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Summary This article analyses the differences in the use of violence related to illicit drug markets between sub-national units in the same country. The aim is to challenge the academic literature's argument that certain policy variables, such as advocacy rotation and increased political competition at sub-national level, affect the levels of violence associated with the illegal drug market, as a result of the disruption of state protection networks to these markets. Based on the literature addressing the relationship between violence and illegal markets, the cases of the Argentinian provinces of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe during the period 2007-2018 are analysed on the basis of a triangular between official statistics, journalistic articles and secondary sources. It is argued that the hypothesis put forward for other countries in the region, which links supporter rotation and increased political competition to differences in the use of violence related to the illicit drug market, is not applicable to the Argentinian case, so explanations should be sought on the basis of other variables taking into account subnational contexts. ; Resumen El presente artículo analiza las diferencias en la utilización de la violencia relacionada con los mercados ilegales de drogas entre unidades subnacionales de un mismo país. El objetivo es poner en discusión el argumento sostenido por parte de la literatura académica que postula que ciertas variables políticas, como la rotación partidaria y el incremento en la competencia política a escala subnacional, afectan los niveles de violencia asociada con el mercado ilegal de drogas, como consecuencia de la ruptura de las redes de protección estatales a dichos mercados. Partiendo de la literatura que aborda la relación entre violencia y mercados ilegales, se analizan los casos de las provincias argentinas de Buenos Aires y Santa Fe durante el período 2007-2018 con base en una triangulación entre estadísticas oficiales, artículos periodísticos y fuentes secundarias. Se sostiene que la ...

Protestant genevois, later established at the Windsor Court, Jean-André de Luc (or Deluc), had a well-known reputation as a talent physician and naturalist. One of the first to say 'Geologist' (1), its 'Geology', in its many written texts, is firmly mixed with biblicist apologists. In good faith, he fought to regain the stages of Creation according to the Genesis in the monuments of the world's past, extending the six 'days' to indeterminate, certainly long periods. His main effort was to demonstrate the very recent age of the emersion of our present continents, emersion for him and corresponding to the biblical deluge. The natural 'chronometers' which, in his view, testify to this recent age (low filling of alpine lakes, etc.) are indeed a fairly accurate estimate of the length of time that has elapsed since the removal of the alpine ice cream, which was then ignored (2). (.) ; International audience ; Protestant genevois, later established at the Windsor Court, Jean-André de Luc (or Deluc), had a well-known reputation as a talent physician and naturalist. One of the first to say 'Geologist' (1), its 'Geology', in its many written texts, is firmly mixed with biblicist apologists. In good faith, he fought to regain the stages of Creation according to the Genesis in the monuments of the world's past, extending the six 'days' to indeterminate, certainly long periods. His main effort was to demonstrate the very recent age of the emersion of our present continents, emersion for him and corresponding to the biblical deluge. The natural 'chronometers' which, in his view, testify to this recent age (low filling of alpine lakes, etc.) are indeed a fairly accurate estimate of the length of time that has elapsed since the removal of the alpine ice cream, which was then ignored (2). (.) ; Protestant genevois, plus tard établi à la cour de Windsor, Jean-André de Luc (ou Deluc) eut de son vivant une réputation notoire de physicien et naturaliste de talent. L'un des premiers à se dire Géologue (1), sa "Géologie",dans ses ...

RESUMEN. This work analyses the action for damages which the Rei-vIndicator may seek against the defendant who, in bad faith, is given by possessor of the item without being so, and which the Chilean Civil Code deals with in Article 897. It is of interest because it appears to be a case of purely mandatory protection in favour of the owner, since it has emerged from the assimilation to the action for recovery that occurred in the post-classic Roman right, and it is linked to the duty of the holder alone to indicate the holder's name and residence in order for the trial to continue against him. That configuration requires, in particular, consideration of the legislative history of the rule in the Chilean Civil Code, as well as its correspondence with other codes which have retained it, and then disregarding its factual situation and legal consequences, with particular regard to the problems which its exercise may entail as regards compatibility with other actions, limitation periods and damage for reparation. ; RESUMEN. Este trabajo analiza la acción de indemnización de perjuicios que el rei-vindicador puede intentar contra el demandado que, de mala fe, se da por poseedor de la cosa sin serlo, y que el código civil chileno trata en el artículo 897. Ella reviste interés porque viene recogida como un supuesto de protección meramente obligacional a favor del dueño, habiéndose desprendido de la asimilación a la acción reivindicatoria que se había producido en el derecho romano posclásico, y queda conectada con el deber que tiene el mero tenedor de indicar el nombre y la residencia del poseedor para que el juicio continúe contra él. Esta configuración exige considerar en particular la historia legislativa de la regla en el código civil chileno, así como su correspondencia con otros códigos que la han conservado, para después diseccionar su supuesto de hecho y consecuencias jurídicas, con especial atención a los problemas que su ejercicio puede entrañar en lo que atañe a la compatibilidad con otras acciones, la ...

The purpose of this note is to correct an error in the seminal article on secession by Buchanan and Faith (1987). In their paper, Buchanan and Faith neglected an important effect: political separation affects markets and consequently individual private incomes.

If national and international governments establish rules that private actors are required to respect, major production and finance firms have a considerable impact upstream on intergovernmental multilateralism decisions. They spread faith in the effectiveness of liberalism, propose technological or legal standards favourable to them, take advantage of oppositions between national and international public actors and apply a policy of lobbying on the ground, under the guise of scientific analysis. Indeed, intergovernmental multilateralism is dependent on states, which are heavily influenced by the private sector of oligopolistic production. ; International audience While national and international public authorities establish rules that private actors are obliged to respect, the large firms of production and finance exert considerable upstream influence on the decisions of intergovernmental multilateralism. They spread faith in the effectiveness of liberalism, they propose technological or legal standards that are favourable to them, they take advantage of opposition between national and international public actors and they apply an all-out lobbying policy under the guise of scientific analyses. In fact, intergovernmental multilateralism is dependent on states, which are strongly influenced by the private sector of oligopolistic production. ; If national and international governments establish rules that private actors are required to respect, major production and finance firms have a considerable impact upstream on intergovernmental multilateralism decisions. They spread faith in the effectiveness of liberalism, propose technological or legal standards favourable to them, take advantage of oppositions between national and international public actors and apply a policy of lobbying on the ground, under the guise of scientific analysis. Indeed, intergovernmental multilateralism is dependent on states, which are heavily influenced by the private sector of oligopolistic production. ; Si les pouvoirs publics nationaux ...

RESUMEN: The prohibition on acting against its own act is a typical scenario of infringement of good faith in proceedings, the content and limits of which have not been defined by Chilean law. This article analyses the two interpretations — one broad and the other restricted — that touch upon civil case law with regard to this duty of consistency and the way in which they affect the parties' rights of defence. The text distinguishes between a secondary application (obiter dicta) and a residual application of that duty, the latter being a judicial review of the legal arguments of the litigant in the event of abuse, deception and manifestly delaying actions. The procedural effect of breaching that duty is the inadmissibility of the inconsistent act. This effect is compatible with other specific measures, such as the payment of costs and compensation for damage caused. ; RESUMEN: La prohibición de ir contra acto propio es un escenario típico de infracción a la buena fe procesal, cuyo contenido y límites la ley chilena no ha definido. Este artículo analiza las dos interpretaciones -una amplia y otra restringida- que cobija la jurisprudencia civil respecto de este deber de coherencia y la manera en que ellas inciden en el derecho de defensa de las partes. El texto distingue entre una aplicación secundaria (obiter dicta) y una aplicación residual de este deber, siendo esta última un control judicial de la argumentación jurídica del litigante ante situaciones de abuso, engaño y actuaciones manifiestamente dilatorias. El efecto procesal de infringir este deber es la inadmisibilidad del acto incoherente. Este efecto es compatible con otras medidas específicas, como el pago de las costas y la indemnización de los daños causados.

Highly christology elements appear in Jacques's sister. Jésus-Christ's name or its attributes appear on several occasions in expressions that are not insignificant, and the text produces an image of Christ and the way of life it advocates, but does not merely explain the synthetic terms of a faith, but offers a more existential perspective. A few expressions can be interpreted as a network of particularly significant references to Christ: the 'beautiful name', the 'law of freedom', the 'original face' and the 'implanted parole'. ; International audience ; Highly christology elements appear in Jacques's sister. Jésus-Christ's name or its attributes appear on several occasions in expressions that are not insignificant, and the text produces an image of Christ and the way of life it advocates, but does not merely explain the synthetic terms of a faith, but offers a more existential perspective. A few expressions can be interpreted as a network of particularly significant references to Christ: the 'beautiful name', the 'law of freedom', the 'original face' and the 'implanted parole'. ; Des éléments de haute christologie apparaissent dans l'Épître de Jacques. Le nom de Jésus-Christ ou ses attributs y figurent à plusieurs reprises dans des expressions qui ne sont pas anodines, et le ce texte produit une image du Christ et du mode de vie qu'il préconise sans se limiter à l'explicitation des termes synthétiques d'une confession de foi, mais en proposant une perspective plus existentielle. Quelques expressions peuvent être interprétées comme un réseau de références particulièrement significatives faites à la personne du Christ : le «beau Nom », la «Loi de liberté », le «visage originel », la «Parole implantée ».

Nulle shares theo-conservative thinking as well as under the often spic feather of Richard John Neuhaus (1936-2009). This arduous and controversial spirit shifts from left-wing Christian radicalism in the 1960s to the right-wing Christian protest in the 1970s, then from the lutherian faith to the Catholic faith in the 1980s. He began his political life with the civil rights movement and moved to the grassroots struggle in the anti-war movement in Vietnam. Some twenty years later, in 1984, he became with The Naked Public Square: Religion and Democracy in America, the most incisive thinker of the new theo-conservative movement. It is he who, in the United States political debate, demands the idea that religion has been unduly and catastrophically excluded from the public sphere, not so much as a result of a liberal structural change in American public institutions, law and society, but because of the manoeuvres of the 'secularised elites' contaminated by an atheistic and 'imported' modernity, cut off from the People and undermining his will. A confusing personality, he appears marxist in his analysis of captator and monopolistic, republican and jacobin elites in his vision of a sovereign People deprived of his right of religious expression (Christian), a nationalist in his certainty of the (welfare) exception of the United States, populist and revolutionary in his (democratic) call to hunt the fossovers of God and Peuple, leading America to its loss and denying its vocation. Speaking out of authoritarianism, he considered himself deeply democratic. Embracing theocracy, he sees himself as the strongest defender of American freedoms. Her spiritual life is the driving force behind her struggle and she is also tough. ; Nulle part la pensée théo-conservatrice n'a autant mérité son nom que sous la plume souvent épique de Richard John Neuhaus (1936-2009). Cet esprit ardent et polémique, passe du radicalisme chrétien de gauche dans les années 1960, à la contestation chrétienne de droite dans les années 1970, puis de la ...

we intend here to study and analyse with the help of a lexicometric programme, Lexico 5, the two texts of the peace agreement in Colombia. Our aim is to highlight the different nominal terms that are built up and set out in our body of study and the discursive strategies built around them. The study therefore focuses on the nominal polylexical forms used in each text and on the different semantic fields that are built and graved around these shapes. The various lexicometric methods are thus used to identify the monolexical shapes or nodes that form part of the subject matter. Later on, the distributional analysis and concordance are exploited to extract the polylexical units and co-occurrences that form a fragrance context that serves to build a disitaised strategy in each text. The first phase allowed us to identify the form or node "organisations" and the second phase allowed us to study the multilexical forms "criminal organisations", "women's organisations", "faith-based organisations", among others. Comparing the two texts, we were able to identify a strategy for mitigating the controversy that I believe around the first text and the different designations used to refer to the participants in the agreement. ; Propomos aqui estudar e analisar, com a ajuda de um programa lexicométrico, os dois textos do acordo de paz na Colômbia. Nosso objetivo é destacar os diferentes sintagmas nominais que são constituídos e fixados em nosso corpus de estudo e as estratégias discursivas que são construídas em torno deles. O estudo centra-se, portanto, nas formas poliléxicas nominais utilizadas em cada texto e nos diferentes campos semânticos que são construídos e gravitam em torno dessas formas. Os diferentes métodos lexicométricos são assim utilizados para identificar as formas ou nós monolexicais que se constituem nos temas. Posteriormente, a análise distribucional e as concordâncias são exploradas para extrair as unidades polilexicais e as coocorrências que formam um contexto frástico que serve para a construção de uma ...

The principle of cooperation directs conduct in the proceedings, although it goes beyond the classic principle of good faith. It applies throughout the proceedings to the parties, to the judge and to third parties outside the proceedings, to a degree that will depend on the conflicting rights and inequalities presented by the parties. The differentiated guardianship shows the highest level of cooperation required, which is combined with the increased duties of the judge. Although its application with the current profiles has been made possible mainly by the work of the case law, it would be advisable to regulate its application in order to avoid possible excesses resulting in a breach of the rights of the defence. Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences ; El principio de cooperación dirige las conductas en el proceso, aunque excede el clásico principio de buena fe. Se aplica a lo largo de todo el proceso a las partes, al juez y a los terceros ajenos al mismo, en un grado que dependerá de los derechos en conflicto y las desigualdades que las partes presenten. En las tutelas diferenciadas se puede observar el máximo nivel de colaboración exigida, que se conjuga con el aumento de los poderes-deberes del juez. Si bien su aplicación con los perfiles actuales se ha hecho posible, principalmente, por la labor de la jurisprudencia, sería aconsejable regular su aplicación a fin de evitar eventuales excesos que terminen por violar el derecho de defensa. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

Boswell yearned for most of his life for a political career, attempting to achieve office both through his own efforts and through the patronage of others. His own political views were those of an orthodox, at times extreme, Tory. Their origins, however, were complicated and involved Boswell's own attraction to feudal lairdship in a romanticised Scottish past, as well as stresses and rivalries with his own Whig father. Moreover, his Torysm was also complicated by his sense of personal unworthiness, deepened by his doubts over succeeding his father as laird of Auchinleck. These fears in their turn were sustained by, and encouraged, his temperamental hypochondria, with its self-contempt and visions of futility. Political success would have given a measure of stability, and would have been a proof of worthiness, both for himself and for his father. As it was, his faith in land, order, male succession, political office were undermined by self-doubt, changeability, failure, fear of failure: political hypochondria.

International audience This paper focuses on a letter written by Jean de Silhon and published in the Recueil de Lettres nouvelles, 1627 (« Recueil Faret »). It suggests that in early 17th century's France, updating Christianity turns out to be an actual necessity; after the Religious wars, scholars are bound to participate in the reconfiguration of social and political order. In this regard, the emergence of a new model for literate expertise may be as significant as the opposition between religious belief and non-belief; the works of scholars around Richelieu might demonstrate active involvement in producing a new type of normativity as well as passive protection against virtual persecution. ; En étudiant une lettre de Jean de Silhon parue en 1627 dans le Recueil de Lettres nouvelles (Recueil Faret), cet article souligne la nécessité d'une « actualisation » du christianisme dans la France du premier XVIIe siècle. Il rappelle que l'ensemble des lettrés sont appelés à participer, après les guerres « de religion », à la recomposition des structures de l'ordre dans le royaume, et suggère que l'avènement d'un nouveau modèle d'expertise lettrée est peut-être aussi déterminant que les oppositions fondées sur l'alternative de la croyance et de l'athéisme. Dans cette perspective, la production des lettrés qui gravitent autour de Richelieu manifeste parfois moins une attitude de défense passive contre une persécution virtuelle, qu'une intervention active dans la production d'une nouvelle normativité sociale et politique.

Rather than evolving as a platform for renegotiation and debt discharge, as in France, English bankruptcy law emerged as a liquidation-only institution after majority arrangements among creditors were prohibited, in 1621. However, after 1705, good faith debtors could be offered a discharge, i.e. a form of limited liability. Later, private practices also developed into a little-known body of consistent, court-enforced, "quasi-bankruptcy rules" based however on voluntary adhesion. A key element was the convergence between the old, Law Merchant "composition agreement" and the English trust, to which creditors could jointly convey assets. By the 1780s, therefore, merchants were offered rigidity under the statutes or large, though voluntary negotiability in their shadow. Conversely, the French traders' courts consistently helped the merchants overcome undue defaults, i.e. market failures. But majority vote limited the capacity to restructure rights and to design arrangements that may have better preserved their collective interest over time.

if the death of literature is not a fact but a representation, there is no need to diagnose a crisis or death to try to find the conditions for a return to health or life. It is better to limit its ambition to assess the fertility of such a representation: what does it produce? What ideas do you think? What perceptions do you see? The example used (the study by Lacrimosa, the novel of Régis Jauffret) illustrates the case where this representation ceases to be productive: it is no longer a stimulus to creation but an alibi — a bad faith device. But then why do we look at failure? On the small scale where he appears, he illuminates one of the illnesses of 'our time' to speak like the bourgeois of Flaubert: the strange alliance of cynism and depression. Although it is found in a few cantons of the French literary world, more generally, according to Cornélius Castoriadis, it characterises the state of the world and culture in the West. File May 2009LHT No 6 Stéphane Chaudier and Julian Négrel Le Stabat Mater de Régis Jauffret: what kind of literature? 1 a tomb, in the past, was a praise. A beautiful monument was built to honour a beautiful work; the virtues of death grasped the lively. Today, it seems that this metaphor — "dumblers for literature" (not "literature") — is rather understood as an indictment: it is the literature that is buried and humiliated. But is it a dead or a living that is buried? Depending on the answer given to this question, the tombeau will be, or will not be, legitimate. ; International audience ; if the death of literature is not a fact but a representation, there is no need to diagnose a crisis or death to try to find the conditions for a return to health or life. It is better to limit its ambition to assess the fertility of such a representation: what does it produce? What ideas do you think? What perceptions do you see? The example used (the study by Lacrimosa, the novel of Régis Jauffret) illustrates the case where this representation ceases to be productive: it is no longer a stimulus ...

This article aims to rebuild and analyse the relationship between religion and politics in the experience of the Catholic Obrera Youth (JOC) members in White Bay, Argentina, between 1968 and 1975. In this regard, it seeks to reflect on the following questions: How did these Catholic Catholic workers live up to social action and, specifically, political militancy? To what extent was this process driven by your faith? How did their passage through Catholic groups influence their militant trajectories? And what tensions emerged from the political and religious choices made? Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences ; This article aims to reconstruct and analyze the relationship between religion and politics in the experience of the members of the Juventud Obrera Católica in Bahía Blanca (Argentina) among 1968 and 1975. In this sense, it tries to reflect upon the following questions: How do they experience their approach to social action, as well as political militancy? To what extent this process was motivated by their faith? In what way their participation in the catholic groups had influence in their militant itineraries? What kind of tensions emerged from the religious and political options? ; This article aims to rebuild and analyse the relationship between religion and politics in the experience of the Catholic Obrera Youth (JOC) members in White Bay, Argentina, between 1968 and 1975. In this regard, it seeks to reflect on the following questions: How did these Catholic Catholic workers live up to social action and, specifically, political militancy? To what extent was this process driven by your faith? How did their passage through Catholic groups influence their militant trajectories? And what tensions emerged from the political and religious choices made? Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences ; Este artículo se propone reconstruir y analizar las relaciones entre religión y política en la experiencia de los integrantes de la Juventud Obrera Católica (JOC) en Bahía Blanca (Argentina), entre 1968 y ...