico y en el uso del espacio construido para que la ciudad se mantenga viva. En los últimos 40 años Gibellina y Salemi han sido un laboratorio de la arquitectura y de las ciencias humanas, en una dimensión analizable en un único estudio; el Belice un banco de pruebas para la cultura política y arquitectónica italiana, que no tenía, entonces, herramientas legislativas para actuar al margen de la cultura de la emergencia. Gibellina y Salemi son el sujeto de una investigación histórica que sitúa la mirada en el presente y en el uso. Las dos ciudades, física y social, dialogan: la primera cambia y requiere que lo haga también la segunda. ¿Cómo la historia interrumpida puede seguir su curso? ¿Cómo la conservación y la innovación de los elementos espaciales y culturales de una comunidad garantizan su supervivencia? ¿Cómo la memoria rememorada hace avanzar hacia el futuro? Estas preguntas nacen de unas hipótesis iniciales. La primera es que la construcción de la ciudad sea un proceso continuo donde territorio y sociedad son los términos de un diálogo constante. La segunda concierne al propio mecanismo de la catástrofe el cual no puede leerse solo como acontecimiento luctuoso, sino como portador de un punto de vista nuevo, de la oportunidad de hacer las cosas de manera diferente. La memoria, para acabar, cobra un papel fundamental combinando permanencia y transformación tanto en el proyecto de arquitectura como en el uso de la ciudad. Si el análisis de un caso concreto puede aclarar los mecanismos de producción, transformación y transmisión de la arquitectura en el tiempo, podremos entender, mediante él, cómo se mantiene a lo largo de la historia la conexión entre un territorio y su cultura. La tesis reordena las etapas de la reconstrucción y propone un punto de vista diferente con respecto a mucha literatura sobre Belice, situando el análisis del texto urbano en su específico contexto histórico, geográfico y cultural, sin expresar juicios a posteriori e investigando las razones contingentes de las elecciones llevadas a cabo. La tesis se compone de tres partes según una estructura cronológica clásica. En la primera se analiza el Belice según los parámetros de construcción y resistencia. La teoría del territorio como paisaje construido y culturalizado se refiere a la tradición italiana desde Assunto hasta Natarelli. La lectura de Rossi es fundamental para entender la ciudad como artefacto que evoluciona en el tiempo. La teoría sociogenética de Muntañola relaciona proyecto, territorio y sociedad, mientras que la psicología ambiental, Pol, ayuda a comprender lo urbano desde el punto de vista del sujeto que lo habita. El análisis de la arquitectura en el tiempo se hace a partir de la teoría del tipo como estructura que, en la tradición de Quatremère de Quincy, es releída y actualizada por Caniggia y Muratori en los setenta y, más recientemente, por Martí y Moneo. Para la reflexión sobre forma, figura y símbolo nos referimos a Colquhoun y para el concepto de espacio prototípico en psicología ambiental a Valera. Fuera de la arquitectura, la topología y la teoría psicogenética de Piaget sugieren un interesante punto de vista para entender la evolución del tipo en el tiempo. Con estas bases se identifican y describen los tipos urbanos y arquitectónicos fundamentales del Belice antes 1968. La segunda parte se apoya en los estudios de Muntañola sobre la poética en arquitectura y utiliza la teoría de las catástrofes del matemático René Thom para defender la duplicidad del concepto de catástrofe: como trauma y como solución. El análisis de estos puntos de vista aplicados a la arquitectura hace reflexionar sobre como "regla" y "modelo" intervienen en el proyecto de arquitectura en un contexto de destrucción de la forma urbana y disolución del contexto social al que pertenece. El estudio de los planes para Gibellina y Salemi ha sido hecho de acuerdo con esta nueva orientación. En la tercera parte, la teoría de la memoria de Ricoeur ayuda a entender como resistencia y transformación se entrelazan en los diferentes proyectos de reconstrucción a través de los elementos de topos, tipo y uso. La relación del texto arquitectónico con su contexto histórico y social se cumple en el "habitar reflexivo". ; Oggetto della tesi sono le città di Gibellina e Salemi (valle del Belice, Sicilia), distrutte, nella loro totalità o in parte, da un violento terremoto nel gennaio del 1968. Obiettivo della tesi è indagare la relazione tra permanenza e trasformazione nell'architettura della città attraverso l'analisi di un caso estremo in cui una catastrofe opera una frattura repentina nell'evoluzione, fisica e sociale, della storia di un luogo. Il processo di ricostruzione mostra come i due elementi si combinano nel progetto architettonico e nell'uso dello spazio costruito per consentire alla città di mantenersi viva. Durante gli ultimi 40 anni Gibellina e Salemi sono state un laboratório dell'architettura e delle scienze umane, in una dimensione analizzabile in un unico studio; il Belice un banco di prova per la cultura politica e architettonica italiana priva, allora, di strumenti legislativi per operare oltre la cultura dell'emergenza. Gibellina e Salemi sono il soggetto di una ricerca storica, che situa lo sguardo nel presente e sull'uso. Le due città, fisica e sociale, dialogano: la prima si modifica e richiede che lo faccia anche la seconda. Come la storia interrotta prosegue il suo corso? Come la conservazione e il rinnovamento degli elementi spaziali e culturali di una comunità ne garantiscono la sopravvivenza? Come la memoria fa avanzare verso il futuro? Queste domande nascono da alcune ipotesi di partenza. La prima è che la costruzione della città sia un processo continuo in cui territorio e società sono i termini di un dialogo costante. La seconda riguarda il meccanismo stesso della catastrofe che non può essere letta solo come evento luttuoso, ma tale da portare con sè il germe costruttivo di un punto di vista nuovo, della opportunità di fare le cose diversamente. La memoria, infine, ha un ruolo fondamentale nel combinare permanenza e trasformazione tanto nel progetto di architettura come nell'uso della città. Se l'analisi di un caso concreto può far luce sui meccanismi di produzione, trasformazione e trasmissione dell'architettura nel tempo, potremo, per suo tramite, capire come il legame tra un territorio e la sua cultura si mantiene nella storia. La tesi riordina le tappe della ricostruzione e propone un punto di vista diverso rispetto a molta letteratura sul Belice, situando l'analisi del testo urbano all'interno del suo specifico contesto storico, geografico e culturale, senza esprimere giudizi a posteriori e indagando le ragioni contingenti delle scelte operate. La tesi si compone di tre parti secondo una struttura cronologica classica. Nella prima, si analizza il Belice secondo i parametri di costruzione e resistenza. La teoria del territorio come paesaggio costruito e culturalizzato si rifà alla tradizione italiana da R. Assunto fino a E. Natarelli. La lettura di A. Rossi è fondamentale per intendere la città come manufatto che si evolve nel tempo. La teoria sociogenetica di J. Muntañola relaziona progetto, territorio e società, mentre la psicologia ambientale, E. Pol, aiuta nella comprensione dell'urbano dal punto di vista del soggetto che lo abita. L'analisi della resistenza dell'architettura nel tempo viene a fatta a partire dalla teoria del tipo come struttura che, nella tradizione di Quatremère de Quincy, è riletta e aggiornata da G. Caniggia e S. Muratori negli anni '70 e più recentemente da C. Martì e R. Moneo. Per la riflessione su forma, figura e simbolo ci siamo riferiti ad A. Colquhoun e per il concetto di spazio prototipico in psicologia ambientale a S. Valera. Al di fuori dell'architettura, la topologia e la teoria psicogenetica di J. Piaget suggeriscono un interessante punto di vista per capire l'evoluzione del tipo nel tempo. Su queste basi si identificano e descrivono i tipi urbani ed architettonici fondamentali del Belice prima del 1968. La seconda parte si appoggia agli studi di Muntañola sulla poetica in architettura e utilizza la teoria delle catastrofi del matematico R. Thom per sostenere la duplicità del concetto di catastrofe: come trauma e come soluzione. L'analisi dei due punti di vista applicati all'architettura fa riflettere su come regola e modello intervengono nel progetto di architettura in un contesto di distruzione della forma urbana e di dissoluzione del contesto sociale di appartenenza. Lo studio dei piani per Gibellina e Salemi è fatto a partire da questo nuovo orientamento. Nella terza parte la teoria della memoria di P. Ricoeur ci aiuta a capire come resistenza e trasformazione si declinano nei diversi progetti di ricostruzione mediante i tre elementi di topos, tipo e uso. La relazione del testo architettonico con il suo contesto storico e sociale trova compimento nell'abitare riflessivo. ; This thesis explores the cities of Gibellina and Salemi (Belice Valley, Sicily), which were entirely or partially destroyed by a major earthquake in January 1968. The aim of the thesis is to study the relationship between permanence and transformation in the architecture of the city by analysing an extreme case in which a disaster causes a sudden fracture in the physical and social evolution of the history of a place. The reconstruction process shows how these elements are combined in the architectural project and use of built-up space in order to keep the city alive. In the last forty years Gibellina and Salemi have been a laboratory for architecture and human sciences on a scale that can be analysed in one study. Belice is a testbed for Italian political and architectural culture which at that time did not possess the legislative means to act outside the emergency culture. Gibellina and Salemi are the subject of historical research focusing on the present and on use. Both cities, physically and socially, maintain a dialogue: the former changes and forces the latter to do so also. How can uninterrupted history continue its course? How do the conservation and innovation of the spatial and cultural elements of a community ensure its survival? How does remembered memory lead us into the future? All of these questions are borne out of initial hypotheses. The first is that the construction of a city is a continual process in which land and society are the terms of ongoing dialogue. The second concerns the mechanism of the disaster itself, which must not be seen merely as a painful event but as the bringer of a new perspective - the chance to do things differently. Finally, memory plays a key role by bringing together permanence and transformation both in the architectural project and in the use of the city. If analysing a specific case can shed light upon the mechanisms of production, transformation and transmission of architecture in time, we shall thereby be able to understand how the connection between a land and its culture is upheld through history. This thesis reorders the reconstruction stages and proposes a fresh point of view with regard to the bulk of the literature on Belice, placing the urban text analysis within its historical, geographical and cultural context without making judgements and exploring the underlying reasons for the choices made. It is split into three parts in the classical chronological structure. Firstly, Belice is analysed in terms of construction and resistance. The theory of territory as a built and culturalized landscape refers to the Italian tradition from Assunto to Natarelli. The reading of Rossi is vital to understanding the city as an artefact that evolves over time. Josep Muntañola's theory of sociogenetics links project, territory and society, whilst Enric Pol's work on environmental psychology provides insight into the urban from the perspective of its inhabitants. My analysis of architecture over time is underpinned by the theory of the type as structure which, in the tradition of Quatremère de Quincy, was revisited and updated by Caniggia and Muratori in the 1970's and, more recently, by Martí and Moneo. I shall refer to Colquhoun on form, figure and symbol, and to Valera on the concept of prototypical space in environmental psychology. Moving beyond the architectural domain, Jean Piaget's theory of psychogenetics provides a fascinating point of view for understanding the evolution of type in time. These are the underlying principles that have been taken to identify and describe the fundamental urban and architectural types in Belice before 1968. The second section is based on Muntañola's studies on the poetic in architecture and uses mathematician René Thom's catastrophe theory to support the twofold nature of the catastrophe concept: as a trauma and as a solution. The analysis of these points of view as applied to architecture leads to a consideration of how 'rule' and 'model' intervene in the architectural project in a context of destruction of the urban form and breakdown of the social setting to which it belongs. The plans for Gibellina and Salemi have been studied in accordance with this new direction. In the third part, Ricoeur's memory theory is useful in understanding how resistance and transformation are intertwined in the various reconstruction projects through the three elements topos, types and use. The relationship between the architectural text and its historical and social setting is brought about by "reflexive inhabiting". ; Postprint (published version)

El Objeto de la tesis son las ciudades de Gibellina y Salemi (valle del Belice, Sicilia), destruidas, en su totalidad o en parte, por un violento terremoto en enero de 1968. El objetivo de la tesis es estudiar la relación entre permanencia y transformación en la arquitectura de la ciudad a través del análisis de un caso extremo donde una catástrofe provoca una fractura repentina en la evolución, física y social, de la historia de un lugar. El proceso de reconstrucción evidencia como estos elementos se combinan en el proyecto arquitectónico y en el uso del espacio construido para que la ciudad se mantenga viva. En los últimos 40 años Gibellina y Salemi han sido un laboratorio de la arquitectura y de las ciencias humanas, en una dimensión analizable en un único estudio; el Belice un banco de pruebas para la cultura política y arquitectónica italiana, que no tenía, entonces, herramientas legislativas para actuar al margen de la cultura de la emergencia. Gibellina y Salemi son el sujeto de una investigación histórica que sitúa la mirada en el presente y en el uso. Las dos ciudades, física y social, dialogan: la primera cambia y requiere que lo haga también la segunda. ¿Cómo la historia interrumpida puede seguir su curso? ¿Cómo la conservación y la innovación de los elementos espaciales y culturales de una comunidad garantizan su supervivencia? ¿Cómo la memoria rememorada hace avanzar hacia el futuro? Estas preguntas nacen de unas hipótesis iniciales. La primera es que la construcción de la ciudad sea un proceso continuo donde territorio y sociedad son los términos de un diálogo constante. La segunda concierne al propio mecanismo de la catástrofe el cual no puede leerse solo como acontecimiento luctuoso, sino como portador de un punto de vista nuevo, de la oportunidad de hacer las cosas de manera diferente. La memoria, para acabar, cobra un papel fundamental combinando permanencia y transformación tanto en el proyecto de arquitectura como en el uso de la ciudad. Si el análisis de un caso concreto puede aclarar los mecanismos de producción, transformación y transmisión de la arquitectura en el tiempo, podremos entender, mediante él, cómo se mantiene a lo largo de la historia la conexión entre un territorio y su cultura. La tesis reordena las etapas de la reconstrucción y propone un punto de vista diferente con respecto a mucha literatura sobre Belice, situando el análisis del texto urbano en su específico contexto histórico, geográfico y cultural, sin expresar juicios a posteriori e investigando las razones contingentes de las elecciones llevadas a cabo. La tesis se compone de tres partes según una estructura cronológica clásica. En la primera se analiza el Belice según los parámetros de construcción y resistencia. La teoría del territorio como paisaje construido y culturalizado se refiere a la tradición italiana desde Assunto hasta Natarelli. La lectura de Rossi es fundamental para entender la ciudad como artefacto que evoluciona en el tiempo. La teoría sociogenética de Muntañola relaciona proyecto, territorio y sociedad, mientras que la psicología ambiental, Pol, ayuda a comprender lo urbano desde el punto de vista del sujeto que lo habita. El análisis de la arquitectura en el tiempo se hace a partir de la teoría del tipo como estructura que, en la tradición de Quatremère de Quincy, es releída y actualizada por Caniggia y Muratori en los setenta y, más recientemente, por Martí y Moneo. Para la reflexión sobre forma, figura y símbolo nos referimos a Colquhoun y para el concepto de espacio prototípico en psicología ambiental a Valera. Fuera de la arquitectura, la topología y la teoría psicogenética de Piaget sugieren un interesante punto de vista para entender la evolución del tipo en el tiempo. Con estas bases se identifican y describen los tipos urbanos y arquitectónicos fundamentales del Belice antes 1968. La segunda parte se apoya en los estudios de Muntañola sobre la poética en arquitectura y utiliza la teoría de las catástrofes del matemático René Thom para defender la duplicidad del concepto de catástrofe: como trauma y como solución. El análisis de estos puntos de vista aplicados a la arquitectura hace reflexionar sobre como "regla" y "modelo" intervienen en el proyecto de arquitectura en un contexto de destrucción de la forma urbana y disolución del contexto social al que pertenece. El estudio de los planes para Gibellina y Salemi ha sido hecho de acuerdo con esta nueva orientación. En la tercera parte, la teoría de la memoria de Ricoeur ayuda a entender como resistencia y transformación se entrelazan en los diferentes proyectos de reconstrucción a través de los elementos de topos, tipo y uso. La relación del texto arquitectónico con su contexto histórico y social se cumple en el "habitar reflexivo". ; Oggetto della tesi sono le città di Gibellina e Salemi (valle del Belice, Sicilia), distrutte, nella loro totalità o in parte, da un violento terremoto nel gennaio del 1968. Obiettivo della tesi è indagare la relazione tra permanenza e trasformazione nell'architettura della città attraverso l'analisi di un caso estremo in cui una catastrofe opera una frattura repentina nell'evoluzione, fisica e sociale, della storia di un luogo. Il processo di ricostruzione mostra come i due elementi si combinano nel progetto architettonico e nell'uso dello spazio costruito per consentire alla città di mantenersi viva. Durante gli ultimi 40 anni Gibellina e Salemi sono state un laboratório dell'architettura e delle scienze umane, in una dimensione analizzabile in un unico studio; il Belice un banco di prova per la cultura politica e architettonica italiana priva, allora, di strumenti legislativi per operare oltre la cultura dell'emergenza. Gibellina e Salemi sono il soggetto di una ricerca storica, che situa lo sguardo nel presente e sull'uso. Le due città, fisica e sociale, dialogano: la prima si modifica e richiede che lo faccia anche la seconda. Come la storia interrotta prosegue il suo corso? Come la conservazione e il rinnovamento degli elementi spaziali e culturali di una comunità ne garantiscono la sopravvivenza? Come la memoria fa avanzare verso il futuro? Queste domande nascono da alcune ipotesi di partenza. La prima è che la costruzione della città sia un processo continuo in cui territorio e società sono i termini di un dialogo costante. La seconda riguarda il meccanismo stesso della catastrofe che non può essere letta solo come evento luttuoso, ma tale da portare con sè il germe costruttivo di un punto di vista nuovo, della opportunità di fare le cose diversamente. La memoria, infine, ha un ruolo fondamentale nel combinare permanenza e trasformazione tanto nel progetto di architettura come nell'uso della città. Se l'analisi di un caso concreto può far luce sui meccanismi di produzione, trasformazione e trasmissione dell'architettura nel tempo, potremo, per suo tramite, capire come il legame tra un territorio e la sua cultura si mantiene nella storia. La tesi riordina le tappe della ricostruzione e propone un punto di vista diverso rispetto a molta letteratura sul Belice, situando l'analisi del testo urbano all'interno del suo specifico contesto storico, geografico e culturale, senza esprimere giudizi a posteriori e indagando le ragioni contingenti delle scelte operate. La tesi si compone di tre parti secondo una struttura cronologica classica. Nella prima, si analizza il Belice secondo i parametri di costruzione e resistenza. La teoria del territorio come paesaggio costruito e culturalizzato si rifà alla tradizione italiana da R. Assunto fino a E. Natarelli. La lettura di A. Rossi è fondamentale per intendere la città come manufatto che si evolve nel tempo. La teoria sociogenetica di J. Muntañola relaziona progetto, territorio e società, mentre la psicologia ambientale, E. Pol, aiuta nella comprensione dell'urbano dal punto di vista del soggetto che lo abita. L'analisi della resistenza dell'architettura nel tempo viene a fatta a partire dalla teoria del tipo come struttura che, nella tradizione di Quatremère de Quincy, è riletta e aggiornata da G. Caniggia e S. Muratori negli anni '70 e più recentemente da C. Martì e R. Moneo. Per la riflessione su forma, figura e simbolo ci siamo riferiti ad A. Colquhoun e per il concetto di spazio prototipico in psicologia ambientale a S. Valera. Al di fuori dell'architettura, la topologia e la teoria psicogenetica di J. Piaget suggeriscono un interessante punto di vista per capire l'evoluzione del tipo nel tempo. Su queste basi si identificano e descrivono i tipi urbani ed architettonici fondamentali del Belice prima del 1968. La seconda parte si appoggia agli studi di Muntañola sulla poetica in architettura e utilizza la teoria delle catastrofi del matematico R. Thom per sostenere la duplicità del concetto di catastrofe: come trauma e come soluzione. L'analisi dei due punti di vista applicati all'architettura fa riflettere su come regola e modello intervengono nel progetto di architettura in un contesto di distruzione della forma urbana e di dissoluzione del contesto sociale di appartenenza. Lo studio dei piani per Gibellina e Salemi è fatto a partire da questo nuovo orientamento. Nella terza parte la teoria della memoria di P. Ricoeur ci aiuta a capire come resistenza e trasformazione si declinano nei diversi progetti di ricostruzione mediante i tre elementi di topos, tipo e uso. La relazione del testo architettonico con il suo contesto storico e sociale trova compimento nell'abitare riflessivo. ; This thesis explores the cities of Gibellina and Salemi (Belice Valley, Sicily), which were entirely or partially destroyed by a major earthquake in January 1968. The aim of the thesis is to study the relationship between permanence and transformation in the architecture of the city by analysing an extreme case in which a disaster causes a sudden fracture in the physical and social evolution of the history of a place. The reconstruction process shows how these elements are combined in the architectural project and use of built-up space in order to keep the city alive. In the last forty years Gibellina and Salemi have been a laboratory for architecture and human sciences on a scale that can be analysed in one study. Belice is a testbed for Italian political and architectural culture which at that time did not possess the legislative means to act outside the emergency culture. Gibellina and Salemi are the subject of historical research focusing on the present and on use. Both cities, physically and socially, maintain a dialogue: the former changes and forces the latter to do so also. How can uninterrupted history continue its course? How do the conservation and innovation of the spatial and cultural elements of a community ensure its survival? How does remembered memory lead us into the future? All of these questions are borne out of initial hypotheses. The first is that the construction of a city is a continual process in which land and society are the terms of ongoing dialogue. The second concerns the mechanism of the disaster itself, which must not be seen merely as a painful event but as the bringer of a new perspective - the chance to do things differently. Finally, memory plays a key role by bringing together permanence and transformation both in the architectural project and in the use of the city. If analysing a specific case can shed light upon the mechanisms of production, transformation and transmission of architecture in time, we shall thereby be able to understand how the connection between a land and its culture is upheld through history. This thesis reorders the reconstruction stages and proposes a fresh point of view with regard to the bulk of the literature on Belice, placing the urban text analysis within its historical, geographical and cultural context without making judgements and exploring the underlying reasons for the choices made. It is split into three parts in the classical chronological structure. Firstly, Belice is analysed in terms of construction and resistance. The theory of territory as a built and culturalized landscape refers to the Italian tradition from Assunto to Natarelli. The reading of Rossi is vital to understanding the city as an artefact that evolves over time. Josep Muntañola's theory of sociogenetics links project, territory and society, whilst Enric Pol's work on environmental psychology provides insight into the urban from the perspective of its inhabitants. My analysis of architecture over time is underpinned by the theory of the type as structure which, in the tradition of Quatremère de Quincy, was revisited and updated by Caniggia and Muratori in the 1970's and, more recently, by Martí and Moneo. I shall refer to Colquhoun on form, figure and symbol, and to Valera on the concept of prototypical space in environmental psychology. Moving beyond the architectural domain, Jean Piaget's theory of psychogenetics provides a fascinating point of view for understanding the evolution of type in time. These are the underlying principles that have been taken to identify and describe the fundamental urban and architectural types in Belice before 1968. The second section is based on Muntañola's studies on the poetic in architecture and uses mathematician René Thom's catastrophe theory to support the twofold nature of the catastrophe concept: as a trauma and as a solution. The analysis of these points of view as applied to architecture leads to a consideration of how 'rule' and 'model' intervene in the architectural project in a context of destruction of the urban form and breakdown of the social setting to which it belongs. The plans for Gibellina and Salemi have been studied in accordance with this new direction. In the third part, Ricoeur's memory theory is useful in understanding how resistance and transformation are intertwined in the various reconstruction projects through the three elements topos, types and use. The relationship between the architectural text and its historical and social setting is brought about by "reflexive inhabiting". ; Postprint (published version)

The objective of this policy note is to identify likely factors driving rice prices and suggest options to manage rice price volatility in the future. It also provides a snapshot of recent developments in the rice sector, and describes rice and food price trends and their implications. Based on these findings, the note discusses policy options. The policy brief has six chapters, including this introduction. Chapter two provides a brief outline of the rice sector. Chapter three describes recent trends in world and Lao food prices. It also provides insights into likely macroeconomic and household welfare impacts of rice price inflation. Chapter four discusses the potential causes of rice price inflation, as suggested by other reports and people interviewed. Chapter five analyzes the role of the regional rice market in determining prices, which this policy brief identifies as the primary cause of the glutinous rice price hike. Chapter six concludes by presenting recommendations.

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to adapt Antonak and Harth's (1994) Mental Retardation Attitudes Inventory for the Kuwaiti culture and to investigate its four‐dimensional structure. The study also aimed at identifying a unidimensional subset of items besides examining the quality of the identified items and the overall inventory. The 34 ‐item adapted inventor y was administered to 56 4 college students. Item analysis indicated that 29 items have had good psychometric characteristics. However, the exploratory factor analysis, cross‐correlations of scale and item scores, and correlations among scales did not support the four‐dimensional structure of the adapted inventory. Further, the sample was split into two random halves. A uni‐dimensional subset of 20 items was identified in one sample by iterative factor analyzing the item data and discarding items with small loadings. The other sample was used to cross‐validate uni‐dimensionality of the identified items. Analysis indicated that scores of the 20‐item inventory have high Cronbach coefficient alpha, and high stability and generalizability coefficients. Partial support for the validity of the scores had been ascertained by comparing the scores of male and female students, and by regressing the inventor y scores on indicators of familiarity with individuals with mental retardation. Findings were discussed with reference to Kuwaiti culture.Over the last two decades, inclusion has internationally become a critical part of the reform efforts to improve the delivery of services to individuals with Mental Retardation (MR). This trend focuses on increasing the opportunities for the placement of these individuals in the same social and educational set tings as individuals without MR. The new arrangements for providing services have created challenges to people without disabilities concerning acceptance, integration, and inclusion of individuals with MR into the mainstream of society (Praisner, 2003). Many researchers (e.g. Priestly, 1998; Yazbeck McVilly & Parmenter, 2004) have convincingly argued that these challenges have their roots in the societal norms and values that concurrently developed throughout the unfolding history of the meaning of MR. As Priestly (1998) noted, although people with differences have existed in all societies, the degree to which they were integrated or excluded varied according to predominant cultural perceptions. Yazbeck, McVilly and Parmenter (2004) suggested that people's attitudes toward individuals with MR are socially constructed and are acquired through experience over time.Individuals with MR are often judged by people based on their disability instead of their whole lives and what they may accomplish and experience during their life (Blatt, 1987). Consequently, People may rely on false generalization and develop negative attitudes towards individuals with MR. Makas, Finnerty‐Fried, Sugafoos, and Reiss (1988) noted that for nondisabled persons, positive attitude toward people with disability is usually conceptualized as being 'nice' and 'helpful', whereas for a person with a disability, the attitude would be dispensing with the category of disability entirely. A study of community attitudes in one state of Australia found that up to 86% of respondents reported feeling 'uncomfortable' when interacting with individuals with disabilities (Enhance Management, 1999). Another study (European Commission, 2001) found that 40% of Europeans reported feeling 'uneasy' in the presence of people with disabilities.Attitudes manifest themselves as positive or negative reactions toward an object, driven by beliefs that impel individuals to behave in a particular way (Yuker, 1988). They comprise a complex of feelings, desires, fears, convictions, prejudices, or other tendencies learned through varied experiences that give rise to a set or readiness to act toward a person in a certain way (Chaiken & Stangor,1987). This means that attitude is not behavior, but the precondition of behavior. In addition, Myers, Ager, Kerr, and Myles (1998) identified three types of attitudes that influence how non‐disabled people interact with, and include or exclude people with disabilities: (1) A preparedness to engage with people as consumers, neighbors, or friends; (2) a lack of awareness about individuals with MR; and (3) a wariness or hostility regarding the idea of community integration.Research has shown that the third type of attitudes, which represents negative and non‐acceptance of individuals with MR is commonly observed (Gething, 1994; Schwartz & Armony‐Sivan, 2001). Such negative attitudes in a society may present people with MR as a burden on the welfare system. Moreover, people might not see individuals with disabilities as possessing a valuable social role or possessing the same abilities and characteristics that the majority of people possess. Tus, individuals with MR may not be accepted or included in society and may often be treated badly. In turn, Wolfensberger (1988) indicated that individuals with MR, being in a devalued position, would behave badly as they think that this is what is expected of them.As integration of persons with MR is increasingly becoming a global reality, Kuwait has designed social policy aimed at promoting acceptance and inclusion of people with disabilities into the mainstream of society. To implement the policy of integration, the Kuwaiti government is continually forming inclusive services for individuals with MR. The recent policy of inclusion (law 13/96), which has been adopted in 1996, asserts that people with disabilities have a fundamental right to live and grow within their local communities. This law has spawned an expanded system of services to encourage people with disabilities to live like people without disabilities. Inclusion policies give individuals with MR the right to be involved in the same situations as people without MR. For example, more individuals with MR, for example, are being employed. Moreover, most children with Downs syndrome now attend Kindergarten and are included in social programs for children in the general population. The general goal of all types of services provided for individuals with MR is to improve their participation in society.Although the Kuwaiti government has shown a growing interest in the integration of individuals with MR, the chances of these individuals being able to integrate into mainstream society would depend on the attitude of others, such as students, teachers, coworkers, social workers, professionals, towards them. These attitudes, as found in many Western studies (Antonak & Harth, 1994; Gordon, Tantillo, Feldman & Perrone, 2004) are, for the most part, negative, which may contribute to negative outcomes on the part of individuals with MR (Byon, 2000). According to Wright (1983), disability situations are vulnerable to fundamental negative attitudes, and this would seem to be even truer in the culture found in Kuwait.In Kuwaiti culture, disability has stigmatizing effect on members of the immediate and extended family; families tend to keep members with MR out of the sight of other people. This contributes to social exclusion of people with MR. There is also the traditional common belief that disability is related to (1) God's willing that the parent should have a child with a disability, (2) God is punishing the parent, (3) God is testing the parent, or (4) God is selecting the parent for an unknown reason. Commonly, persons with MR have been considered burdensome and shameful, because they are incapable of contributing to traditional social obligations and roles.While those traditional beliefs still exist, the law 13/96 was legislated to support the integration of persons with MR into various aspects of life. Consequently, we expect that people in the society would react to this trend with frustration, anger, or refusal. Usually, people in Kuwait have little or no information about individuals with MR; thereby uninformed determinations, such as stereotypes, reflect their attitudes toward these individuals. According to Blatt (1987), a stereotype will fill in the cracks and unanswered questions in a situation with which people are not familiar. Langer (1989) in her theory of 'mindfulness' also shows that stereotype is 'premature cognitive commitments' that leads people to make judgments without enough information and reflection.Moreover, the society labels given to individuals with MR are often accompanied with stigma and negative connotations. This situation makes it difficult for those individuals to be included into society and be accepted for what they actually are and not for what others assume them to be. According to Biklen and Bogdan (1977), this type of discrimination is called 'handicapism' and is defined as'…a set of assumptions and practices that promote differential and unequal treatment of people because of apparent or assumed physical, mental, or behavioral differences' (p.206). These perceptions may prevent individuals with MR from being accepted, and they might be viewed, based on Erikson's theory, as a pseudo species, or as less than human (Smith, 1981).Furthermore, professionals', leaders', and students' views and beliefs about the integration of individuals with MR into society may result in slowing the process of inclusion and discouraging people from accepting these individuals as what they are. For example, though senior staff in Kuwait's Ministry of Social Affairs succeeded in including children with Downs syndrome into public kindergarten, no other effort has been made since 1996 to integrate other children with disabilities into inclusive educational settings. More critical is that, while leaders make efforts toward inclusion, they continue to support the permanent residence of individuals with MR in social welfare institutions and urge the government to provide free health, social and educational services for the residents. Ahmad (2004) found that between 1992 and 2002, there was an increase in the number of children, and males and females adults with MR who live in the Social Welfare Institution for permanent care. The number of residents with MR has increased from 223 to 296.According to Philips (1992), leaders' and professionals' beliefs about individuals with MR could have commenced with the industrial revolution that brought with it the practice of classifying people who were different, and who were not able to pursue personal dreams or act as the industrial society required. Leaders and professionals may perceive individuals with MR, as Blatt (1987) stated, blessed innocents or surplus population that is unnecessary and expendable. These beliefs may never give the individuals with MR an adequate opportunity to present themselves and their abilities to others.Praisner (2003) suggested that leaders' attitudes are the key factor in successful inclusion. Due to leadership position, leaders' and professionals' attitudes about inclusion either could result in increased opportunities for individuals with MR to be served in different settings or increased efforts to support the segregated special education services. According to Goodlad and Lovitt (1993), leaders and professionals have the decision to develop an inclusive setting, if they (1) make and honor commitments, (2) do what they say in formal and informal settings, (3) express interest in inclusion, (4) act and make their actions known, and (5) organize their staff and their physical surroundings to implement inclusive programs. As Praisner (2003) stated, the success of inclusion depends on how leaders exhibit behaviors that advance the integration, acceptance, and success of individuals with disabilities in general settings.Researchers (e.g., Horne, 1985) have also shown that students' positive attitudes may increase their willingness to work with individuals with MR, and lead to removal of barriers to integrate them into society. The positive attitudes of students may help to encourage the establishment of policies and the allocation of resources to increase the integration of individuals with MR into different settings in the society (Yazbeck, et al., 2004).To enhance the policy of inclusion in Kuwait, society needs to evaluate some of its structures and change people's attitudes to fit the needs of individuals with MR instead of making these individuals fit society's structures. Helping individuals with MR to be included into society and establish socially valued roles would not be difficult if the attitudes of society are less restrictive and less resistant to change.As Kuwait continues to develop social and educational policy about inclusion, researchers must pay attention to the connection between integration and attitudes. The provision of educational and social opportunities for individuals with MR can be legislated by Kuwait's government, but acceptance from other people cannot be ensured without knowing people's beliefs and thoughts about persons with MR.Developing an understanding of the attitudes that is predominant in society, which in turn influences the actions of its members, is critical if we plan for social changes and for evaluating the effectiveness of public policy on promoting an inclusive society (Schwartz & Armony‐Sivan, 2001). Given that there are negative attitudes toward people with MR, particular care must be taken to monitor changing social attitudes toward these individuals to identify any serious impediment to the progress of their inclusion in different settings: schools, workplace, and the wider community.Research that is relevant to individuals with disabilities (e.g. Geskie & Salasek, 1988; Antonak & Harth, 1994) has revealed the need for researchers to investigate the attitudes of people toward MR. Wolfensberger (1983) suggested that the key to changing how people are valued socially is to change the perceptions people have about individuals who may differ from the norm. Research, however, has indicated that the investigation of attitudes toward individuals with MR requires a psychometrically sound instrument. It is crucial to conduct research to gather accurate information about these attitudes; it would clarify people's awareness of persons with MR, and assist in evaluating intervention programs and developing appropriate course work for special education fields. Further, it would inform public policy decisions, funding priorities, and service delivery, which in turn, enhance the likelihood of achieving successful integration and improving qua lit y of life for persons with MR (Antonak & Harth, 19 94; Schalock, 1990). Accurate measurement of attitudes could also lead to early detection of negative attitudes, such as personal prejudices, misconceptions, and irrational fears of professionals, social workers, and teachers when they first get involved in disability work settings. Furthermore, it would help in providing a baseline for monitoring changes in their attitudes over time (Byon, 2000).Changing attitudes would help in supporting efforts of individuals with MR to become autonomous (Philips, 1992), and help to decrease the resistance of others to allow people with MR to make decisions about their own lives and to be independent (Schalock, 1990). As the history of the deinstitutionalization movement has shown, becoming autonomous and independent are not as simple as releasing people from state facilities and hoping they survive on their own. Autonomy and independence are based upon choice‐making, and choice‐making must be taught to people with MR, as they have never been allowed to make their own choices and do not know how to rationally choose for themselves.However, as Crutcher (1990) noted, personal choice is based on opportunity, and opportunity is accessible only when society decides it should be. Therefore, in order for individuals with MR to have the opportunity to make their own decisions and be successfully included in society, special effort must be taken to change peoples' attitudes towards them.Moreover, a psychometrically sound instrument of attitudes helps researchers to assess with known precision respondents' feelings about individuals with MR (affective aspect of attitudes), and their conceptions about them (cognitive aspect of attitudes). On the affective side, there are feelings of approval or disapproval of individuals with MR in the society. On the cognitive side, there are beliefs, knowledge, and expectations that affect people's behavior towards individuals with MR. The affective and cognitive aspects affect the respondents' opinions of what services should be provided for individuals with MR and what policy should be adopted. These also assist in the design, implementation, and evaluation of social intervention program and strategies geared toward removing barriers to integration (Geskie & Salasek, 1988).The present study focused on adapting, for use in Kuwait, the Mental Retardation Attitude Inventory‐Revised (MR AI‐R) of Antonak and Harth (1994). The MRAI‐R was chosen because of the limitations of the MR attitudes' instruments in the Gulf States, and in particular the lack of such an instrument in Kuwait. After reviewing literature, it seemed that there was only one measure of attitudes; an inventory developed by Qaryauti (1988). Despite the claimed appropriateness of Qaryauti's scale, we decided to use the MRAI‐R of Antonak and Harth for several reasons. First, Qaryauti's scale was based on Western instruments that Antonak and Harth criticized and motivated them to construct the MRAI‐R. In contrast, Antonak and Harth constructed the MRAI‐R based on a review of more than 50 years of the attitude literature, and developed their inventory on the most available valid instrument.Second, by reviewing the items of the MRAI‐R and Qaryauti's scale, it was clear to us that the MRAI‐R is more consistent with the requirements of the law 13/96 that was mandated in Kuwait to assure the right of individuals with MR to be included into public schools, workplace, and the wider community (see Table 1). Third, the MRAI‐R, unlike Qaryauti's scale, incorporates several components of attitudes: (1) the integration‐segregation of individuals with MR in various school programs, workplace, and community; (2) the willingness of people to be associated with individuals with MR (Social Distance); (3) the rights of individuals with MR to be included in schools, communities, and the workplace (Private Rights); and (4) the derogatory beliefs of people about the moral character and social behavior of individuals with MR. Of the 22 items in Qaryauti's scale, 13 were related to derogatory beliefs, six to social distance, and only three to private rights and integration‐segregation.Fourth, many transcultural researchers have used the MRAI‐R in populations as diverse as the United States, Australia, and Korea. In the US, Ward (1998) used the MRAI‐R to explore relationships between empathy and attitudes among 200 parents and adult consumers with developmental disabilities. Also, Yozwiak (2002) utilized the MRAI‐R to examine the beliefs and attitudes of 210 community members toward a child with MR who was a witness to a sexual abuse case. In an Australian study, Yazbeck and others (2004) used MRAI‐R to examine differences in attitudes between students and professionals in disability services, and persons in the general community (N=492). In Korea, Byon's study (2000) used the MRAI‐R to investigate the effect of social desirability on attitudes toward MR, and to compare the relationships between attitude measures (both direct and indirect measures) and behavioral outcome indicators. Obviously, findings from a large number of studies using the MRAI‐R contribute to its validity. In contrast, we failed to find any study in which Qaryauti's scale was used.Based on the above arguments, it seems that the MRAI‐R would be useful in needs assessments, especially in schools and mental health clinics. For example, when the ministry of education decides to implement the inclusion policy in schools, there would be a need to assess attitudes of teachers and students towards students with MR. The results of such assessment would help in designing programs that improve attitudes as needed. The MRAI‐R can also be useful for social workers, professionals, and researchers who work in a variety of primary social welfare settings. It helps them to identify and target those people who are the most in need of training and preparation to change their attitudes toward MR. In a wider scale, non‐profit organizations can use results of assessing attitudes in advocating the rights of those individuals.In general, the primary usage of the MRAI‐R could be: (1) screening for early identification of negative attitudes; (2) assessing attitudes of specific groups toward persons with MR; (3) pre‐ or post‐ measurement in intervention studies; and (4) helping researchers who aim at studying the effects of attitudes on different variables in the life of people with MR (i.e. job satisfaction, life satisfaction, family relationship, social support), or the relationship between attitudes and demographic variables (i.e. gender, age, marital status, employment, educational status, familiarity with individuals with MR).Following the recommendation of Antonak and Livneh (1988) that researchers should use the existing instruments and stop creating new ones, the purpose of the present study is to develop an Arabic inventory of attitudes toward individuals with MR by adapting the MRAI‐R to be suitable for use in Kuwait. Specifically, the study aimed at: (1) revising the MRAI‐R items to make them suitable to Kuwait's culture; (2) investigating the suitability of the four‐factor‐structure of the MRAI‐R for measuring attitudes toward individuals with MR in Kuwait; (3) selecting a uni‐dimensional subset of items, if the four‐factor‐structure was not confirmed; and (4) examining the psychometric characteristics of the adapted inventory.We decided to carry out this study on college students for various reasons: (1) college students are prospective educators or professionals who will be either dealing with people with MR or making decisions that affect their lives; (2) college students in Kuwait play an active role in social change and in changing public opinions;(3) they are representative cross‐section of Kuwaiti society; (4) a sample of college students is more easily acquired than a sample from the general population.

We sincerely thank the referee (Erik Rosolowsky) for the careful reading and useful comments to improve our manuscript. We would also like to show our gratitude to him for the kind assistance with the usage of CPROPS in the early stages of this work. REM was supported by the ALMA Japan Research Grant of NAOJ ALMA Project, NAOJ-ALMA-222. DE was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant number JP 17K14254. DE was supported by the ALMA Japan Research Grant of NAOJ ALMA Project, NAOJ-ALMA-0093. MINK was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant number JP 15J04974. KK was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant number JP17H06130 and the NAOJ ALMA Scientific Research grant number 2017-06B. SV acknowledges support by the research projects AYA2014-53506-P and AYA2017-84897-P from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, and by the Consejer ' ia de Conocimiento, Investigaci ' on y Universidad, Junta de Andaluc ' ia (FQM108) and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)". This study has been partially financed by the Consejer ' ia de Conocimiento, Investigaci ' on y Universidad, Junta de Andaluc ' ia and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6105/UGR. Part of this work was achieved using the grant of Visiting Scholars Program supported by the Research Coordination Committee, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), National Institutes ofNatural Sciences (NINS). SM would like to thank the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan, MOST 107-2119-M-001-020. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. This research has made use of Astropy, a community-developed core PYTHON (http://www.python.org) package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018); IPYTHON (Perez & Granger 2007); MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007); APLPY, an open-source plotting package for PYTHON (Robitaille & Bressert 2012), and NUMPY (van derWalt, Colbert & Varoquaux 2011). Data analysis was in part carried out on the open use data analysis computer system at the Astronomy Data Center, ADC, of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2013.1.00803.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic ofKorea), in cooperationwith theRepublic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The NationalRadio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. ; We present the first census of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) complete down to 106M and within the inner 4 kpc of the nearest giant elliptical and powerful radio galaxy, Centaurus A. We identified 689 GMCs using CO(1–0) data with 1 arcsec spatial resolution (∼20 pc) and 2 kms−1 velocity resolution obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. The I(CO)-N(H2) conversion factor based on the virial method is XCO = (2 ± 1) × 1020 cm−2(K km s−1)−1 for the entire molecular disc, consistent with that of the discs of spiral galaxies including the Milky Way, and XCO = (5 ± 2) × 1020 cm−2(K km s−1)−1 for the circumnuclear disc (CND; within a galactocentric radius of 200 pc). We obtained the GMC mass spectrum distribution and find that the best truncated power-law fit for the whole molecular disc, with index γ −2.41 ± 0.02 and upper cut-off mass ∼1.3 × 107M , is also in agreement with that of nearby disc galaxies. A trend is found in the mass spectrum index from steep to shallow as we move to inner radii. Although the GMCs are in an elliptical galaxy, the general GMC properties in the molecular disc are as in spiral galaxies. However, in the CND, large offsets in the line-width-size scaling relations (∼0.3 dex higher than those in the GMCs in the molecular disc), a different XCO factor, and the shallowest GMC mass distribution shape (γ = −1.1 ± 0.2) all suggest that there the GMCs are most strongly affected by the presence of the active galactic nucleus and/or shear motions. ; ALMA Japan Research Grant of NAOJ ALMA Project NAOJ-ALMA-222 NAOJ-ALMA-0093 ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP 17K14254 JP 15J04974 JP17H06130 ; NAOJ ALMA Scientific Research grant 2017-06B ; Spanish Government AYA2014-53506-P AYA2017-84897-P ; Junta de Andalucia FQM108 ; European Commission SOMM17/6105/UGR ; Research Coordination Committee, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), National Institutes ofNatural Sciences (NINS) ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan MOST 107-2119-M-001-020 2013.1.00803.S

At the present stage of the European Union"s development academic diplomacy is one of the important components of its foreign policy. The proposed article highlights the main directions of Kazakhstan"s cooperation with the European Union in education and science. As it is known, every year the EU allocates millions of euros for educational projects for young people, teachers and scientific researches. Thus, over the past four years, the European Union has allocated more than 35 million euros for projects to increase the potential of higher education in Kazakhstan under the Erasmus program, which is one of the most popular programs and is positioned as a result of the EU educational programs evolution. The program is implemented by the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) in Brussels, as well as by the national agencies of 34 participating countries. In Kazakhstan there is a National Office "Erasmus," which is headed by Shaizada Tasbulatova and represents Kazakhstan"s four main directions for higher education institutions: international credit mobility of students and university employees; Erasmus Mundus master"s degrees; Higher education capacity-building projects; Jean Monet European Integration Program. According to the Erasmus National Office, Kazakhstan universities account for 65% of international credit mobility projects in Central Asia. Kazakhstan Universities actively take part in international credit mobility (MIC) projects that allow students, master"s students and doctoral students to study and undergo internship in the European countries for the period from three months to one year. The Faculty members of Kazakhstan universities are not an exception. Representatives of Faculty members of domestic educational institutions have an opportunity to receive a fellowship for teaching or advanced training in a foreign university for a period of five days to two months. The total amount of the fellowship for four years (2015 2018) for MIC projects with the participation of Kazakhstan universities amounted to 11,338,545 euros. This amount provided funding for 3,224 students and Faculty members mobility. The L.N. Gumilyov ENU is a participant of the International Credit Mobility program since 2015. During this time, more than 200 people took part in the mobility program and received training and internships in 36 universities in Europe. In the 2018-2019 academic year, 31 students attended 16 universities in Belgium, Latvia, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Poland, and Turkey. The priority of the university management is to increase the number of partner universities, thus giving more chances to talented students. The Credit Mobility program at our university is very popular among students and Faculty members. This circumstance contributed to the careful selection of applicants during the competition process. A bright illustration of this was the fact that in 2018 there were approved only ten out of eighty-three projects for increasing the potential of higher education. To date, The L. N. Gumilyov ENU has prepared 12 projects to increase the potential of higher education and has become a Kazakhstan"s leader on this indicator, which allowed highlighting the priorities of EU academic diplomacy on the materials of this university in the proposed article. In early April 2019, the subject of a special pride of our university was the official opening of the representative office of The L. N. Gumilyov ENU in the EU. In the European media, this news aroused a wide resonance. ; На сучасному етапі розвитку Європейського Союзу «академічна дипломатія» являє собою одну з важливих складових його зовнішньої політики. У пропонованій статті висвітлюються основні напрями співпраці Казахстану з Євросоюзом у сфері освіти і науки. Як відомо, щорічно ЄС виділяє мільйони євро на реалізацію освітніх проєктів для молоді, викладачів і наукових досліджень. Так, за останні чотири роки Євросоюз виділив більше 35 мільйонів євро на проєкти з підвищення потенціалу вищої освіти в Казахстані за програмою «Еразмус +», яка є однією з найпопулярніших програм і позиціонується як результат еволюції освітніх програм ЄС. Вузи Казахстану активно беруть участь в проєктах міжнародної кредитної мобільності (МКМ), які дозволяють студентам, магістрантам і докторантам навчатися і стажуватися в країнах Європи терміном від трьох місяців до одного року. ЄНУ ім. Гумільова бере участь в програмі «Міжнародна кредитна мобільність» з 2015 року. За цей час понад 200 осіб взяли участь в програмі мобільності і пройшли навчання і стажування в 36 вузах Європи. У 2018- 2019 навчальному році 31 студент пройшов навчання в 16 вузах Бельгії, Латвії, Чехії, Німеччини, Італії, Іспанії, Франції, Польщі, Туреччини. Пріоритетним завданням керівництва університету є збільшення кількості вузів-партнерів, надаючи тим самим більше шансів талановитим студентам. На сьогоднішній день ЄНУ ім. Гумільова підготував 12 проєктів з підвищення потенціалу вищої освіти і став лідером в Казахстані за цим показником. Предметом особливої гордості нашого університету стало офіційне відкриття на початку квітня 2019 року представництва ЄНУ ім. Л. Н. Гумільова в ЄС. У європейських ЗМІ ця новина викликала широкий резонанс.

The purpose of the work was to analyze the history of pediatrics development based on numismatic materials. Numismatics (from the Latin numisma — coin), the branch of historical science, originated in the 19th century and became closely related to economics, politics, culture and law, it includes the thematic study of coins, medals and plaques. The history of pediatrics is best illustrated by various forms of medal art (exonumia, or paranumismatics), and the medal became the prototype of a commemorative (memorial) coin. This work presents a catalogue of 116 numismatic materials (97 medals, 11 plaques, 8 coins), including some unique ones that were presented for the first time. There are images on coins and medals of common international symbols of pediatrics — Har-pa-khered, or Harpocrates (a boy holding a finger to his mouth), and later ones (a pelican feeding its chicks by the blood from the torn breast, and a Florentine swaddled baby). The stages of development of the study of using therapeutic factors were reflected in the work on the materials of numismatics, there are references to significant historical events; brief biographies of physicians (46 persons) were mentioned, who made an invaluable contribution to the formation of pediatric science. On the medals, it can be found the portraits of the organizers of the service of providing medical care for children, prominent pediatricians and representatives of narrow specialists. Unfortunately, for now the memory of famous pediatricians of the past is not sufficiently marked by release of numismatic products, therefore, we hope for a systematic approach to this matter in the future, for the purposeful promotion of the achievements of pediatrics by means of numismatics, which provides an visual example for studying the history of medicine, contributes to an increase in the level of doctor's education. The authors expect to emerge of new interesting materials of such small forms of art. ; Целью работы был анализ истории развития педиатрии по нумизматическим материалам. Отрасль исторической науки нумизматика (от лат. numisma — «монета») зародилась в XIX веке и стала тесно связанной с экономикой, политикой, культурой и правом, включает в себя тематическое изучение монет, медалей и плакет. Лучше всего историю педиатрии иллюстрируют различные формы медальерного изобразительного искусства (экзонумия или паранумизматика), а медаль стала прообразом памятной (мемориальной) монеты. В данной работе представлен каталог 116 нумизматических материалов (97 медалей, 11 плакет, 8 монет), в том числе некоторых уникальных, впервые приведенных. Имеются изображения на монетах и медалях международных общепринятых символов педиатрии — Гор-па-херда, или Гарпократа (мальчика, держащего палец руки у рта), и более поздних (пеликана, кормящего кровью из разорванной груди своих птенцов, и флорентийского запеленатого младенца). В работе по материалам нумизматики отражены этапы ­изучения использования лечебных факторов, есть ссылки на значительные исторические события, упоминаются краткие биографии медиков (46 персон), внесших неоценимый вклад в формирование педиатрической науки. На медалях можно встретить портреты организаторов службы оказания медицинской помощи детям, видных педиатров и представителей узких специальностей. К большому сожалению, пока память о знаменитых врачах-педиатрах прошлого недостаточно отмечена выпуском нумизматической продукции, поэтому в будущем надеемся на планомерный подход к этому делу, на целенаправленную пропаганду достижений педиатрии средствами нумизматики, которая подает наглядный пример для изучения истории медицины, способствует повышению уровня образованности врачей. Авторы рассчитывают на появление новых интересных материалов таких малых форм изобразительного искусства. ; Метою роботи був аналіз історії розвитку педіатрії за нумізматичними матеріалами. Галузь історичної науки нумізматика (від лат. numisma — «монета») зародилася в XIX столітті й стала тісно пов'язаною з економікою, політикою, культурою і правом, включає в себе тематичне вивчення монет, медалей і плакет. Найкраще історію педіатрії ілюструють різні форми медальєрного образотворчого мистецтва (екзонумія або паранумізматика), а медаль стала прообразом пам'ятної (меморіальної) монети. У даній роботі наведено каталог 116 нумізматичних матеріалів (97 медалей, 11 плакет, 8 монет), у тому числі деяких унікальних, уперше наведених. Є зображення на монетах і медалях міжнародних загальновизнаних символів педіатрії — Гор-па-херда, або Гарпократа (хлопчика, який тримає палець руки біля рота), і більш пізніх (пелікана, який годує кров'ю з розірваних грудей своїх пташенят, та флорентійського сповитого немовляти). У роботі за матеріалами нумізматики відображено етапи вивчення використання лікувальних чинників, є посилання на значні історичні події, згадуються короткі біографії медиків (46 персон), які зробили неоціненний внесок у формування педіатричної науки. На медалях можна зустріти портрети організаторів служби надання медичної допомоги дітям, видних педіатрів і представників вузьких спеціальностей. На превеликий жаль, поки пам'ять про знаменитих лікарів-педіатрів минулого недостатньо відзначено випуском нумізматичної продукції, тому в майбутньому сподіваємося на планомірний підхід до цієї справи, на цілеспрямовану пропаганду досягнень педіатрії засобами нумізматики, яка подає наочний приклад для вивчення історії медицини, сприяє підвищенню рівня освіченості лікарів. Автори розраховують на появу нових цікавих матеріалів таких малих форм образо­творчого мистецтва.

At the present stage of the European Union"s development academic diplomacy is one of the important components of its foreign policy. The proposed article highlights the main directions of Kazakhstan"s cooperation with the European Union in education and science. As it is known, every year the EU allocates millions of euros for educational projects for young people, teachers and scientific researches. Thus, over the past four years, the European Union has allocated more than 35 million euros for projects to increase the potential of higher education in Kazakhstan under the Erasmus program, which is one of the most popular programs and is positioned as a result of the EU educational programs evolution. The program is implemented by the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) in Brussels, as well as by the national agencies of 34 participating countries. In Kazakhstan there is a National Office "Erasmus," which is headed by Shaizada Tasbulatova and represents Kazakhstan"s four main directions for higher education institutions: international credit mobility of students and university employees; Erasmus Mundus master"s degrees; Higher education capacity-building projects; Jean Monet European Integration Program. According to the Erasmus National Office, Kazakhstan universities account for 65% of international credit mobility projects in Central Asia. Kazakhstan Universities actively take part in international credit mobility (MIC) projects that allow students, master"s students and doctoral students to study and undergo internship in the European countries for the period from three months to one year. The Faculty members of Kazakhstan universities are not an exception. Representatives of Faculty members of domestic educational institutions have an opportunity to receive a fellowship for teaching or advanced training in a foreign university for a period of five days to two months. The total amount of the fellowship for four years (2015 2018) for MIC projects with the participation of Kazakhstan universities amounted to 11,338,545 euros. This amount provided funding for 3,224 students and Faculty members mobility. The L.N. Gumilyov ENU is a participant of the International Credit Mobility program since 2015. During this time, more than 200 people took part in the mobility program and received training and internships in 36 universities in Europe. In the 2018-2019 academic year, 31 students attended 16 universities in Belgium, Latvia, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Poland, and Turkey. The priority of the university management is to increase the number of partner universities, thus giving more chances to talented students. The Credit Mobility program at our university is very popular among students and Faculty members. This circumstance contributed to the careful selection of applicants during the competition process. A bright illustration of this was the fact that in 2018 there were approved only ten out of eighty-three projects for increasing the potential of higher education. To date, The L. N. Gumilyov ENU has prepared 12 projects to increase the potential of higher education and has become a Kazakhstan"s leader on this indicator, which allowed highlighting the priorities of EU academic diplomacy on the materials of this university in the proposed article. In early April 2019, the subject of a special pride of our university was the official opening of the representative office of The L. N. Gumilyov ENU in the EU. In the European media, this news aroused a wide resonance. ; На сучасному етапі розвитку Європейського Союзу «академічна дипломатія» являє собою одну з важливих складових його зовнішньої політики. У пропонованій статті висвітлюються основні напрями співпраці Казахстану з Євросоюзом у сфері освіти і науки. Як відомо, щорічно ЄС виділяє мільйони євро на реалізацію освітніх проєктів для молоді, викладачів і наукових досліджень. Так, за останні чотири роки Євросоюз виділив більше 35 мільйонів євро на проєкти з підвищення потенціалу вищої освіти в Казахстані за програмою «Еразмус +», яка є однією з найпопулярніших програм і позиціонується як результат еволюції освітніх програм ЄС. Вузи Казахстану активно беруть участь в проєктах міжнародної кредитної мобільності (МКМ), які дозволяють студентам, магістрантам і докторантам навчатися і стажуватися в країнах Європи терміном від трьох місяців до одного року. ЄНУ ім. Гумільова бере участь в програмі «Міжнародна кредитна мобільність» з 2015 року. За цей час понад 200 осіб взяли участь в програмі мобільності і пройшли навчання і стажування в 36 вузах Європи. У 2018- 2019 навчальному році 31 студент пройшов навчання в 16 вузах Бельгії, Латвії, Чехії, Німеччини, Італії, Іспанії, Франції, Польщі, Туреччини. Пріоритетним завданням керівництва університету є збільшення кількості вузів-партнерів, надаючи тим самим більше шансів талановитим студентам. На сьогоднішній день ЄНУ ім. Гумільова підготував 12 проєктів з підвищення потенціалу вищої освіти і став лідером в Казахстані за цим показником. Предметом особливої гордості нашого університету стало офіційне відкриття на початку квітня 2019 року представництва ЄНУ ім. Л. Н. Гумільова в ЄС. У європейських ЗМІ ця новина викликала широкий резонанс.

Article is devoted to research of a contact zone between two related post-catacomb groups of the end of an Middle Bronze Age – Dnepr-Don Babyne culture (DDBC) and Krivaya Luka cultural group (KLCG). It is revealed territorially-chronological changes, according to which all over again DDBC's area step by step (during stages ІB-ІІA) extended from primary Azov-Dnepr-Don center on northeast, up to the south Country between Volga-Don, with simultaneous оставлением these grounds native population КЛКГ which was removed on more northern territories Volga-Don of region. Despite of the certain likeness and affinity of DDBC and KLCG, obviously, mutual relations between their population in a buffer/contact zone had a conflict character, on what the complex of the facts hints: a) restored on materials of burial grounds atypical sex-age structure of Babyne's society on new east mastered grounds, which testifies to stay in these territories if not absolutely mainly adult men, at absence or the big rarity of women and children; b) the military growth in both resisting societies (DDBC and KLCG), which is supported by the burials of soldiersarchers and soldiers-manufacturers of arrows; c) presence in the contact zone of KLCG burials with evidences of fatal injuries (including arrows, similar to Babyne's), in absence of identical DDBC burials. The factors, caused these migrations and changes of cultural areas, could be connected as with internal developments of Babyne's society, which led to the relocation of its parts on the new lands, and were caused by ecological crisis (arid, drought), the most of which falls to the end of 3 millennium BC.Later (in stages IIB-III DDBK) reverse process Babyne's population outflow to the southwest, resulting in significantly reduced area DDBK almost to its primary borders took place. from the newly reclaimed land was caused by Abashevo-Pokrovsk migration from northern Don-Volga watershed caused the improvement of environmental conditions on the background of the initial phase of humidity climate that falls on the first quarter of the 2 millennium BC.The research also managed to trace one of the ancient migration (and back remigration) of the Bronze Age, the importance of which is not only in a specific fact prehistory, but also due to the possibility of its use for the development of theoretical problems of identification and study of migrations on archaeological data. ; Статья посвящена исследованию контактной зоны между двумя родственными посткатакомбными образованиями финала средней бронзы – днепро-донской бабинской культурой (ДДБК) и криволуцкой культурной группой (КЛКГ). Выявлено территориально-хронологическую динамику, в соответствии с которой сначала ареал ДДБК поэтапно (на протяжении фаз ІБ-ІІА) расширялся из своего первичного Азово-Днепро-Донецкого очага на северо-восток, до юга ВолгоДонского междуречья, с параллельным оставлением этих земель аборигенным населением КЛКГ, которое отодвинулось на более северные территории Волго-Донского региона. Несмотря на определенную родственность и близость ДДБК и КЛКГ, взаимоотношения между их носителями в буферной/контактной зоне, очевидно, могли принимать конфликтный характер, на что намекает комплекс фактов: а) восстанавливаемый по материалам могильников нетипичный половозрастной состав бабинского социума на вновь осваиваемых восточных землях, который свидетельствует о пребывании на этих территориях если не исключительно, то преимущественно взрослых мужчин при отсутствии или крайней редкости женщин и детей; б) повышенный уровень военизированности обоих противостоящих социумов (бабинского и криволуцкого), подтверждаемый погребениями воинов-лучников и воинов-стрелоделов; в) присутствие в курганах контактной зоны погребений КЛКГ со следами смертельных ранений умерших (в частности аналогичными бабинским стрелами), при отсутствии подобных погребений ДДБК. Факторы, обусловившие эти "переселения народов" и смены культурных ареалов, могли быть связанными как с внутренними процессами развития бабинского социума, приведшими к отселению его части на новые земли, так и (к чему мы более склоняемся) вызваны экологическим кризисом (аридизацией), пик которой приходится на самый конец ІІІ тыс. до Р.Х.Вскоре после этого (на этапах ІІБ-ІІІ ДДБК) имел место обратный процесс оттока бабинского населения на юго-запад, в результате которого ареал ДДБК существенно сократился почти до его первоначальных границ. Этот отход из недавно освоенных земель был вызван абашевско-покровской миграцией из северных районов Доно-Волжского междуречья, связанной с улучшением экологических условий на фоне начальной фазы гумидизации климата, приходящейся на первую четверть ІІ тыс. до Р.Х.Благодаря проведенному исследованию, также удалось проследить одну из древних миграций (и обратную ремиграцию) бронзового века, важность которой состоит не только в конкретном факте протоистории, но также в связи с возможностью его использования для разработки теоретических проблем выявления и исследования миграций по археологическим данным. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню контактної зони між двома спорідненими посткатакомбними утвореннями фіналу середньої бронзи – дніпро-донською бабинською культурою (ДДБК) та криволуцькою культурною групою (КЛКГ). Продемонстровано тереново-хронологічну динаміку цих груп і доведено її взаємозумовленість. Запропоновано варіант історичної інтерпретації археологічних свідоцтв крізь призму міграційних процесів, а також механізмів адаптації в умовах екологічної катастрофи.

The purpose of the work was to analyze the history of pediatrics development based on numismatic materials. Numismatics (from the Latin numisma — coin), the branch of historical science, originated in the 19th century and became closely related to economics, politics, culture and law, it includes the thematic study of coins, medals and plaques. The history of pediatrics is best illustrated by various forms of medal art (exonumia, or paranumismatics), and the medal became the prototype of a commemorative (memorial) coin. This work presents a catalogue of 116 numismatic materials (97 medals, 11 plaques, 8 coins), including some unique ones that were presented for the first time. There are images on coins and medals of common international symbols of pediatrics — Har-pa-khered, or Harpocrates (a boy holding a finger to his mouth), and later ones (a pelican feeding its chicks by the blood from the torn breast, and a Florentine swaddled baby). The stages of development of the study of using therapeutic factors were reflected in the work on the materials of numismatics, there are references to significant historical events; brief biographies of physicians (46 persons) were mentioned, who made an invaluable contribution to the formation of pediatric science. On the medals, it can be found the portraits of the organizers of the service of providing medical care for children, prominent pediatricians and representatives of narrow specialists. Unfortunately, for now the memory of famous pediatricians of the past is not sufficiently marked by release of numismatic products, therefore, we hope for a systematic approach to this matter in the future, for the purposeful promotion of the achievements of pediatrics by means of numismatics, which provides an visual example for studying the history of medicine, contributes to an increase in the level of doctor's education. The authors expect to emerge of new interesting materials of such small forms of art. ; Целью работы был анализ истории развития педиатрии по нумизматическим материалам. Отрасль исторической науки нумизматика (от лат. numisma — «монета») зародилась в XIX веке и стала тесно связанной с экономикой, политикой, культурой и правом, включает в себя тематическое изучение монет, медалей и плакет. Лучше всего историю педиатрии иллюстрируют различные формы медальерного изобразительного искусства (экзонумия или паранумизматика), а медаль стала прообразом памятной (мемориальной) монеты. В данной работе представлен каталог 116 нумизматических материалов (97 медалей, 11 плакет, 8 монет), в том числе некоторых уникальных, впервые приведенных. Имеются изображения на монетах и медалях международных общепринятых символов педиатрии — Гор-па-херда, или Гарпократа (мальчика, держащего палец руки у рта), и более поздних (пеликана, кормящего кровью из разорванной груди своих птенцов, и флорентийского запеленатого младенца). В работе по материалам нумизматики отражены этапы ­изучения использования лечебных факторов, есть ссылки на значительные исторические события, упоминаются краткие биографии медиков (46 персон), внесших неоценимый вклад в формирование педиатрической науки. На медалях можно встретить портреты организаторов службы оказания медицинской помощи детям, видных педиатров и представителей узких специальностей. К большому сожалению, пока память о знаменитых врачах-педиатрах прошлого недостаточно отмечена выпуском нумизматической продукции, поэтому в будущем надеемся на планомерный подход к этому делу, на целенаправленную пропаганду достижений педиатрии средствами нумизматики, которая подает наглядный пример для изучения истории медицины, способствует повышению уровня образованности врачей. Авторы рассчитывают на появление новых интересных материалов таких малых форм изобразительного искусства. ; Метою роботи був аналіз історії розвитку педіатрії за нумізматичними матеріалами. Галузь історичної науки нумізматика (від лат. numisma — «монета») зародилася в XIX столітті й стала тісно пов'язаною з економікою, політикою, культурою і правом, включає в себе тематичне вивчення монет, медалей і плакет. Найкраще історію педіатрії ілюструють різні форми медальєрного образотворчого мистецтва (екзонумія або паранумізматика), а медаль стала прообразом пам'ятної (меморіальної) монети. У даній роботі наведено каталог 116 нумізматичних матеріалів (97 медалей, 11 плакет, 8 монет), у тому числі деяких унікальних, уперше наведених. Є зображення на монетах і медалях міжнародних загальновизнаних символів педіатрії — Гор-па-херда, або Гарпократа (хлопчика, який тримає палець руки біля рота), і більш пізніх (пелікана, який годує кров'ю з розірваних грудей своїх пташенят, та флорентійського сповитого немовляти). У роботі за матеріалами нумізматики відображено етапи вивчення використання лікувальних чинників, є посилання на значні історичні події, згадуються короткі біографії медиків (46 персон), які зробили неоціненний внесок у формування педіатричної науки. На медалях можна зустріти портрети організаторів служби надання медичної допомоги дітям, видних педіатрів і представників вузьких спеціальностей. На превеликий жаль, поки пам'ять про знаменитих лікарів-педіатрів минулого недостатньо відзначено випуском нумізматичної продукції, тому в майбутньому сподіваємося на планомірний підхід до цієї справи, на цілеспрямовану пропаганду досягнень педіатрії засобами нумізматики, яка подає наочний приклад для вивчення історії медицини, сприяє підвищенню рівня освіченості лікарів. Автори розраховують на появу нових цікавих матеріалів таких малих форм образо­творчого мистецтва.

Siirtymiä ja ajan merkkejä koulutuksessa: Opetussuunnitelmatutkimuksen näkökulmia -teos jatkaa opetussuunnitelmakeskustelua, joka käynnistyi vuonna 2017 julkaistussa ensimmäisessä suomenkielisessä opetussuunnitelmatutkimusta käsittelevässä teoksessa. Teoksen johdantoartikkelin jälkeiset 14 vertaisarvioitua artikkelia jakaantuvat neljään teemakokonaisuuteen, joiden merkittävin yhteinen nimittäjä on huoli saksalais-pohjoiseurooppalaisen Bildung/Didaktiikka -opetussuunnitelmatradition ajautumisesta entistä ahtaammalle oppimisteorioiden jäsentämän, taitoihin ja kompetensseihin rajoittuvan, näennäisesti epäpoliittisen angloamerikkalaisen curriculum-opetussuunnitelmatradition ja sen poliittisen aisaparin, uusliberalismin, puristuksessa. Ensimmäisessä teemassa "Tieto ja sivistys antiikista globaaliin" käsitellään sivistystä ja tietoa suomalaisessa opetussuunnitelmakeskustelussa. Teemassa jäljitetään niitä antiikkiin palautuvia, edelleen ajankohtaisia, historiallisia merkityskerroksia, joita sivistyksen käsitteeseen sisältyy. Lisäksi teemassa avataan spenceriläistä kasvatusajattelua ja sen vaikutusta suomalaiseen opetussuunnitelma-ajatteluun. Ajankohtaista opetussuunnitelmien tarkastelua edustaa pohdinta ekososiaaliseen sivistykseen ja oikeudenmukaisuuteen kasvattamisesta. Teeman päättää kriittinen länsimaisen, valkoista elitismiä ja rodullis-etnistä ylemmyyttä henkivän, sivistyskäsityksen tarkastelu. Toisessa teemassa "Opetussuunnitelmapolitiikan historiallisia ja ajankohtaisia painotuksia" tarkastellaan varhaiskasvatuksen rakenteiden muutosta tehden samalla näkyväksi niitä oletuksia, joita liitämme kasvatukseen ja sen tehtävään yhteiskunnassa. Niin ikään suomalaisen perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmaprosessit, erityisesti vuoden 2014 opetussuunnitelman perusteiden uudistamisen prosessi sekä paikallistason opetussuunnitelmatyö, ovat käsiteltäviä sisältöjä teoksen toisessa teemassa. Teeman lopussa kyseenalaistetaan historiaan peilaten arkiymmärryksemme siitä, että opetusta on aina suunniteltava tavoitteet edellä. Kolmannessa teemassa "Tiedonaloja ajassa" pohditaan tiedonalalähtöisyyteen perustuvan oppiainejakoisen kokonaisopetuksen yleissivistäviä vaikutuksia, samoin taidekasvatuksen suhdetta kulttuuriin, mediaan ja subjektiin. Lisäksi havainto siitä, miten sekularistisissa kansalaisuustarkasteluissa kansalaisuuden katsomukselliseen perustaan liittyvät kysymykset pyritään sivuuttamaan tai sijoittamaan rajatusti yksilön privaatin elämän alueelle, herättää pohdintaa. Neljännessä teemassa "Korkeakoulupolitiikka muutoksessa" fokus on korkeakoulutusta ja erityisesti yliopistoja koskevassa uusliberalistisessa hallinnassa – siinä, miten kyseinen hallinta puhuttelee yliopistojen tutkija-opettajia tai miten osaamisperustaiset ja työelämäkompetensseja tuottavat opetussuunnitelmat ovat muuttaneet perustavanlaatuisesti käsitystä tiedon olemuksesta populistiseen ja epä-älylliseen suuntaan. Lisäksi neljännessä teemassa esitellään meta-analyysi korkeakoulujen opetussuunnitelmaa koskevien tutkimustekstien taustalla vaikuttavasta opetussuunnitelma-ajattelusta ja -käsityksistä. Teeman lopussa palataan yhden esimerkin välityksellä ammattikorkeakoulun osaamisperustaisen opetussuunnitelman kehittämisen prosessiin. ; This edited book continues the discussion on curriculum, which began in 2017 in the first book on Curriculum Studies in Finnish. The 14 peer-reviewed articles following the introductory article are divided into four thematic sets, the common denominator of which is the concern about the drifting of the comprehensive democratic German and Nordic Bildung / Didactic curriculum tradition into the narrower, competence and skills driven Anglo-American education and curriculum, shaped by the paradoxical alliance of assumedly apolitical instrumental learning theories and neoliberal policy measures. The first theme, "Knowledge and Education from Antiquity to Global", deals with the topics of civilization, education and knowledge in the Finnish curriculum debate. The first article traces back to the antique with the intertwinement of current and historical layers of meanings that are implicated in the modern concepts of civilization and education. In addition, the first theme will open up Spencer's educational thinking and its impact on Finnish curriculum thinking. The space is also given to currently emerging concerns of eco-social education and reactivated issues by global interconnectedness of social and economic justice as educational goals. The theme ends with a critical examination of the Western concept of civilization and modernity related to issues of white supremacy with affiliations of cultural and racial-ethnic superiority. The second theme looks at "The historical and current emphases of Finnish curriculum policy". The first article examines how the theme is reflected in the changing structures of early childhood education. This focus on early education will arguably make more explicit and visible the assumptions we attach to education and its role and goals in globalized society in general. The curriculum processes in Finnish basic education, especially the process of reforming the curriculum in 2014 and the local curriculum work, will also be addressed in the second theme of the book. The last article questions the assumption, often shared by mainstream academic and common sense alike, that curriculum design and teaching planning should always start with objectives. The third theme is "The current issue of disciplinarity in curriculum and teaching". In the first article attention is paid to horizontal integration of school subjects, and to general educational implications predicated on subject-based curriculum and teaching, more generally. The next article deals with conceptual interrelatedness between art education and culture, media, and subjectivity. In the third article, the secularist views on citizenship is scrutinized of the neglect of significant citizenship aspects related to broader worldviews by illusorily positioning them in the sphere of private life out of reach of public interest and debate. The fourth theme, "Higher Education Policy in Change", focuses on neoliberal governance in higher education and universities, first addressing the new ambivalent identities of academic teachers, and how competence, skills and workplace-based curricula have fundamentally altered the concept of knowledge toward an instance of populist de-intellectualization of higher education and neoliberal vocational school. In addition, the fourth theme presents a meta-analysis of the underlying curriculum thinking and conceptions behind research texts on university curricula. Exemplarily, the last article critically unpack the process of developing a skills and competence-based curriculum at the University of Applied Sciences.