Suchergebnisse

This issue becomes a new opportunity for the national and international scientific community to judge the outcome of each of these proposals. In 2019, we will be celebrating 43 years of publishing and hope that you will continue to accompany us as readers and collaborators of our scientific journal "Cuadernos de Administración". The content of each of these eight articles is the sole responsibility of their authors.In this issue, the first article is entitled "Critical Success Factors in Implementing IT in MSMEs", presents the results of a quantitative study that sought to determine the critical success factors that influence the level of implementation of information technologies within micro and small businesses in the region of northeastern Mexico. "Knowledge management from the organizational culture in call centers in Manizales", is the title of the second article, which shows the results of a descriptive and correlational qualitative research on knowledge management in BPO companies in the city of Manizales, Colombia. The third article "Cultural hybridization in three Colombian indigenous productive organizations" is a qualitative research in three IPOs of the Nasa ethnic group in Colombia; in the end, it presents the results and conclusions of the research process and also some limits of thereto. "Mud, value and welfare. An economic estimation of the impact in the Anchicayá river basin", is the fourth article in this issue of the journal Cuadernos de Administración; its authors present their economic assessment of the environmental impact in projects implemented in territories of the Colombian Pacific Coast.The fifth article is called "Effect of trading on the profitability and solvency of Colombian banks", which discusses the business models adopted by Colombian banking. With the analysis of data panel, they study the effect of diversification of Colombian commercial banks' revenues on profitability and financial solvency, between 2005 and 2014. "Real Returns of Private Pension Funds in Colombia" is the title of the sixth article, related to the performance of the private pension system in Colombia, Individual Benefit Plans Covered by Pooled Contributions, where the returns generated by daily transactions of pension funds from 1995 to December 2016 are analyzed from a database. The authors use the methodology established by the Financial Superintendence of Colombia (SFC) to calculate returns, determining the net profitability of explicit administration costs that the affiliate must bear and adjustment for inflation. The following article is the result of a literature review related to family businesses and socio-emotional wealth, entitled "Diversification of the family business in emerging countries from the perspective of socio-emotional wealth". The authors identify the relevant aspects studied in relation to the diversification of the family business. The reflection is aimed at establishing the influence that family objectives exert on business decision-making."The instruments of public policy. A transdisciplinary look", is the title of the last article in this issue. The authors present the systematization of public policy instruments, disciplines such as public law, public sector economics and political science, especially public policy.The publication of the number 63 of Cuadernos de Administración by the Faculty of Administration Sciences of the Universidad del Valle, allows us to continue consolidating ourselves as a means of disseminating scientific knowledge in our field. Since the first issue in 1976, we have tried to publish, on a continuous basis, different types of scientific research articles, of review or reflection, by national and international authors who have relied on us to spread their knowledge. To each and every one of them, to our authors, to our arbitrators, to the members of the Editorial and Scientific Committees, but especially to you, our readers, we want to thank you for allowing us to continue generating through digitization a greater impact on the sciences of administration. ; Este número se convierte en una nueva oportunidad para que la comunidad científica nacional e internacional, juzgue el resultado de cada una de estas propuestas. En el año 2019, estaremos cumpliendo 43 años de publicación y esperamos que nos sigan acompañando como lectores y colaboradores de nuestra revista científica "Cuadernos de Administración". El contenido de cada uno de estos ocho artículos es responsabilidad exclusiva de sus autores. En este número, el primer artículo tiene por título "Factores Críticos de Éxito en la implementación de TI en la MIPYME", presenta los resultados de una investigación cuantitativa donde buscaban determinar los factores críticos de éxito que influyen en el nivel de implementación de las tecnologías de la información dentro de la micro y pequeña empresa en la región noreste de México. "Gestión de conocimiento desde la cultura organizacional en centros de llamadas de Manizales", es el título del segundo artículo, muestra los resultados de una investigación cualitativa de tipo descriptiva y correlacional, sobre la gestión de conocimiento en empresas BPO de la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. El tercer artículo "Hibridación cultural en tres organizaciones productivas colombianas", es una investigación cualitativa en tres OPI de la etnia Nasa en Colombia; al final, presenta los resultados y las conclusiones del proceso de indagación ytambién algunos límites de la investigación. "Lodo, valor y bienestar. Una estimación económica del impacto en la cuenca del río Anchicayá", es el cuarto artículo del presente número de la revista Cuadernos de Administración; sus autores presentan la valoración económica del impacto ambiental, en proyectos implementados en territorios de la costa pacífica colombiana. El quinto artículo se denomina "Efecto del trading en la rentabilidad y la solvencia de los bancos colombianos", donde discuten sobre los modelos bancarios adoptados por la banca colombiana. Con el análisis de datos panel estudian el efecto que tiene la diversificación de los ingresos de los bancos comerciales colombianos sobre la rentabilidad y la solvencia financiera, entre 2005 y 2014. "Retornos reales de los Fondos Privados de Pensiones en Colombia", es el título del sexto artículo, relacionado con el desempeño del sistema privado de pensiones en Colombia, Régimen de Ahorro Individual con Solidaridad (RAIs), donde se evalúan los rendimientos generados desde una base de datos de movimientos diarios de los fondos de pensiones desde 1995 hasta diciembre de 2016. Los autores usan la metodología establecida por la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia (SFC) para el cálculo de rentabilidades, se determina la rentabilidad neta de costos de administración explícitos que debe asumir el afiliado y de ajuste por inflación. El siguiente artículo es fruto de una revisión de literatura relacionada con empresas familiares y la riqueza socioemocional, que lleva por título "La diversificación del negocio familiar en países emergentes, desde la perspectiva de la riqueza socioemocional. Revisión de la literatura". Los autores identifican los aspectos relevantes estudiados en relación con la diversificación de la empresa familiar. La reflexión está orientada en establecer la influencia que ejercen los objetivos familiares en la toma de decisiones empresariales. "Los instrumentos de política pública. Una mirada transdisciplinar", es el título del último artículo de este número. Los autores presentan la sistematización de instrumentos de política pública, disciplinas como el derecho público, la economía del sector público y las ciencias políticas, en especial las políticas públicas. La publicación del número 63 de Cuadernos de Administración de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Administración de la Universidad del Valle, permite continuar consolidándonos como un medio de divulgación del conocimiento científico en el área. Desde el primer número en el año 1976, hemos intentado publicar de manera continua, diferentes tipos de artículos científicos de investigación, revisión o reflexión, de autores nacionales e internacionales que han confiado en nosotros para difundir su conocimiento. A todos y cada uno de ellos, a nuestros autores, a nuestros árbitros, a los miembros de los comités Editorial y Científico, pero en especial a ustedes, nuestros lectores, queremos agradecerles por permitirnos seguir llegando por medio de la digitalización a generar un mayor impacto en las ciencias de la administración.

This issue becomes a new opportunity for the national and international scientific community to judge the outcome of each of these proposals. In 2019, we will be celebrating 43 years of publishing and hope that you will continue to accompany us as readers and collaborators of our scientific journal "Cuadernos de Administración". The content of each of these eight articles is the sole responsibility of their authors.In this issue, the first article is entitled "Critical Success Factors in Implementing IT in MSMEs", presents the results of a quantitative study that sought to determine the critical success factors that influence the level of implementation of information technologies within micro and small businesses in the region of northeastern Mexico. "Knowledge management from the organizational culture in call centers in Manizales", is the title of the second article, which shows the results of a descriptive and correlational qualitative research on knowledge management in BPO companies in the city of Manizales, Colombia. The third article "Cultural hybridization in three Colombian indigenous productive organizations" is a qualitative research in three IPOs of the Nasa ethnic group in Colombia; in the end, it presents the results and conclusions of the research process and also some limits of thereto. "Mud, value and welfare. An economic estimation of the impact in the Anchicayá river basin", is the fourth article in this issue of the journal Cuadernos de Administración; its authors present their economic assessment of the environmental impact in projects implemented in territories of the Colombian Pacific Coast.The fifth article is called "Effect of trading on the profitability and solvency of Colombian banks", which discusses the business models adopted by Colombian banking. With the analysis of data panel, they study the effect of diversification of Colombian commercial banks' revenues on profitability and financial solvency, between 2005 and 2014. "Real Returns of Private Pension Funds in Colombia" is the title of the sixth article, related to the performance of the private pension system in Colombia, Individual Benefit Plans Covered by Pooled Contributions, where the returns generated by daily transactions of pension funds from 1995 to December 2016 are analyzed from a database. The authors use the methodology established by the Financial Superintendence of Colombia (SFC) to calculate returns, determining the net profitability of explicit administration costs that the affiliate must bear and adjustment for inflation. The following article is the result of a literature review related to family businesses and socio-emotional wealth, entitled "Diversification of the family business in emerging countries from the perspective of socio-emotional wealth". The authors identify the relevant aspects studied in relation to the diversification of the family business. The reflection is aimed at establishing the influence that family objectives exert on business decision-making."The instruments of public policy. A transdisciplinary look", is the title of the last article in this issue. The authors present the systematization of public policy instruments, disciplines such as public law, public sector economics and political science, especially public policy.The publication of the number 63 of Cuadernos de Administración by the Faculty of Administration Sciences of the Universidad del Valle, allows us to continue consolidating ourselves as a means of disseminating scientific knowledge in our field. Since the first issue in 1976, we have tried to publish, on a continuous basis, different types of scientific research articles, of review or reflection, by national and international authors who have relied on us to spread their knowledge. To each and every one of them, to our authors, to our arbitrators, to the members of the Editorial and Scientific Committees, but especially to you, our readers, we want to thank you for allowing us to continue generating through digitization a greater impact on the sciences of administration. ; Este número se convierte en una nueva oportunidad para que la comunidad científica nacional e internacional, juzgue el resultado de cada una de estas propuestas. En el año 2019, estaremos cumpliendo 43 años de publicación y esperamos que nos sigan acompañando como lectores y colaboradores de nuestra revista científica "Cuadernos de Administración". El contenido de cada uno de estos ocho artículos es responsabilidad exclusiva de sus autores. En este número, el primer artículo tiene por título "Factores Críticos de Éxito en la implementación de TI en la MIPYME", presenta los resultados de una investigación cuantitativa donde buscaban determinar los factores críticos de éxito que influyen en el nivel de implementación de las tecnologías de la información dentro de la micro y pequeña empresa en la región noreste de México. "Gestión de conocimiento desde la cultura organizacional en centros de llamadas de Manizales", es el título del segundo artículo, muestra los resultados de una investigación cualitativa de tipo descriptiva y correlacional, sobre la gestión de conocimiento en empresas BPO de la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. El tercer artículo "Hibridación cultural en tres organizaciones productivas colombianas", es una investigación cualitativa en tres OPI de la etnia Nasa en Colombia; al final, presenta los resultados y las conclusiones del proceso de indagación ytambién algunos límites de la investigación. "Lodo, valor y bienestar. Una estimación económica del impacto en la cuenca del río Anchicayá", es el cuarto artículo del presente número de la revista Cuadernos de Administración; sus autores presentan la valoración económica del impacto ambiental, en proyectos implementados en territorios de la costa pacífica colombiana. El quinto artículo se denomina "Efecto del trading en la rentabilidad y la solvencia de los bancos colombianos", donde discuten sobre los modelos bancarios adoptados por la banca colombiana. Con el análisis de datos panel estudian el efecto que tiene la diversificación de los ingresos de los bancos comerciales colombianos sobre la rentabilidad y la solvencia financiera, entre 2005 y 2014. "Retornos reales de los Fondos Privados de Pensiones en Colombia", es el título del sexto artículo, relacionado con el desempeño del sistema privado de pensiones en Colombia, Régimen de Ahorro Individual con Solidaridad (RAIs), donde se evalúan los rendimientos generados desde una base de datos de movimientos diarios de los fondos de pensiones desde 1995 hasta diciembre de 2016. Los autores usan la metodología establecida por la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia (SFC) para el cálculo de rentabilidades, se determina la rentabilidad neta de costos de administración explícitos que debe asumir el afiliado y de ajuste por inflación. El siguiente artículo es fruto de una revisión de literatura relacionada con empresas familiares y la riqueza socioemocional, que lleva por título "La diversificación del negocio familiar en países emergentes, desde la perspectiva de la riqueza socioemocional. Revisión de la literatura". Los autores identifican los aspectos relevantes estudiados en relación con la diversificación de la empresa familiar. La reflexión está orientada en establecer la influencia que ejercen los objetivos familiares en la toma de decisiones empresariales. "Los instrumentos de política pública. Una mirada transdisciplinar", es el título del último artículo de este número. Los autores presentan la sistematización de instrumentos de política pública, disciplinas como el derecho público, la economía del sector público y las ciencias políticas, en especial las políticas públicas. La publicación del número 63 de Cuadernos de Administración de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Administración de la Universidad del Valle, permite continuar consolidándonos como un medio de divulgación del conocimiento científico en el área. Desde el primer número en el año 1976, hemos intentado publicar de manera continua, diferentes tipos de artículos científicos de investigación, revisión o reflexión, de autores nacionales e internacionales que han confiado en nosotros para difundir su conocimiento. A todos y cada uno de ellos, a nuestros autores, a nuestros árbitros, a los miembros de los comités Editorial y Científico, pero en especial a ustedes, nuestros lectores, queremos agradecerles por permitirnos seguir llegando por medio de la digitalización a generar un mayor impacto en las ciencias de la administración.

Ausgehend von einem vielfaltsorientierten Inklusionsverständnis zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit auf, dass Inklusion im Arbeitsfeld Schulsozialarbeit nicht nur gemäß der UN-Behindertenkonvention als Recht von Menschen mit Behinderung auf Teilhabe und Bildung an Regelschulen auslegt wird, sondern: 1. ein Prozess ist. 2. sich mit der Identifizierung und Beseitigung von Barrieren beschäftigt. 3. Präsenz, Teilhabe und den Erfolg aller Schülerinnen und Schüler anstrebt. 4. sich insbesondere auf Gruppen von Lernenden bezieht, die von gesellschaftlicher Marginalisierung, sozialem Ausschuss und Schulversagen bedroht sind. (vgl. Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission e.V. 2009:8ff; Lindmeier 2010:197) Diese Inklusionsdeutung hat folgende zwei Konsequenzen für die erfolgreiche Bewältigung der Inklusionsanforderung in der Schulsozialarbeit: 1. Schulsozialarbeit an Schulen etablieren und dabei die Verschränkung von Schul- und Jugendhilfelogik in Strukturen, Prozessen, Entscheidungen der jeweiligen Schule für die rechtzeitige und passgenaue Unterstützung von Schülerinnen und Schülern zielgerichtet gestalten. 2. Heranwachsende durch Interventionen und Maßnahmen nicht nur für Schulprozesse und –anforderungen zu stärken, sondern auch für die Anforderungen ihrer Lebenswelt und der anderen für sie relevanten gesellschaftlichen Bereiche tüchtig zu machen. Die Förderung der (politischen) Beteiligung von Einheimischen und Zugewanderten erweist sich durch gezielte Prozesse, Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten, Strukturen und passgenaue Informationsgestaltung als wesentlichen Bestandteil einer inklusionsorientierten Schulsozialarbeit. Durch systemische Steuerung werden Begegnungen und Auseinandersetzungen bzw. Interaktionen mit dem Anderen (mit oder ohne Beeinträchtigung, trotz kultureller, sozialer, psychischer und physischer Verschiedenheit) auf allen relevanten Schul- und Gesellschaftsebenen bzw. -bereichen Inbegriff gelingender Inklusionsarbeit. Die Art und Weise wie diese Auffassung von Inklusion in der Schulsozialarbeit umgesetzt wird, ergeht aus einer sequentiellen Kombination unterschiedlicher Forschungsmethoden anhand dieses Werkes. Das genannte Inklusionsverständnis wird auf alltagspraktische Deutungs- bzw. Handlungsmuster heruntergebrochen, die sich in der qualitativen Untersuchung herauskristallisiert haben ebenso wie damit verbundene Parameter der Inklusionsbewältigung. Anhand festgelegter Messkriterien werden diese Ergebnisse in der quantitativen Analysephase auf ihre tatsächliche Relevanz und Umsetzung im Praxisalltag von Schulsozialarbeitenden getestet. In diesem Zusammenhang geben Rückmeldungen zum Geleisteten sowie die Bewertung und Überprüfung des Erreichten im Verhältnis zum Erzielten Hinweise auf Erfolge und mögliche Verbesserungspotenziale. Denn je nach Zielgruppe und damit verbundene Deutungsmuster von Inklusion werden unterschiedliche Instrumente und Herangehensweisen umgesetzt. So wird für das Verständnis von Inklusion als Etablierung von Schulsozialarbeit an Schulen beispielsweise auf Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Lobbyismus in Form von Arbeitsgemeinschaften für Schulsozialarbeit zurückgegriffen. Diese zielgruppenspezifische inklusive Herangehensweise der Schulsozialarbeit hat das Potenzial, sowohl den unterschiedlichen Beteiligten mit ihren jeweiligen Beitrag und Nutzen zu verdeutlichen, als auch den für die Schulsozialarbeit ihnen gegenüber anfallenden Aufgaben. Und zwar auf institutioneller, programmatischer und individueller Ebene, wie auch die Notwendigkeit der aktiven politischen Beteiligung von Schulsozialarbeitenden, um auf politischer Ebene die für ihre Inklusionsarbeit förderlichen Rahmenbedingungen ausbauen zu können. Inklusionsarbeit ist für die Schulsozialarbeit somit auch politische Arbeit – auch im Sinne der Demokratisierung von jungen Menschen. Bei der Umsetzung von Inklusion durch Schulsozialarbeit treten zwar verschiedene Schwierigkeiten und Begrenzungen auf, wie etwa unzureichende Ressourcen in der Gestaltung der Erziehungspartnerschaft zwischen Elternhaus und Schule und im Management zu hoher Fallaufkommen. Aber an der tatsächlichen Mitwirkung von ursprünglich skeptischen Zielpersonen der Schulsozialarbeit gegenüber beispielsweise oder am erfolgreichen Schulverlauf und den konkreten beruflichen Perspektiven unterstützter Schülerinnen und Schülern ist zu erkennen, dass die Anforderung der Inklusion tatsächlich bewältigt wird. Die vorliegende Arbeit reiht sich somit nicht nur in die Debatte um Inklusion in der deutschen Gesellschaft bzw. in der Sozialen Arbeit ein und zeigt auf, dass Inklusion integraler Bestandteil der Schulsozialarbeit ist, sondern tangiert auch den Fach-diskurs um die Kooperation unterschiedlicher Professionen zum Zwecke der Förde-rung der Entwicklung von Heranwachsenden. Die interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit stellt sich dabei als wesentlichen Faktor für den Erfolg von Inklusionsbemühungen der Schulsozialarbeitenden heraus. Grundlage dafür ist das Verständnis von Gesellschaft als Gefüge interdependenter Bereiche, deren Akteurinnen und Akteure miteinander interagieren sollen, damit Inklusion als Vision einer Gesellschaft in der, jedes Mitglied die Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten, die für ihn geeignet sind, erhält, erfolgreich umgesetzt werden kann. Auch bietet diese Forschung Anlass für weiterführende Analysen, weil die Befragten eigene ergänzende Sinndeutungen von Inklusion über die vom Fragebogen vorgegebenen Deutungsmuster hinaus angegeben haben. Daran können weitere Forschungen ebenso anknüpfen, wie auch an die hier bereits dargestellten Argumentationsstränge, die zahlreiche Anhaltspunkte für die Qualitätsentwicklung im Arbeitsfeld Schulsozialarbeit bieten. Zuletzt ist an dieser Stelle summarisch zu notieren, dass die erfolgreiche Bewälti-gung der Inklusionsanforderung durch Schulsozialarbeit sich am besten an den folgenden sechs Punkten orientieren soll: 1. Von welcher Inklusionsdeutung ist die Rede? 2. Welche Vorgehensweisen werden für ihre Realisierung umgesetzt? 3. Welche Ergebnisse erzielen diese Herangehensweisen? 4. Welche Wechselwirkungen ergeben sich zwischen dem umgesetzten Vor-gehen und den Ergebnissen? 5. Was erweist sich dabei als bewährt und was soll ansonsten verbessert werden? 6. Welche Maßnahmen werden wie und mit wem wann umgesetzt, um die angestrebten Verbesserungen bzw. die anvisierte Inklusionsdeutung zu realisieren? ; Starting from a diversity oriented inclusion understanding shows the present dissertation on, that inclusion in the working field school social work is interpreted not only in accordance with the UN Disability Convention as a right of people with disabilities to participation and education like in mainstream schools, but as: 1. A process. 2. Dealing with the identification and removal of barriers. 3. Presence, participation and the success of all students seeking 4. Including in particular groups of learners who are at risk of social marginalization, social committee and school failure (cf. German Commission for UNESCO 2009, p. 8ff.; Lindmeier 2010, p. 197) This inclusion interpretation has the following two consequences for the successful management of the inclusion requirement in the work field school social work: 1. Establish school social work at schools and thereby make the interconnection of school logic and youth welfare logic in structures, processes, decisions of the respective school for the timely, tailor-made and targeted support of students. 2. To strengthen adolescents through interventions and actions not only for school processes and requirements, but also for the needs of their living environment and of relevant other sectors of society for them. Promoting the (political) participation of local people and immigrants through specific processes, investment opportunities, structures and precise information design implements an essential component of an inclusion oriented school social work. Then this systemic control leads interactions with others (with or without disabilities, despite cultural, social, psychological and physical diversity) at all relevant educa-tional and social levels to successful inclusion work. The way in which this notion of inclusion is implemented in the school social work has been found out through a sequential combination of different research methods in this dissertation. The inclusion understanding is broken down into practical interpretive or behavioral patterns that have emerged in the qualitative research as well as related parameters of inclusion coping. Based on defined measurement criteria, these results has been tested in the quantitative analysis on their actual relevance and implementation in daily practice of school social workers. In this context, feedback on work done as well as the assessment and verification of achievements give in relationship to the achieved success evidence of potential improvements out. Because depending on the target audience and related interpretation patterns of inclusion different instruments and approaches will be implemented. For the understanding of inclusion as establishment of school social work at schools for example, public relations and lobbyism in the form of working groups for school social work are done. This targeted approach of inclusion in school social work has the potential to clarify various stakeholders with their respective contributions and benefits, as well as the necessary tasks of school social work towards them. This can be shown at the insti-tutional, programmatic and individual level, as well as the need of active political participation of school social workers in order to perform their working conditions. As consequence implementing inclusion means for school social work thus political work - also in terms of the democratization of young people. In the implementation of inclusion through school social workers indeed occur various difficulties and limitations, such as insufficient resources in the design of the educational partnership between home and school or such as insufficient staff in the management of excessive caseload. But on the participation of originally skeptical target people in interventions of school social work for example , or on success-ful school history and the concrete job prospects of supported students can be seen that the requirement of inclusion is been successfully managed. The present study is not only been classify in the debate about inclusion in the german society or in social work and demonstrates that inclusion is integrate in school social work , but it also affects the professional discourse to the cooperation of various professions for the purpose of promoting the development of adolescents . Then the inter-professional collaboration is emphasized here as an essential factor for the success of inclusion efforts of school social workers. This is based on the understanding of society as a structure of interdependent areas whose actors should interact so that inclusion as a vision of a society in which each member receives participation opportunities that are suitable for him, can be successfully implemented. This research provides also an opportunity for further analysis because the re-spondents indicated their own complementary interpretations of inclusion beyond the meanings given on the questionnaire. Those interpretations can also build further research, as well as the lines of argumentation already illustrated here, which offer various indications to the quality development for the work field school social work. At least it is summarily to note that the successful management of inclusion request by school social work is best to adhere by responding the following six questions: 1. From which interpretation of speech meaning inclusion is been talking about? 2. Which procedures are implemented for their realization? 3. What results achieving these approaches? 4. Which relations arise between the implemented actions and their results? 5. What might be good or ought to be improved? 6. Which steps are how and with whom when implemented in order to realize the desired improvements or the targeted interpretation of speech?

Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of "personalized" oncology have achieved notable successes in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targeted therapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a few disease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistant immortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are not reliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, an international task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity "broadspectrum" therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspects of relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a wide range of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For these targets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which were phytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed for known effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment Potential contrary or procarcinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixed evidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of the relationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. This novel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types of cancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for future research is offered. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ; Funding Agencies|Terry Fox Foundation Grant [TF-13-20]; UAEU Program for Advanced Research (UPAR) [31S118]; NIH [AR47901, R21CA188818, R15 CA137499-01, F32CA177139, P20RR016477, P20GM103434, R01CA170378, U54CA149145, U54CA143907, R01-HL107652, R01CA166348, R01GM071725, R01 CA109335-04A1, 109511R01CA151304CA168997 A11106131R03CA1711326 1P01AT003961RO1 CA100816P01AG034906 R01AG020642P01AG034906-01A1R01HL108006]; NIH NRSA Grant [F31CA154080]; NIH (NIAID) R01: Combination therapies for chronic HBV, liver disease, and cancer [AI076535]; Sky Foundation Inc. Michigan; University of Glasgow; Beatson Oncology Centre Fund; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, ISCIII [PI12/00137, RTICC: RD12/0036/0028]; FEDER from Regional Development European Funds (European Union), Consejeria de Ciencia e Innovacion [CTS-6844, CTS-1848]; Consejeria de Salud of the Junta de Andalucia [PI-0135-2010, PI-0306-2012]; ISCIII [PIE13/0004]; FEDER funds; United Soybean Board; NIH NCCAM Grant [K01AT007324]; NIH NCI Grant [R33 CA161873-02]; Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Foundation Graduate Studentship; Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust, UK; West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission/Division of Science Research; National Institutes of Health; Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) [IG10636, 15403]; GRACE Charity, UK; Breast Cancer Campaign, UK; Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship; Connecticut State University; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Research Society; University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Elsa U. Pardee Foundation; CPRIT; Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas; NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); NIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); Gilead and Shire Pharmaceuticals; NIH/NCI [1R01CA20009, 5R01CAl27258-05, R21CA184788, NIH P30 CA22453, NCI RO1 28704]; Scottish Governments Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division; National Research Foundation; United Arab Emirates University; Terry Fox Foundation; Novartis Pharmaceutical; Aveo Pharmaceutical; Roche; Bristol Myers Squibb; Bayer Pharmaceutical; Pfizer; Kyowa Kirin; NIH/NIAID Grant [A1076535]; Auckland Cancer Society; Cancer Society of New Zealand; NIH Public Service Grant from the National Cancer Institute [CA164095]; Medical Research Council CCU-Program Grant on cancer metabolism; EU Marie Curie Reintegration Grant [MC-CIG-303514]; Greek National funds through the Operational Program Educational and Lifelong Learning of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)-Research Funding Program THALES [MIS 379346]; COST Action CM1201 `Biomimetic Radical Chemistry; Duke University Molecular Cancer Biology T32 Training Grant; National Sciences Engineering and Research Council Undergraduate Student Research Award in Canada; Charles University in Prague projects [UNCE 204015, PRVOUK P31/2012]; Czech Science Foundation projects [15-03834Y, P301/12/1686]; Czech Health Research Council AZV project [15-32432A]; Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic project [NT13663-3/2012]; National Institute of Aging [P30AG028716-01]; NIH/NCI training grants to Duke University [T32-CA059365-19, 5T32-CA059365]; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan [24590493]; Ministry of Health and Welfare [CCMP101-RD-031, CCMP102-RD-112]; Tzu-Chi University of Taiwan [61040055-10]; Svenska Sallskapet for Medicinsk Forskning; Cancer Research Wales; Albert Hung Foundation; Fong Family Foundation; Welsh Government A4B scheme; NIH NCI; University of Glasgow, Beatson Oncology Centre Fund, CRUK [C301/A14762]; NIH Intramural Research Program; National Science Foundation; American Cancer Society; National Cancer Center [NCC-1310430-2]; National Research Foundation [NRF-2005-0093837]; Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund Grant [80028595]; Lustgarten Fund Grant [90049125, NIHR21CA169757]; Alma Toorock Memorial for Cancer Research; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (MSIP), Republic of Korea [2011-0017639, 2011-0030001]; Ministry of Education of Taiwan [TMUTOP103005-4]; International Life Sciences Institute; United States Public Health Services Grants [NIH R01CA156776]; VA-BLR&D Merit Review Grant [5101-BX001517-02]; V Foundation; Pancreatic Cancer Action Network; Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation; Childrens Cancer Institute Australia; University Roma Tre; Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC-Grant) [IG15221]; Carlos III Health Institute; Feder funds [AM: CP10/00539, PI13/02277]; Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE); Marie Curie CIG Grant [2012/712404]; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Avon Foundation for Women [OBC-134038]; Canadian Institutes of Health [MSH-136647, MOP 64308]; Bayer Healthcare System G4T (Grants4Targets); NIH NIDDK; NIH NIAAA; Shire Pharmaceuticals; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Research Assistantship Award; Italian Ministry of University; University of Italy; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC); German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) [16SV5536K]; European Commission [FP7 259679 "IDEAL"]; Cinque per Mille dellIRPEF-Finanziamento della Ricerca Sanitaria; European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) [278570]; AIRC [10216, 13837]; European Communitys Seventh Framework Program FP7 [311876]; Canadian Institute for Health Research [MOP114962, MOP125857]; Fonds de Recherche Quebec Sante [22624]; Terry Fox Research Institute [1030]; FEDER; MICINN [SAF2012-32810]; Junta de Castilla y Leon [BIO/SA06/13]; ARIMMORA project [FP7-ENV-2011]; European Union; NIH NIDDK [K01DK077137, R03DK089130]; NIH NCI grants [R01CA131294, R21 CA155686]; Avon Foundation; Breast Cancer Research Foundation Grant [90047965]; National Institute of Health, NINDS Grant [K08NS083732]; AACR-National Brain Tumor Society Career Development Award for Translational Brain Tumor Research [13-20-23-SIEG]; Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India [SR/FT/LS-063/2008]; Yorkshire Cancer Research; Wellcome Trust, UK; Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance Project CAMPUS-QUARC, within program FESR Campania Region; National Cancer Institute [5P01CA073992]; IDEA Award from the Department of Defense [W81XWH-12-1-0515]; Huntsman Cancer Foundation; University of Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) Pilot Research Grant [CTSI-2013-P03]; SEEDS You Choose Awards; DoD [W81XVVH-11-1-0272, W81XWH-13-1-0182]; Kimmel Translational Science Award [SKF-13-021]; ACS Scholar award [122688-RSG-12-196-01-TBG]; National Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Pew Charitable Trusts; American Diabetes Association; Elsa U. Pardee Foundation; Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Oversea Scholars, State Education Ministry and Scientific and Technological Innovation Project, Harbin [2012RFLX5011]; United States National Institutes of Health [ES019458]; California Breast Cancer Research Program [17UB-8708]; National Institutes of Health through the RCMI-Center for Environmental Health [G1200MD007581]; NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Training Grant [T32HL098062]; European FP7-TuMIC [HEALTH-F2-2008-201662]; Italian Association for Cancer research (AIRC) Grant IG [11963]; Regione Campania L.R:N.5; European National Funds [PON01-02388/1 2007-2013]

Maatalouden ympäristöongelmien ratkaisu on joutunut vastakkain institutionaalisen epämääräisyyden kanssa. Maatalouden ympäristötuki, joka on merkittävin maatalouden ympäristöpolitiikan keino Suomessa, ei ole kyennyt tuottamaan lupaamiaan ympäristöhyötyjä. Vaikka ympäristötuen keinovalikoimaa on uudistettu useaan otteeseen, vesistöjen ravinnekuormituksessa ei ole havaittu haluttuja vaikutuksia. Ympäristötuki on ollut myös hidas reagoimaan maatalouden tuotantorakenteessa tapahtuneisiin muutoksiin. Kun politiikkaa tehdään institutionaalisen epämääräisyyden tilassa, politiikan toimeenpanovaihe voi osoittautua merkitykselliseksi monessakin mielessä. Ympäristötuen toimeenpanon aikana eri toimijat eivät ainoastaan etsi parhaita sovellusmahdollisuuksia politiikkakeinoille; samanaikaisesti he myös neuvottelevat ympäristönhoidon merkityksestä ja tavoista sekä uudistavat käsityksiä oikeudenmukaisesta ympäristöpoliittisesta interventiosta. Tämä tuli selkeästi ilmi väitöstutkimuksessani, jossa tarkastelin maatalouden ympäristötuen toimeenpanokäytäntöjen merkitystä politiikan toteutuksessa. Tutkimusta varten seurasin toimeenpanon eri vaiheita käytännössä ja haastattelin hallinnon ja viljelijöiden edustajia Etelä-Pohjanmaalla ja Varsinais-Suomessa vuosina 2000-2006. Toimeenpanosta saatuja kokemuksia on kuunneltava herkällä korvalla nyt kun maatalouden ympäristötukea taas uusitaan osana EU:n yhteistä maatalouspolitiikkaa. Tutkimustulosten mukaan ympäristötuen toimeenpano on synnyttänyt poliittisen tilan missä keskustellaan siitä mitä sitoutuminen ympäristönhoitoon merkitsee. Korostamalla standardoituja ympäristönhoitomenetelmiä sekä tulotuellisia elementtejä, ympäristötuet ovat kyseenalaistaneet perinteiset arvot hyvästä maataloudesta, tulonmuodostuksesta ja viljelyyn tarvittavasta tiedosta. Näistä arvoista on tullut uhanalaisia asioita, jotka vaativat viljelijöiltä aktiivista sitoutumista ja uudelleen tulkintaa. Viljelijöiden uudelleen tulkinnat eivät tyhjene ympäristönhoidon ja tuotannon väliseen kahtiajakoon vaan korostavat ympäristönhoidon tilanteista luonnetta. Tällä hetkellä ympäristötuen keinot eivät tue ja motivoi viljelijöitä ympäristönhoidon tilakohtaiseen kehittämiseen. Ympäristötuen toimeenpanon aikana on kuitenkin syntynyt käytäntöjä, joissa ympäristönhoidon tilannekohtaisuus on pyritty huomiomaan paremmin. Tulokset korostavat kunnallisten maaseutusihteerien ja neuvojien merkitystä politiikan ja käytännön välisinä tulkkeina sekä paikallisten suunnitelmien ja projektien merkitystä eri toimijat yhteen tuovina käytäntöinä. Nämä käytänteet ovat osoittautuneet tärkeiksi kohdennettaessa toimia ympäristön kannalta kriittisille alueille, mutta myös rakennettaessa luottamusta eri toimijoiden välille. Tutkimustulokset korostavat myös rutiinien merkitystä politiikan toimeenpanossa. Suomen maatalouden ympäristötuen toimeenpanosta saadut tulokset osoittavat, että maataloushallinto on ottanut vastuun perustuen toimeenpanosta, kun taas ympäristöhallinnon toimet ovat keskittyneet erityistukien toimeenpanoon. Keskittyessään perustuen toimeenpanoon maataloushallinto vahvistaa ympäristötuen tulonjakoon ja kansalliseen tasavertaisuuteen liittyviä tavoitteita, kun taas erityistukien toimeenpano keskittää ympäristöhallinnon toimet irrallisten peltolohkojen tasolle. Rutinoituessaan toimeenpanotehtävät tuottavat tämän jaon tuotannollisten ja ympäristönhoidollisten intressien välille aina uudelleen ja uudelleen samalla vahvistaen maatalouden ympäristöpolitiikassa vallalla olleita toimintamalleja ja toimijoiden välisiä suhteita. Tulevaisuuden ympäristöpolitiikkaa kehitettäessä on tärkeää tunnistaa miten vallalla olevia ympäristöhallinnan toimintamalleja uudistetaan, kyseenalaistetaan tai voimistetaan osana politiikan toimeenpanoa. Näiden elementtien välisten jännitteiden kriittinen arviointi on herkän ja refleksiivisen ympäristöpolitiikan edellytys. Tämän tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan tärkeintä on uudistaa politiikkakeinoja siten, että tuotannon ja ympäristönhoidon välisestä dikotomiasta päästään eroon. Ympäristönhoidon tilannekohtaisuus voi tarjota yhden lähtökohdan politiikkauudistuksille. Samalla on tunnistettava, miten maataloustuotannon rakenteelliset muutokset vaikuttavat ympäristönhoidon ehtoihin tiloilla. ; Finnish agri-environmental policy has not met the environmental goals it has set for itself. The agri-environmental schemes, which came into force in 1995 upon Finland s accession to the European Union, introduced a major shift in Finnish agri-environmental policy. They promised a new approach to agri-environmental governance, suggesting that farmers should be paid for providing environmental goods and practicing environmentally sound farming. They also introduced a new form of cross-sectoral and multi-level practice to policy implementation. However, despite the changes in cultivation practices, the nutrient loads have not decreased as was hoped for. The resolution of agri-environmental problems seems to have run aground on institutional ambiguity. Currently established political institutions lack the power to deliver the required policy results on their own; new institutions, practices and systems of meaning are needed. Maarten Hajer has stressed that where policy making and politics takes place in an institutional ambiguity, we should pay attention to a double dynamic: actors not only deliberate to get to favourable solution for particular problems, but while deliberating they also negotiate new institutional rules, develop new norms of appropriate behaviour and devise new conceptions of legitimate political intervention . If we are to understand the failures experienced within agri-environmental policy, we need a careful analysis of how doing politics as well as governing environment, are being (re)negotiated and experimented alongside policy deliberation. In this study, I take up this challenge by examining the following empirical questions 1) how actors in charge of implementation translate the agri-environmental policy objectives into practice, how these practices depend on one another and co-evolve as they interact; 2) how farmers translate agri-environmental schemes into farming practices and how commitment to agri-environmental management emerges; and 3) how various actors are brought together during implementation, to deliberate upon agri-environmental management. In order to analyse the confronted institutional mbiguities, I bring together discussions from environmental policy analysis and Science and Technology Studies (STS). The empirical studies brought to bear on this synthesis are based on case studies carried out in South Ostrobothnia and Southwest Finland during the years 2000 2006. The empirical results of this study highlight that the implementation of the schemes has become a central site of politics. By emphasising standardised management procedures and income support, the agri-environmental schemes have questioned the values of good farming, livelihood bases, farmers experiential knowledge and care for the land. These values have become endangered attachments, which require active commitment. Something new has arisen as a result of the implementation of the agri-environmental schemes: political action, which deliberates on commitments. These commitments treat environmental management as something which builds upon the potentials available at a particular farm in a given socio-material environment. During implementation, I detected several moments and practices which were responsive to commitments. The results stress the role of local rural officials and advisors as buffers between policy and practice, and the importance of local plans and projects in bringing the various actors together to deliberate on agri-environmental management. These practices have become important to building trust among multiple actors and linking individual actions to environmentally effective collective action. Furthermore, they propose rather different scales and institutional rules of action for effective agri-environmental management, compared to existing policy measures. They suggest that the more fl exibly policy measures and technologies can move across various policy levels, and become part of various actors commitments, the more powerful they can evolve. Empirical results gained from the implementation practice highlight that if we are to understand the institutional ambiguities posed by the resolution of agri-environmental problems, we should not only analyse how new institutional rules and commitments are deliberated upon, but also how new policy requirements become routines, and how these routines relate to past policies, practices and actor positions. The results gained from the implementation of Finnish agri-environmental policy are interesting in this respect. The results highlight how, in practice, the agricultural sector has taken ownership of the General Protection Scheme (GPS), which stresses the welfare effects on a national scale; whereas the actions of the environmental sector focus on the Special Protection Scheme implemented on a plot scale. During routinised implementation tasks, the tight association between vertical policy measures and the horizontal implementation network enacts the division between agricultural and environmental concerns in agri-environmental policy, whilst maintaining continuums with past policies, practices and actor positions. In agri-environmental policy, many policy tools and technologies are explicitly developed to maintain their form and stability as they travel from the ministry to the farms. This is seen as affi rming the justness and equity of the policy instruments. The results of this study have shown how such standardisations may enact strong rigidities within the policy system as they are implemented in practice, and consequently restrain the policy from renewal. An open and active examination of various policy phases is needed if we are to understand the institutional ambiguities posed by the resolution of agri-environmental problems. Implementation practices may enact both rigidities and novelties within the system of governing. A constant (re)evaluation of these should be an integral part of an attentive environmental policy. I hope the methodological tools developed in this study can help social sciences in taking more active role in this major endeavour.

Vand er en livsvigtig, men også kompliceret ressource. Mennesker har brug for vand til drikkevand, rengøring, landbrug, industriel produktion, og energiproduktion. Herved kan vandet forurenes, så det ikke kan genbruges i andre processer. Naturlige økosystemer er afhængige om vand, især økosystemer forbundet med søer og floder. På baggrund af befolkningstilvæksten og de generelt stigende levestandarder øges verdens vandforbrug. Det øgede forbrug og forureningen har mange steder i verden sat vandressourcerne under stort pres. Dette øger konkurrencen mellem mennesker og økosystemerne, og fører til reduceret vandtilgængelighed og vandforurening. Den Europæiske Unions Vandrammedirektiv pålægger medlemslandene at balancere menneskers og økosystemers behov for vand. Mængden af vand i søer og floder skal være tilstrækkeligt at opretholde den naturlige plante- og dyreliv, og vandforurening skal begrænses til et uskadeligt niveau. Mange steder i Europa betyder det, at vandforbruget skal reduceres, og at forurening aktivt skal begrænses. Denne afhandling undersøger ligevægten imellem det humane og økologiske vandforbrug i Aggitis-flodens opland i det nordlige Grækenland. Der er mangel på vand i oplandet, idet der bruges store mængder vand fra floden samt oppumpet grundvand til kunstig vanding i landbruget. Afgrødvandingen har derfor negative konsekvenser for flødens økosystem. Formålet med dette projekt er at undersøge, hvor meget vand landbruget må afstå for vandføringen i Aggitis-floden kan genskabes, så flodens økosystem lever op til kravene i Vandrammedirektivet. Samtidig beregnes omkostningerne ved landbrugets reducerede vandforbrug. Et problem ved at reducere vandforbruget er at beslutte, hvem der skal brug mindre vand, og hvor meget mindre de skal bruge. Der er arbejdet ud fra en teori om, at samfundet vinder mest ved at udfase vandforbrug, der kun genererer en lille værditilvækst, frem for vandforbrug, der genererer mere værdi. For at sikre dette styres vandforbruget med vandpriser: Man lader vandprisen stige, indtil vandforbruget falder til et niveau, der genskaber flodens økosystem. Fordi vandforbrug, der skaber høj værdi, bliver rentabelt ved højere vandpriser, vil det mindre rentable vandforbrug ophøre. Da det ikke er muligt at forske i virkningen af stigende vandpriser ved at opstille et eksperiment, er der i stedet brugt computersimuleringer. Disse omfatter en hydrologisk model, der simulerer flodens vandføring, og en økonomisk model, der bruges til at vurdere værdien af vand og forudsige, hvordan landmændene og andre vandbrugere vil reagere på vandprisændringer. Som forventet viser undersøgelsen, at det ikke er rentabelt at vande afgrøder med højt vandforbrug og lave avancer som majs og bomuld, hvis vandpriser stiger. Derimod vil afgrøder som grøntsager og frugtplantager stadig være rentable, fordi disse afgrøder med fordel kan dyrkes ved hjælp af en underskudsvandingsstrategi. Det vil sige, at afgrøderne vandes med mindre vand, end der kræves for maksimal vækst. De økonomiske konsekvenser, ved at vandprisen stiger, kan være betydelige, fordi mange landmænd ikke vil være i stand til at konvertere deres afgrøder til grøntsager og frugtplantager. For eksempel kan jordkvaliteten, usikkerhed på markedet, og mangel på effektiv ledelse forhindre, at landbruget omlægges til mere egnede afgrøder. Presset på vandressourcerne stiger, og efterspørgslen af metoder til at bedømme omkostninger og fordele ved de forskellige vandanvendelser vokser. Den computermodel, der er udviklet i dette forskningsprojekt er effektiv og praktisk og vil gavne dansk hydrologisk rådgivning. ; In regions where water scarcity exists, economic analysis can help identify ways to increase benefits of water use. The European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD), is an example of a law that requires the use of economic principles, approaches, and instruments in water resources management. One of these instruments is water pricing. This study develops an approach for implementing the water pricing guidelines of the WFD at the river basin scale and then uses hydro-economic modelling to estimate the impacts of applying these guidelines. The central purpose of the WFD is the protection of water resources within the European Union (EU), and water pricing policies are applied with the goal of maximizing economic efficiency while meeting WFD ecological status and groundwater sustainability objectives. The WFD requires member states to implement water pricing policies that provide incentives for efficient use and contribute to the environmental objectives of the directive. This is interpreted as an endorsement of the use of water pricing as a tool to increase the economic efficiency of water use at the river basin scale. It is assumed that a single river basin planning authority exists and is able to implement a policy that can be applied to all wholesale water users that abstract raw water for economic uses. Water users are assumed to respond to water price changes according to microeconomic theory, either as profitmaximizing producers or utility-maximizing consumers. This study investigates two water pricing policies. The first is a single volumetric water price that is applied to all wholesale water users in a case study basin. The volumetric price does not vary in time or space and applies to both surface water and groundwater. The second water pricing policy is the same as the first except that surface water and groundwater are priced differently. Irrigation accounts for almost 90% of total water use in the case study river basin, which is the Aggitis River basin in northern Greece. Because the impacts of water price changes are likely to have a significant impact on irrigation water users, a reasonable model of the economic behavior of irrigation water users is an important element of this study. Two approaches are compared: the residual imputation method and a method based on Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) that assumes agricultural production can be represented using a functional form that assumes a constant elasticity of substitution between production factors. A hydro-economic modelling approach is used to estimate the impact of water pricing on water use. The approach includes a river basin decision support system; methods for predicting water use as a function of water prices; an approach for measuring welfare changes resulting from water price changes; a method for assessing whether environmental flow requirements have been met; an approach for checking groundwater sustainability; an optimization approach that is used to identify appropriate water prices; and an uncertainty analysis approach. An important conclusion of this study is that water prices would have significant economic impacts on the agriculture sector. These impacts appear to be concentrated on growers of low value crops such as maize, cotton, and fodder crops, which would be unprofitable to grow even at lower water prices. The PMP and residual imputation approaches predict similar changes in irrigation water use as a function of water price changes. Although the PMP approach has the capacity to predict a wider variety of responses to water price changes, these responses are not observed. Despite the fact that the PMP approach predicts that deficit irrigation will be profitable for many high value crops, the approach does not predict that low value crops will be converted to high value crops as prices increase. Because most irrigated areas are allocated to low value crops in the baseline data set, the result is that land and water use levels predicted by the two approaches are essentially the same. The prediction that high-value irrigated crops will not replace low-value crops is not unreasonable given behavior observed in the baseline data set and highlights the limitations of using economic models calibrated to observed behavior to predict responses to new conditions. The second water pricing policy, in which surface water and groundwater are priced differently, shifts a small portion of costs imposed by higher water prices from low value crops to high value crops and from small urban/domestic locations to larger locations. Because growers of low value crops will suffer the most from water price increases, the second policy offers the advantage of reducing this burden.

In this literature review, measures of reducing the ammonia (NH3) emissions from pig production are described, with focus on systems that can be used under Swedish conditions. The entire production chain with feed, housing, manure storage and application on the field is described and taken into consideration. However, in order to limit the study, the production of crops for feed is not included. As compared to many other countries, emissions of NH3 in Swedish pig production are already low, due to low protein levels in the feed, housing systems with a small excretory area, and storage of slurry outside the building. Lowering the crude protein level from 14.5 % to 12.5 % would reduce NH3 emission by 20 % from the pig house. Including fiber in the feed, leads to a shift from nitrogen in the urine towards more nitrogen in the faeces. In combination with removing the manure daily from the pig house, this might give opportunities for reducing NH3 emissions. A reduction in NH3 emission of up to 50 % might be possible. However, using fiber leads to higher methane (CH4) emissions (from animal and housing), and therefore this should be combined with biogas production. More research is needed in this field. Adding acids or salts to the feed could reduce NH3 emission by up to 40 %, while also improving feed conversion efficiency. Of course, good practice when preparing the feed must be followed. By applying multi-phase feeding and feeding according to the sex of the animals, NH3 emissions could be reduced by 5-15 %. By reducing feed spillage, offering a good environment for the pigs and maintaining good pig health, nitrogen losses could also be reduced with about 5 – 15 %. The importance of having clean pens is also discussed in this literature survey. Swedish housing systems, having a relatively high percentage of solid flooring (with some bedding) and a small excretory area in the pen, provides an opportunity for reducing NH3 emissions from the housing system. However, one prerequisite for this is that the pigs keep the pens clean, and therefore the room temperature should not be too high. This means that during hot periods, the air has to be conditioned before entering the pig house, e.g., by taking in the air via channels under the building. Removing manure daily by means of scrapers (reduction up to 40 %) and cooling the manure under the slats (reduction up to 50 %) are measures that are already implemented in Swedish pig production. The effect of air temperature, air flow and ventilation system are also discussed. Cleaning the exhaust air using bio-filters (up to 65 % reduction), bio-scrubbers (up to 70 % reduction) and chemical scrubbers (up to 96 % reduction) is also an option. By only purifying the exhaust air from the manure channels, the costs for this method can be reduced substantially. The emissions of CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) from the housing system are also discussed. Removal of the manure under the slats appears to reduce CH4 emission from the building. The use of deep-litter bedding may in many cases result in high N2O emissions. More research is needed in this field. Treating the manure with sulphuric acid, in combination with aeration and re-circulation in the pig house, can reduce NH3 emissions by up to 70 %. Pumping slurry between different compartments in a pig house is not allowed according to the Swedish Welfare Legislation. Therefore it is not certain that the acidification of slurry, inside the pig house, can be applied in Sweden. Anaerobic treatment of biogas production, as another treatment of manure, may not reduce NH3 emissions when storing and spreading the manure, but it results in increasing the nitrogen availability for the crops. In that way nitrogen losses can be reduced since less nitrogen has to be spread per hectare. Besides, biogas production reduces odour problems as well as emissions of green house gas (GHG) by the production of energy and lower CH4 emissions. Aerobic treatment of manure, can reduce the emissions of NH3 and GHG. However, poorly controlled aeration processes can have the opposite effect. Storage of slurry in a tank having a cover lid has been pointed out in many investigations, to be the easiest and most effective way of reducing NH3 and CH4 emissions. The straw used for fattening pigs is mainly consumed by the pigs, and it is rare that a naturally stable crust will be developed on the slurry. However, within piglet production a crust on the slurry tank is often found. This crust can cause problems when the slurry tank is covered. Technical solutions have to be developed to solve this problem. On pig farms, the main crops are cereals, and the slurry is mainly applied either in the spring during tillage work, or band spread in the early summer on growing cereals. Incorporation of the slurry, e.g., by harrowing in the spring, effectively reduces the NH3 losses if it takes place as soon as possible after spreading, preferably directly or at least within 4 hours after spreading. Another possibility is to band spread the slurry onto the growing cereals because the canopy provides a microclimate which reduces the NH3 losses, as compared to spreading on a bare field. Late application during the vegetation period or spreading before the autumn sowing, often results in lower nitrogen utilization by the plants, and thereby higher risks of nitrogen leakage. Due to interactions between different sources on a farm, reduction in NH3 emission from the individual sections of the livestock production system cannot be simply added to give the net reduction in emission from the total system. Thus a whole farm system approach is needed for devising control strategies for reducing NH3 emission. Four scenarios were evaluated in this report. Scenario 1 consists of: Reduction of the crude protein in the feed from 14.5 % to 12.5 %, relatively simple technique inside the pig house to reduce NH3 emission, covering the slurry tank and new technique when spreading manure. Scenario 2 consists of: Using biproducts from industry (16.5 % crude protein instead of 14.5 %) and cleaning of exhausting air, covering the slurry tank and new technique when spreading manure. Scenario 3 comprises conditions similar to those of Scenario 1, including high dietary feed fiber content in combination with biogas production. Scenario 4 comprises conditions similar to those of Scenario 2, including high dietary feed fiber content and in combination with biogas production. Preliminary calculations indicate that the scenarios may reduce emissions by 47-68 %. It should be pointed out that the calculations are still very uncertain. The calculations show that Scenario 3 appears to be the most effective way of reducing NH3 emissions. So the combination of using low protein feed with high fiber content together with the production of biogas appears to be a promising method for future development. Even Scenario 1, which used only simple techniques, has a significant result: lowering the protein content affects the entire chain from feed to the field. From the literature review, it can be concluded that one should consider whole farm systems when trying to reduce NH3 emissions. Having a roof on the manure storage, using band spreading together with incorporation, e.g. harrowing, within a few hours after spreading, are the most important and easiest ways of reducing NH3losses. When discussing the method of animal keeping, feeding and housing, a low protein level in the feed has a positive effect along the entire production chain, and appears to be the most effective means of reducing NH3 emissions. Using more fiber or acids/salts in the feed will reduce the NH3 emission even more. When biproducts from industry are used in the pig feed, cleaning the exhausting air from the manure channel may be an option. More research is needed before recommendations can be given.

The main reason for blaming the EU for not watching the regional reforms more often is based on the idea that the EU has a chance to stimulate and positively influence developments in Central Asia and Kazakhstan and to provide a democratic social model. Many analysts think the EU could use economic relations and business ties in the region for the sake of social development and vice versa arguing that social instability affects the EU business relations forcing Kazakhstani government to finally solve problems and execute necessary democratic reforms. For instance, Sebastien Peyrouse sees the following behavior: "In theory, Europe could make use of its business potential to help spread the social model it incarnates. The EU could thus choose to privilege business relations that commit the participants to ensuring certain legal standards in economic activity and to strengthening the rule of law. This could be done, for instance, by giving preference to Central Asian companies that are committed to respecting the rights of local workers, to fighting corruption, promoting fair competition and good corporate governance, and recognizing the importance of contracts. The long-term objective would be to increase the social responsibility of Central Asian companies – something that has indirect repercussions on the societies" (PEYROUSE 2009, P. 11). Nevertheless, he also doubts that it can be easily done because of possible accusations by using "its own doorstep to tax heavens – particularly in Luxembourg - where Central Asian heads of state, their families and the oligarchs close to them deposit money siphoned off from national wealth" (PEYROUSE 2009, P. 11). However, the history of the EU as a welfare union of states is more powerful than the use of accusations. Therefore, European politicians may successfully use economic ties, contacts, and obligations in long-term trade relations to influence the government to provide better social reforms to secure stability, as well as strengthen the power of the EU as an external player in the region. In this case, the economic topic should serve as a basis for the European strategy in the region. "The EU therefore has every reason to implement forms of development assistance which, by helping European companies to establish themselves in the market, will play a key role in reducing Central Asia's social vulnerability and will contribute to the fight against poverty, which is currently the main issue that needs to be addressed by the international community and by regional governments" (PEYROUSE 2009, P. 11). Continuation of this strategy that will enforce Kazakhstani government to provide the society with necessary reforms will gain a positive image for the union both within the region and globally. This also may help the EU, as an external player, to further obtain influence on governmental decision-making processes. It is obvious that social stability is the key to decrease economical risk factors and to improve the investment climate to benefit the whole development of a country or union. In this case, the EU strategy will profit the EU itself. Chances for a successful realization of such a plan are relatively high. Kazakhstan has been conduction fruitful business with EU Member States. According to the statistics, provided by the German Auswaertiges Amt, Germany takes place number eight in the list of Kazakhstan trading partners with a commodity turnover of EUR 5.7 billion in 2008, and it continues to grow (AUSWAERTIGES AMT 2009). "In this area, Kazakhstan does not hide its ambitions; its "Path to Europe" program clearly states its intention to become one of the main communications hubs between Asia and Europe" (PEYROUSE 2009, P. 9), according to Sebastien Peyrouse, who specialized on Central Asian trade and economic relations. The program called "Path to Europe" was signed by the President in August 2008 and supposed to be implemented during 2009-2011. According to evaluations made by the EU and Kazakhstani political analysts, the program will help to intensify and deepen the political collaboration between Kazakhstan and the EU. The introduction of the program has 3 stages and the basis for implementation of the program was prepared carefully. First of all, the president addressed his hopes for future profitable relations with the EU beforehand, in his annual message to the people of Kazakhstan. This message was used by Kazakhstani officials during political meetings to announce the future document. Finally, the document was signed and came into force in August 2008. The program seemed to be very promising. For instance, in March 2008, during the conference in the Netherlands, organized with the help of the Kazakhstan embassy, the ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Mainura Murzamadiyeva, familiarized more than 70 representatives of political, informational, and business layers of the Netherlands with the President´s message to the people of Kazakhstan, where he had announced the future program. Many of Dutch political scientists stated that the proposals the president made in his message will definitely intensify political cooperation between Kazakhstan and the EU, attract foreign investments, bring new technologies, and help to bring people of different regions close to each other. Analyzing the program "Path to Europe" that is celebrating its first anniversary this August, since it was signed in 2008, the following objectives are performed by the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan: - Cooperation with the EU countries; - Creation of required conditions for technological cooperation; - Energy cooperation development; - Transport cooperation development; - Technical regulation and metrology cooperation; - Trade-economic relation strengthening and broadening; - Small and medium-sized enterprises development; - Living conditions improvement cooperation; - Humanitarian cooperation; - Kazakhstani legal base improvement and European experience application. Kazakhstan clearly stated that it expects the level of a strategic partnership with leading European countries in political, economic, and humanitarian spheres and a trade commodity turnover increase by 10% per year as well as a high level of exchange visits. The country also expects the EU to help to promote Kazakhstan internationally which will improve the investment climate and, therefore, the economic situation. However, priorities of the country remain unclear showing the country's reluctance to answer the questions on how to establish democracy and solve the following problems "continuation of efforts on creation of conditions for democracy institutions development on the OSCE territory; transport and transit potential development; Eurasian transcontinental transport corridors development; ecological problems solutions; trust measures and regional security strengthening; non-military aspects of safety development under the OSCE activities including terror, extremism, drug trafficking, organized crime, weapons' and people's sale fighting and Afghanistan reconstruction". To reach the declared goals and priorities, Kazakhstan needs the support of the EU and cooperation. Many political and business analysts provide recommendations suggesting to establish trade chambers and delegation sections related to trade and business that will monitor the activities, provide more legal support and consultations for small and medium-sized business in the region. Further, they suggest establishing more exchange programs for Kazakhstani businessmen to bring more business culture and experience. To monitor and evaluate the progress, the EU can establish clear and visible rating systems with distinct conditions and deadlines. In this case, evaluation committees and reports with full transparency are crucial. However, the first step, the EU should fulfill, is to admit that the time of 'soft power' has ended and finally declare a clear political dimension. Without a distinctive view and goal, the EU will not succeed in representing a strong power and will not improve the policy that has been executing in Kazakhstan since signing the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement in 1992.

Costa Rica is an apparent exception to the trend towards military regimes, violent changes of power and local wars in Third World countries. In this Central American republic with about 2 million inhabitants, the armed forces were disbanded in 1948. For over 30 years Costa Rica has maintained a stable civilian government without a regular army, though surrounded by dictatorships. We discuss the history behind the abolition of the Costa Rican army, consider the country's handling of external and internal conflicts since 1948, present the growth of its paramilitary forces, and evaluate the reality of its public policy of demilitarization. Our main conclusion is that Costa Rican demilitarization was a response to an internal conflict rather than a deliberate international policy. The country has actually built up police forces that are used against labor and peasant unrest. But it is also the case that demilitarization has been stressed so consistently in policy declarations that regular military build up has been inhibited. Costa Rica is partly demilitarized, but may become more or less so in the future. 1. See also Kjell Skjelsbæk: 'Militarism, its Dimensions and Corollaries: An Attempt at Con ceptual Clarification,' Journal of Peace Research, XVI (1979), 3, pp. 213-229, and Miles Wolpin: Militarization and Social Welfare in the Third World. Oslo: PRIO, 1981. 40 pp. (S-4/81). 2. J. D. Cozean, The Abolition of the Costa Rican Army, Master's thesis, George Washington University, 1966, p. 31. 3. op. cit. p. 33. 4. S. Stone, La dinastia de los conquistadores. La crisis del poder en la Costa Rica contemporanea, Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana (EDUCA), San José, 1976. 5. D. Tobis, 'United Fruit is not Chiquita', in S. Jonas and D. Tobis, Guatemala, North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA), New York, 1974, p. 122-131 and M. A. Seligson, 'Agrarian Policies in Dependent Societies: Costa Rica', Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Af fairs, 19, 2 (1977), pp. 201-232. 6. Q. Duncan and C. Menendez, El negro en Costa Rica, Editorial Costa Rica, San José, 1978. 7. The history of the civil war is well covered — see, e. g., M. Acuña, El 48, Libreria, imprenta y litografía Lehmann, S. A., San José, 1974, O. Aguilar Bulgarelli, Costa Rica y sus hechos pol iticos de 1948. Problemática de una década, Edi torial Universitaria Centroamericana (EDUCA), San José, 1974, J. P. Bell, Crisis in Costa Rica. The 1948 Revolution, Latin American Monographs No. 24, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1971, R. Obregon Loria, Conflictos militares y politicos de Costa Rica, Imprenta la Nacion, San José, 1951, and J. Schifter, The Costa Rican Civil War: An tecedents and Projections, Master's thesis, Uni versity of Chicago, Chicago, 1975. 8. S. Stone, ibid, p. 314. 9. J. D. Cozean, ibid, p. 26, and W. L. Worth ington, The Costa Rican Public Security Forces: A Model Armed Force for Emerging Nations?, Master's thesis, University of Florida, 1966, p. 100. 10. O. Aguilar Bulgarelli, La Constitución de 1948: Antecedentes y Proyecciones, Editorial Costa Rica, San José, 1977, pp. 55-56, and C. D. Ameringer, Don Pepe: A Political Biography of José Figueres of Costa Rica, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1978, p. 66. 11. C. D. Ameringer, The Democratic Left in Exile. The Antidictatorial Struggle in the Caribbean 1945-1959, University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Florida, 1974. 12. M. Monteforte Toledo, Centro America: Subdesarrollo y Dependencia, Volumen II, Uni versidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, México D. F., 1972, p. 182. 13. J. D. Cozean, ibid., p. 59. 14. C. Urcuyo Fournier, Les forces de Securite Publique et la politique au Costa Rica, 1960-1978, Diss. Université de Paris V, Paris, 1978. 15. The U. S. Secretary of State Lansing sent a telegram which read: '... the Government of the United States under no circumstances can consider Mr. J. B. Quiros authorized in any manner to act as President of Costa Rica.' Quiros was given 24 hours to leave office, which he did, M. A. Seligson, Peasants of Costa Rica and the Development of Agrarian Capitalism, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, 1980, p. 58. 16. U.S. Department of State, Treaties in Force: A List of Treaties and Other International Agree ments of the United States in Force on January 1, 1971, Government Printing Office, Washington D. C., 1971, p. 57. 17. J. C. Ropp, In Search of the New Soldier: Junior Officers and the Prospects of Social Reform in Panama, Honduras and Nicaragua, Ph. D. diss., University of California at Riverside, 1971, and R. N. Adams, Crucification by Power: Essays on Guatemalan National Social Structure, 1944-1966, University of Texas Press, Austin & London, 1970. 18. For the following discussion see Note 7., S. Stone, ibid, and C. D. Ameringer, 1974, ibid. 19. M. Monteforte Toledo, ibid. 20. O. Aguilar Bulgarelli, 1977, ibid, p. 72. 21. Decreto No. 37 de 25 de mayo de 1948, Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, Tomo III, Im prenta Nacional, San José, Costa Rica, 1956, p. 621. (Our translation.) 22. W. L. Worthington, ibid, p. 101. 23. C. D. Ameringer, 1978, ibid, p. 86. 24. C. D. Ameringer, 1974, ibid, p. 216. 25. J. A. Booth and M. A. Seligson, 'Peasants as Activists. A Revaluation of Political Participation in the Countryside', Comparative Political Studies, 12, 1 (1979), pp. 29-59. 26. C. Urcuyo Fournier, ibid, pp. 212, 205. 27. M. Fernandez, A. Schmidt and V. Basauri, La población de Costa Rica, Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 1976, pp. 123. 28. R. Cerdas Cruz, La Crisis de la Democracia Liberal en Costa Rica, Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana (EDUCA), Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, Costa Rica, 1978, pp. 89-92. 29. C. Urcuyo Fournier, ibid, pp. 204-205. 30. J. Schifter, 'La democracia en Costa Rica como producto de la neutralizacion de clases', in Democracia en Costa Rica? Editorial Universidad Estatial a Distancia, San José, 1978, pp. 171-246. 31. V. H. Cespedes S., Costa Rica: La distribu tion del ingreso y el consumo de algunos alimen tos, Publicaciones de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Serie Economia y Estadistica No. 45, Ciudad Uni versitaria 'Rodrigo Facio', San José, 1973. 32. W. L. Worthington, ibid. 33. La Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica, Proyecto de 'Ley Organica del Min isterio del Interior', Procuraderia General de la Republica, San José, 1978. 34. See Ministerio de la Presidencia, Oficina de Planificación Nacional y Politica Económica (OFIPLAN), Oficina de Presupuesto Nacional, 'Datos relevantes del Presupuesto Nacional, de ingresos y egresos del Gobierno Central. Ejercicio fiscal 1978', Imprenta Nacional, San José, 1978, H. I. Blutstein, et al., Area Handbook for Costa Rica, American University Foreign Area Studies Division, Washington D. C., 1969, p. 270, and Urcuyo Fournier, ibid, pp. 401-403. 35. J. Saxe-Fernández, 'The Central American Defense Council and Pax American', in I. L. Horo witz, et al., Latin American Radicalism, London, 1969, pp. 75-101, and S. Jonas, 'CONDECA Mil itary Maneuvers', NACLA's Latin America & Empire Report, 11, 3 (1977), pp. 38-39. 36. Urcuyo Fournier, ibid., p. 327. 37. This sparked off a discussion of whether Costa Rica was militarizing, the best known con tributions beeing those of John Saxe-Fernandez and Mario Fernandez Arias, both titled 'The Mil itarization of Costa Rica,' and first published in Costa Rica in 1971. A more recent and more substantial work, motivated by the same events, is the French doctoral dissertation of Constantino Urcuyo Fournier from 1978. 38. A. Stepan, Authoritarianism in Brazil, 1977, p. 130.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. AIMS: To examine the: (a) 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV MDD; (b) proportion aware that they have a problem needing treatment and who want care; (c) proportion of the latter receiving treatment; and (d) proportion of such treatment meeting minimal standards. METHOD: Representative community household surveys from 21 countries as part of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. RESULTS: Of 51 547 respondents, 4.6% met 12-month criteria for DSM-IV MDD and of these 56.7% reported needing treatment. Among those who recognised their need for treatment, most (71.1%) made at least one visit to a service provider. Among those who received treatment, only 41.0% received treatment that met minimal standards. This resulted in only 16.5% of all individuals with 12-month MDD receiving minimally adequate treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Only a minority of participants with MDD received minimally adequate treatment: 1 in 5 people in high-income and 1 in 27 in low-/lower-middle-income countries. Scaling up care for MDD requires fundamental transformations in community education and outreach, supply of treatment and quality of services. ; The work contained in this paper is carried out in conjunction with the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative, which is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; R01 MH070884), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Pfizer Foundation, the US Public Health Service (R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864, and R01 DA016558), the Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03-TW006481), the Pan American Health Organization, Eli Lilly and Company, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Aventis and Bristol-Myers Squibb. We thank the staff of the WMH Data Collection and Data Analysis Coordination Centres for assistance with instrumentation, fieldwork and consultation on data analysis. None of the funders had any role in the design, analysis, interpretation of results or preparation of this paper. A complete list of all within-country and cross-national WMH publications can be found at http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/wmh/. The Argentina survey – Estudio Argentino de Epidemiología en Salud Mental (EASM) – was supported by a grant from the Argentinian Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud de la Nación). The Bulgarian Epidemiological Study of common mental disorders EPIBUL is supported by the Ministry of Health and the National Center for Public Health Protection. The Chinese World Mental Health Survey Initiative is supported by the Pfizer Foundation. The Colombian National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) is supported by the Ministry of Social Protection. The Mental Health Study Medellín – Colombia was carried out and supported jointly by the Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health (CES University) and the Secretary of Health of Medellín. The ESEMeD project is funded by the European Commission (Contracts QLG5-1999-01042; SANCO 2004123 and EAHC 20081308), (the Piedmont Region (Italy)), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (FIS 00/0028), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain (SAF 2000-158-CE), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP), and other local agencies and by an unrestricted educational grant from GlaxoSmithKline. Implementation of the Iraq Mental Health Survey (IMHS) and data entry were carried out by the staff of the Iraqi MOH and MOP with direct support from the Iraqi IMHS team with funding from both the Japanese and European Funds through United Nations Development Group Iraq Trust Fund (UNDG ITF). The Israel National Health Survey is funded by the Ministry of Health with support from the Israel National Institute for Health Policy and Health Services Research and the National Insurance Institute of Israel. The World Mental Health Japan (WMHJ) Survey is supported by the Grant for Research on Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases and Mental Health (H13-SHOGAI-023, H14-TOKUBETSU-026, H16-KOKORO-013) from the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The Lebanese National Mental Health Survey (LEBANON) is supported by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, the WHO (Lebanon), National Institute of Health/Fogarty International Center (R03 TW006481-01), Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences, anonymous private donations to IDRAAC, Lebanon, and unrestricted grants from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Novartis and Servier. The Mexican National Comorbidity Survey (MNCS) is supported by The National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente (INPRFMDIES 4280) and by the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACyT-G30544-H), with supplemental support from the PanAmerican Health Organization (PAHO). The Psychiatric Enquiry to General Population in Southeast Spain – Murcia (PEGASUS-Murcia) Project has been financed by the Regional Health Authorities of Murcia (Servicio Murciano de Salud and Consejería de Sanidad y Política Social) and Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias (FFIS) of Murcia. The Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHW) is supported by the WHO (Geneva), the WHO (Nigeria), and the Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria. The Peruvian World Mental Health Study was funded by the National Institute of Health of the Ministry of Health of Peru. The Portuguese Mental Health Study was carried out by the Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA University of Lisbon, with collaboration of the Portuguese Catholic University, and was funded by Champalimaud Foundation, Gulbenkian Foundation, Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and Ministry of Health. The Romania WMH study projects 'Policies in Mental Health Area' and 'National Study regarding Mental Health and Services Use' were carried out by National School of Public Health & Health Services Management (former National Institute for Research & Development in Health, present National School of Public Health Management & Professional Development, Bucharest), with technical support of Metro Media Transilvania, the National Institute of Statistics – National Centre for Training in Statistics, SC. Cheyenne Services SRL, Statistics Netherlands and were funded by Ministry of Public Health (former Ministry of Health) with supplemental support of Eli Lilly Romania SRL. The São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey is supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Thematic Project Grant03/00204-3. The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development supports L.A. (CNPq Grant #307623/2013-0). The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; U01-MH60220) with supplemental support from the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF; Grant 044708) and the John W. Alden Trust. G.T. is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College London Foundation Trust. G.T. is supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) Emerald project. This paper is an output of the PRogramme for Improving Mental health carE (PRIME). The material has been funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government's official policies. The research supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College London Foundation Trust. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. The authors acknowledge financial support from the Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit awarded to South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London and King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the World Health Organization

In tempi di crisi, la voglia di immaginare un futuro migliore e diverso prende il sopravvento. A partire dagli sconvolgimenti politici e sociali del '68 passando attraverso le crisi sistemiche del 1970 e ad ogni crisi da allora, le città europee hanno assistito a fenomeni di "riappropriazione" di spazi fisici urbani che sono stati sperimentati da movimenti sociali e volontariamente appropriati poi come pratiche dal basso dagli abitanti delle citta` che hanno utilizzanto la "occupazione" come una tattica legittima di protesta. Le pratiche di riappropriazione, sono state inoltre messe in pratica dalla cittadinanza insorgente, negli ultimi decenni, per resistere alla crisi dello stato sociale e individuare strategie alternative per dare risposta a problemi nella fornitura di alloggi a canoni accessibili, al numero crescente di senzatetto, e alla mancanza di spazi pubblici per la socialita` che non siano associati al consumo, problematiche che segnano la società contemporánea. Questi problemi in parte legati alla riduzione degli spazi pubblici e' andata crescendo paradossalmente insieme alla produzione costante di spazi vuoti. L'ennesima crisi di oggi ha riaperto la questione da una prospettiva globale a partire dall'emergere del movimento Occupy, che incarna una serie di dinamiche di "(ri)appropriazione insorgente" dello spazio pubblico promosso da una nuova configurazione della cittadinanza attiva. Negli ultimi anni, allo stesso tempo, mentre molti "spazi interstiziali" venivano "recuperati" dal basso, molti di questi venivano incorporati nelle strategie e discorsi dominanti dello sviluppo urbano e la maggior parte di essi sono stati repressi o sono in procinto di essere chiusi da una ofensiva su vasta scala contro ogni forma conflittuale di dissenso non autorizzata. La tesi tenta di analizzare il potenziale democratico che è inteso nella negoziazione di queste pratiche del dissenso cosiderate come elementi potenziali di sviluppo urbano dal basso. Il cambio di prospettiva nella comprensione di questi fenomeni, intesi non solo piu' come legali o illegali ma analizzati dal punto di vista della legittimita' e della capacita' di intercettare il bene comune, risulta fondamentale per aprire un dibattito sulla possibilita' di individuare strumenti capaci di introiettare alcune di queste pratiche nelle forme piu' tradizionali della pianificazione. ; In times of crisis, the urge to imagine a better and different future gets the upper hand. Since the political and social upheaval of '68 through the 1970's systemic crisis and at every crisis since, European cities faced a phenomenon of "reclaiming" of urban physical spaces that was carried on by social movements and wilfully appropriated by citizens using "occupation" as a legitimate tactic of protest. In addition to that, insurgent citizenship, in the last decades, have developed reclaiming strategies to resist to the welfare state crisis and the problem in the provision of housing, the homelessness, and the lack of social space that mark contemporary society, paradoxically increasing together with the constant production of vacant spaces. Today's umpteenth crisis reopened the issue from a global Occupy movement perspective, embodying a series of dynamics of "insurgent (re)appropriation" of public space fostered by a new configuration of active citizenship. In the last years, at the same time a lot of "interstitial spaces" are being reclaimed, many of them are being incorporated in the city development strategies and discourses and most of them are in the process of being shut down by a large scale offensive against conflictive and non-authorized actions of dissent. These coercive and incorporating processes seems to be pushed by property developers' and local and extra-local elites, so central in the neoliberal urban development strategies. In fact, in the last decade, new laws and policies have been deliberately constructed on one side to defend both the private property and interests to the detriment of new dynamics of collective action that spontaneously proliferated in urban contests, on the other side to gradually harness these creative, unplanned, dynamic and alternative "temporary uses of space" into urban development policies and city marketing discourses. Looking back in time over the past thirty years, the processes of re-appropriation of space linked to urban social movements (claiming social rights or the definition of new political and cultural identities) have been a characteristic feature of the development of many cities in the advanced capitalist societies (Holm, Kuhn, 2011) and have given rise to interesting experiences of participation from the point of view of the social practices of selforganization and self-empowerment. Nevertheless, I argue that the inherent "generative" and "evolutionary" potential of these bottom-up strategies was hidden or not fully understood. These performative practices embody "Dissent" in the moment in which they start to challenge the status quo (the existing structure of norms, values […] and especially authorities that underwrite the present ways of doing things) (Shiffrin, 2000) and therefore these practices are adversarial to the idea of "consensus". Indeed, now is even more important to identify sort of legitimation tool to empower those "informal actors' practices" and learn to know and recognize these practices of "self-made city" understanding them as a legitimate expression of a "right to the city", implemented by a part of civil society whose instances, although minoritarian, have the right to be heard and negotiated in the city's transformation processes. It results crucial for the definition of more mature democratic approaches capable to include a "conflictive consensus" (Mouffe). This research aims to investigate the inherent potential of the "insurgent practices" seen as on-going experiments of self-organization, presenting these "state of exception proclaimed from the bottom" (Virno, 2012), and practices developed within these conditions, as silent driving forces behind the evolution and production of new urban policies and practices. These "practices of freedom" (Foucault, 2002) or "Spaces of hope" (Harvey, 2001) are the places where alternative politics can be both devised and pursued. Within such frame, the research also addresses the question of how the strategies developed by "informal actors" (re)appropriating public urban spaces have been or could be able to influence the agenda of urban planning and urban policies, and what happen when these practices are institutionalized. Indeed, the comprehension of the dissent's procedural efficacy looks important from the perspective of democratic theory because of «its ability to oblige people to rethink their own views, conceptions, and underlying assumptions, especially when those other views challenge the status quo» (Martin, 2013). These bottom-up strategies of production of space, (re)claiming urban vacant spaces for public purposes, besides reveal the inherent political and imaginary potential of these "indeterminate" spaces, produce symbolic/political contents that make "visible" abandoned places in the urban geography of the citizens' everyday life. Moreover, they define a space of counter-power from where push for the rights to the city's "evolution", more than for "revolution" - that implies the substitution of an hegemonic order with a new one (Newman, 2011). On the other side, considering that dissent often end up being manipulated by defenders of the status quo through the definition of a set of strategies that incorporate, co-opt, commodify or neutralize the adversarial practices and discourses (Mouffe, 2012) and incorporate them in the hegemonic strategies, how can we define who influences whom in this process? This analysis entails, then, the unfolding of strategies defined in the confrontation between configuration of power and counter-power positions, hegemonic and counter-hegemonic models, "having rights" and "having-not" (Arnstein, 1969) and this is why this analysis looks crucial for a deep understanding of issues related to forms of democracy and democratic participation, contrasting manipulation and reaching real citizen empowerment.

To a client, taxi quality of service involves not only the riding time and comfort, but also the access time between the instants of booking (or readying oneself) and pickup. In turn, the access time depends on fleet size and the macroscopic patterns of service usage: demand volume and its spread in space, average ride time, transaction times. In this article, we investigate the formation of the access time and derive its economic consequences for a taxi service in an idealized city with ring shape and spatial homogeneity, hence circular symmetry. At the operational level, under given supply and demand conditions the access time stems from the number of busy vehicles, which obeys to a second-degree characteristic equation. This enables us to model fleet size as a function of target demand volume and access time. Taking then a broader perspective, demand is elastic to supply conditions including access time, ride time, transaction time and tariff fare. We model short-term traffic equilibrium and demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium state. Next, at the tactical level the service supplier sets up the fleet size and the tariff fare in order to satisfy an economic objective. We model medium-term supply-demand equilibrium under three regulation patterns of, respectively, (i) service monopoly and the maximization of production profit, (ii) system optimum and the maximization of social surplus, (iii) second best system optimum subject to a budgetary constraint. In each pattern, both the tariff fare and the access time are linked by analytical formulas to exogenous conditions about the territory, the demand and the cost function of service provision. Theoretical properties are obtained to compare the patterns under specific demand function with constant elasticity of volume to generalized cost: under constant elasticity of-2, the monopoly tariff and generalized cost are more than twice as large as their system optimum counterparts, and exact doubles of their second best optimum counterparts in the absence of fixed production costs. At the strategic level, the model can be applied to assess decisions on vehicle technology (motor type, driving technology) and on service location by the service supplier, as well as the regulation policies by public authorities.

To a client, taxi quality of service involves not only the riding time and comfort, but also the access time between the instants of booking (or readying oneself) and pickup. In turn, the access time depends on fleet size and the macroscopic patterns of service usage: demand volume and its spread in space, average ride time, transaction times. In this article, we investigate the formation of the access time and derive its economic consequences for a taxi service in an idealized city with ring shape and spatial homogeneity, hence circular symmetry. At the operational level, under given supply and demand conditions the access time stems from the number of busy vehicles, which obeys to a second-degree characteristic equation. This enables us to model fleet size as a function of target demand volume and access time. Taking then a broader perspective, demand is elastic to supply conditions including access time, ride time, transaction time and tariff fare. We model short-term traffic equilibrium and demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium state. Next, at the tactical level the service supplier sets up the fleet size and the tariff fare in order to satisfy an economic objective. We model medium-term supply-demand equilibrium under three regulation patterns of, respectively, (i) service monopoly and the maximization of production profit, (ii) system optimum and the maximization of social surplus, (iii) second best system optimum subject to a budgetary constraint. In each pattern, both the tariff fare and the access time are linked by analytical formulas to exogenous conditions about the territory, the demand and the cost function of service provision. Theoretical properties are obtained to compare the patterns under specific demand function with constant elasticity of volume to generalized cost: under constant elasticity of-2, the monopoly tariff and generalized cost are more than twice as large as their system optimum counterparts, and exact doubles of their second best optimum counterparts in the ...

To a client, taxi quality of service involves not only the riding time and comfort, but also the access time between the instants of booking (or readying oneself) and pickup. In turn, the access time depends on fleet size and the macroscopic patterns of service usage: demand volume and its spread in space, average ride time, transaction times. In this article, we investigate the formation of the access time and derive its economic consequences for a taxi service in an idealized city with ring shape and spatial homogeneity, hence circular symmetry. At the operational level, under given supply and demand conditions the access time stems from the number of busy vehicles, which obeys to a second-degree characteristic equation. This enables us to model fleet size as a function of target demand volume and access time. Taking then a broader perspective, demand is elastic to supply conditions including access time, ride time, transaction time and tariff fare. We model short-term traffic equilibrium and demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium state. Next, at the tactical level the service supplier sets up the fleet size and the tariff fare in order to satisfy an economic objective. We model medium-term supply-demand equilibrium under three regulation patterns of, respectively, (i) service monopoly and the maximization of production profit, (ii) system optimum and the maximization of social surplus, (iii) second best system optimum subject to a budgetary constraint. In each pattern, both the tariff fare and the access time are linked by analytical formulas to exogenous conditions about the territory, the demand and the cost function of service provision. Theoretical properties are obtained to compare the patterns under specific demand function with constant elasticity of volume to generalized cost: under constant elasticity of-2, the monopoly tariff and generalized cost are more than twice as large as their system optimum counterparts, and exact doubles of their second best optimum counterparts in the absence of fixed production costs. At the strategic level, the model can be applied to assess decisions on vehicle technology (motor type, driving technology) and on service location by the service supplier, as well as the regulation policies by public authorities.

This article investigates the long-term historical impact of missionary activity on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. On the one hand, missionaries were among the first to invest in modern medicine in a number of countries. On the other hand, Christianity influenced sexual beliefs and behaviors. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant and Catholic missions in the early 20th century, as well as their health investments. Using a number of different empirical strategies to address selection in missionary locations and into health investments, we show that missionary presence has conflicting effects on HIV today. Regions close to historical mission stations exhibit higher HIV prevalence. This negative impact is robust to multiple specifications accounting for urbanization, and we provide evidence that it is specific to STDs. Less knowledge about condom use is a likely channel. On the contrary, among regions historically close to missionary settlements, proximity to a mission with a health investment is associated with lower HIV prevalence nowadays. Safer sexual behaviors around these missions are a possible explanatory channel.