Suchergebnisse

The literature has pointed out the negative aspects of political dynasties. But can political dynasties help prevent autocratic reversals? We argue that political dynasties differ according to their ideological origin and that those whose founder was a defender of democratic ideals, for simplicity labelled "pro-democratic dynasties", show stronger support for democracy. We analyze the vote by the French parliament on July 10, 1940 of an enabling act that granted full power to Marshall Philippe Pétain, thereby ending the Third French Republic and aligning France with Nazi Germany. Using data collected from the biographies of parliamentarians and information on their voting behavior, we find that members of a pro-democratic dynasty were 9.6 to 15.1 percentage points more likely to oppose the act than other parliamentarians. We report evidence that socialization inside and outside parliament shaped the vote of parliamentarians. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/inPress

International audience ; The aim of this article is to propose an articulation between the so-called French discourse analysis and the notions of intersectionality and decoloniality that are currently at work in the human and social sciences in France. It describes the conditions of an alternative epistemology capable of decentring knowledge and intellectual technologies of the discipline, and suggests ways of reworking its theoretical apparatus in order to take into account in linguistic analysis the conditions of existence of subjects and their journeys from one world to another within a pluriverse framework. We first define the chosen version of intersectionality and the decolonial perspective, showing what they can bring to discourse analysis as an enriching and emancipating perspective. We then specify the contours of an alternative epistemology, on the level of knowledge and methods, by insisting on the questions of the points of view and experiences of the subjects, and on the scientific as well as political choice of references and quotations. Finally, we propose the notion of coloniality of discourse, which allows us to rework in an intersectional decolonial dimension the questions of denomination and subjectivity. ; L'objectif de cet article est de proposer une articulation entre l'analyse du discours dite française et les notions d'intersectionnalité et de décolonialité qui travaillent actuellement les sciences humaines et sociales en France. Il décrit les conditions d'une épistémologie alternative apte à décentrer les savoirs et les technologies intellectuelles de la discipline, et suggère des manières de retravailler son appareillage théorique pour prendre en compte dans l'analyse linguistique les conditions d'existence des sujets et leurs voyages d'un monde à l'autre dans le cadre d'un plurivers. On définit d'abord la version de l'intersectionnalité choisie et la perspective décoloniale, en montrant ce qu'elles peuvent apporter à l'analyse du discours comme perspective enrichissante et émancipatrice. On précise ensuite les contours d'une épistémologie alternative, sur le plan des savoirs et des méthodes, en insistant sur les questions des points de vue et des expériences des sujets, et sur le choix tant scientifique que politique des références et des citations. On propose enfin la notion de colonialité du discours, qui permet de retravailler dans une dimension intersectionnelle décoloniale les questions de la dénomination et de la subjectivité.

WappenbriefWappenbrief: Kaiser Friedrich III. verleiht Peter Liebhart ein Wappen. KaiserFriedrich [III.] verleiht und gibt erneut (verleihen und geben . von newͦem) mit wohlbedachtem Mut, gutem Rat und rechtem Wissen dem Peter Liebhart (Peter Liephart) sowie alle ehelichen Erben für die Ehrbarkeit, Redlichkeit, guten Sitten, Tugend und Vernunft, für die der Empfänger bekannt ist, sowie für die vergangenen und künftigen treuen Dienste an Kaiser und Reich ein Wappen (wappen und cleinet), wie es in der Mitte der Urkunde farbig eingemalt ist (in der mitte diss gegenwurttigen unnsers keiserlichen briefs gemalt und mit farben eigentlicher ausgestrichen), nämlich in rot und golden geteiltem Schild im Schildfuß ein blauer Dreiberg, daraus hervorbrechend der Oberkörper eines aufgerichteten Leoparden mit ausgestreckten Vorderbeinen; im Oberwappen ein silberner Stechhelm mit rot-goldenen Helmdecken, darauf zwei Büffelhörner, das rechte rot und golden, das linke golden und rot geteilt, dazwischen ein blauer Dreiberg, daraus hervorbrechend der Oberkörper eines aufgerichteten Leoparden wie im Wappen (einen schilde, in der mitte uͤber zwuͤrch geteilt, das unnder teil gelb und das ober teil rot, und in grunde des schildes ein dreyegketer plaber perg, darauf ein liephart seiner natuͤrlichen farben on das hinderteil, mit seinen vordern aufgeworffen uͤbereinannder geschrennckten fuͤssen, und auf dem schilde ein helme, getziert mit einer roten und gelben helmdecken und zweyen puͤffenhoͤrnern, in der mitte uͤber zwuͤrich geteilt, das zu der rechten seitten das unnder teil rot und das ober gelb und das zuͦ der lincken seitten das unnderteil gelb und das ober rot, und zwischen denselben zweyen puͤffenhoͤrnern auch ein dreyekgetter perg mit einem liephart von figuren und farben als im schilde). Er bestimmt (meinen, setzen und wellen), dass der Begünstigte und alle Erben das Wappen fortan in allen ehrlichen und redlichen Angelegenheiten und Geschäften (sachen und gescheften)zu schimpf und zu ernst, außerdem im Krieg, in Kämpfen, Lanzenstechen, auf Bannern, Zelten, Aufschlägen, in Siegeln, Petschaften, Kleinodien und bei Begräbnissen (in streitten, kempfen, gestechen, panieren, getzellten, aufslahen, innsigelen, pettschatten, cleineten und begrebnuͤssen) und auch sonst überall (on allen ennden) nach ihren Bedürfnissen und Wünschen (notduͤrften und wolgevallen) führen dürfen, wie es andere seine und des Heiligen Römischen Reichs Wappengenossen durch Recht oder Gewohnheit (von recht oder gewonheit) ungehindert tun. Er gebietet allen geistlichen und weltlichen Fürsten, Grafen, Freien, Herren, Rittern, Kenchten, Hauptleuten, Vizedomen, Vögten, Pflegern, Verwesern, Schultheißen, Bürgermeistern, Richtern, Räten, Amtleuten, Wappenkönigen, Herolden, Persevanten, Bürgern und Gemeinden sowie sonst allen seinen und des Heiligen Römischen Reichs Untertanen und Getreuen aller Stände (in was wirden, stattes oder wesens die sein) unter Androhung schwerer Ungnade sowie einer Strafe von zwanzig Mark lötigen Goldes, die je zur Hälfte an die Reichskammer und den Betroffenen zu zahlen ist, den Begünstigten und dessen Erben nicht in der Führung und im Gebrauch des Wappens zu behindern. Die Urkunde beschadet nicht die ältere Führung identischer Wappen durch andere.Daniel Maier

Each agency submits to the Executive Budget Office a budget plan with a combination of forms which can include a summary of agency's requests or budget plans.

Introducción: La desinformación se ha convertido en un problema clave para las sociedades democráticas contemporáneas. Para contrarrestar esta amenaza, las autoridades públicas de numerosos países han puesto en marcha diversas iniciativas legales, tecnológicas y educativas. Este artículo aporta una revisión bibliográfica y de textos legales, que evidencia la importancia creciente otorgada por la Unión Europea a la alfabetización mediática. Metodología: Mediante revisión documental, se examinan informes y textos legales europeos y de países de la UE, con el fin de evaluar el grado de relevancia que se asigna a la alfabetización mediática para luchar contra la desinformación. Resultados: El análisis comprueba una presencia recurrente de la alfabetización mediática como una de las medidas necesarias para combatir la desinformación en el territorio europeo. Discusión y conclusiones: Más allá de simples soluciones tecnológicas y legales para combatir la desinformación, se comprueba que la Unión Europea apuesta por co-responsabilizar a la ciudadanía, mediante políticas de promoción de la alfabetización mediática. Se consolida, en definitiva, un modelo de lucha contra la desinformación basado en un conjunto de soluciones multinivel. ; Introduction: Disinformation has become a key problem for contemporary democratic societies. To tackle this threat, public authorities in many countries have launched various legal, technological and educational initiatives. This article provides a literature and legislative review, which shows the growing importance given by the European Union to media literacy. Methodology: European and EU country reports and legal texts are examined, in order to assess the degree of relevance assigned to media literacy to tackle misinformation. Results: The analysis confirms a widespread presence of media literacy as one of the necessary measures to combat disinformation in the European territory. Discussion and Conclusions: Beyond mere technological and legal solutions to tackle disinformation, this article finds that the European Union is committed to making citizens co-responsible, through policies to promote media literacy. In short, a model for acting against disinformation based on a set of multilevel solutions is consolidated.

This paper aims to investigate the concept, context and socio-economic consequences of fiscal competition in the integrated economic space of EMU in completion, to pinpoint the positive and negative factors at work via a case study of the Benelux countries – both founder members of the EU and pioneers of EMU – and to examine the impact on European and international regulations in the field. In particular, it will endeavour to provide a comprehensive interpretation of fiscal policy in the Benelux countries via a comparative approach and from a historical perspective. It will look at the development of respective domestic fiscal policies, driven by national interests and by membership of a Community that is subject to requirements in terms of harmonisation and taxation, but also by constant contact (and frequent clashes) with the multilateral international environment.

International audience ; The aim of this article is to propose an articulation between the so-called French discourse analysis and the notions of intersectionality and decoloniality that are currently at work in the human and social sciences in France. It describes the conditions of an alternative epistemology capable of decentring knowledge and intellectual technologies of the discipline, and suggests ways of reworking its theoretical apparatus in order to take into account in linguistic analysis the conditions of existence of subjects and their journeys from one world to another within a pluriverse framework. We first define the chosen version of intersectionality and the decolonial perspective, showing what they can bring to discourse analysis as an enriching and emancipating perspective. We then specify the contours of an alternative epistemology, on the level of knowledge and methods, by insisting on the questions of the points of view and experiences of the subjects, and on the scientific as well as political choice of references and quotations. Finally, we propose the notion of coloniality of discourse, which allows us to rework in an intersectional decolonial dimension the questions of denomination and subjectivity. ; L'objectif de cet article est de proposer une articulation entre l'analyse du discours dite française et les notions d'intersectionnalité et de décolonialité qui travaillent actuellement les sciences humaines et sociales en France. Il décrit les conditions d'une épistémologie alternative apte à décentrer les savoirs et les technologies intellectuelles de la discipline, et suggère des manières de retravailler son appareillage théorique pour prendre en compte dans l'analyse linguistique les conditions d'existence des sujets et leurs voyages d'un monde à l'autre dans le cadre d'un plurivers. On définit d'abord la version de l'intersectionnalité choisie et la perspective décoloniale, en montrant ce qu'elles peuvent apporter à l'analyse du discours comme perspective enrichissante et ...

Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin responsible for the contamination of many agricultural products, like wheat, barley, corn, rice and their products, as also other foodstuffs and feedstuffs used in human and animal nutrition. It is essentially produced by Penicillium citrinum, although it can also be biosynthesised from Penicillium expansum and Penicillium verrucosum and some species of Aspergillus and Monascus. However, several studies have shown that CIT is known for its genotoxic, hepatotoxic, fetotoxic and teratogenic properties. The aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence of CIT in wheat grain cultivated in Kosovo and Albania. Given the fact that wheat flour is the most consumed product in Kosovo and Albania, it is necessary to analyse the CIT in wheat in these two countries. In total, 60 wheat samples were tested from Fusha e Kosovës (Kosovo), Myzeqeja (Albania) and Fusha e Maliqit (Albania), as places with the highest wheat production. The enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to determine CIT concentrations. To identify moulds representing potential producers of CIT, traditional macroscopic and microscopic methods and the molecular PCR method of identification were implemented. CIT was detected in 96.6% and 86.6% of wheat grain samples collected in Kosovo and Albania, respectively. The maximum amount of CIT detected in wheat grain was 53.12 μg/ kg in Kosovo, and 45.74 μg/kg in Albania. The amount of CIT found in wheat grain is not comparable with the maximal limits (MLs), as the European legislation does not provide limits for this mycotoxin. However, since there is generally a lack of data about CIT in cereals in Kosovo and Albania, the results can serve as an indicator of wheat grain contamination in this part of the Balkan Peninsula. ; itrinin (CIT) predstavlja mikotoksin za koji je utvrđeno da je odgovoran za kontaminaciju mnogih poljoprivrednih proizvoda poput: pšenice, ječma, kukuruza, riže i njihovih proizvoda, kao i drugih namirnica i hrane za životinje, osim onih na ...

This literature review examines the potential of collaborative art making as a tool to foster a sense of belonging in today's gender and sexual minority youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ). Living with a unique layer of minority stress, LGBTQ youth are at high risk for developing mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation due to ostracization and rejection from their families and communities. By reviewing the implementation of collaborative art making to bring together other marginalized groups across cultural backgrounds as well as the use of art making with LGBTQ youth for purposes such as political activism, community outreach and self advocacy, it is concluded that collaborative art making could be a useful method to combat thwarted belongingness and diminish resulting mental health issues. The author is a queer white millenial woman living in north eastern United States of America.

The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) is a vertebrate pest of agricultural lands and forest. The study was aimed to report the damage to local crops by the Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in the Muzaffarabad District. A survey was conducted to identify the porcupine-affected areas and assess the crop damage to the local farmers in district Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) from May 2017 to October 2017. Around 19 villages were surveyed, and a sum of 191 semi-structured questionnaires was distributed among farmers. Crop damage was found highest in village Dhanni where a porcupine destroyed 175 Kg/Kanal of the crops. Regarding the total magnitude of crop loss, village Danna and Koomi kot were the most affected areas. More than half (51.8%) of the respondents in the study area suffered the economic loss within the range of 101-200$, and (29.8%) of the people suffered losses in the range of 201-300$ annually. Among all crops, maize (Zea mays) was found to be the most damaged crop ranging between 1-300 Kg annually. In the study area, porcupine also inflicted a lot of damages to some important vegetables, including spinach (Spinacia oleracea), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and onion (Allium cepa). It was estimated that, on average, 511Kg of vegetables are destroyed by porcupine every year in the agricultural land of Muzaffarabad. It was concluded that the Indian crested porcupine has a devastating effect on agriculture which is an important source of income and food for the local community. Developing an effective pest control strategy with the help of the local government and the Wildlife department could help the farmers to overcome this problem.

The article discloses the foundations of the stock market development and understanding the essence of the stock market infrastructure based on the study of existing approaches to state regulation of the provision of financial services, in particular in the stock market. A key component of the stock market infrastructure is the implementation of exchange trading in securities, which is determined by the volume and number of securities on stock exchanges. The analysis of the conditions for the development and growth of the total volume of exchange trading in securities in the framework of the analysis of the dynamics of trading on the stock market of Ukraine in 2014–2020, which is determined by the desire to increase the capitalization of market participants. The conditions for the development of the stock market infrastructure and measures of government influence on the participants in financial relations, which will include sufficient institutional, organizational, technical, financial support for their interaction in the market, are indicated. It is noted that the key in the development of the stock market is the mechanism of state regulation and self-regulation. The directions of state regulation in the development of the stock market have been determined, which implies the implementation of measures to improve the activity of capital markets in order to attract additional investmentresources to the country's economy and reduce the barriers to access to the stock market. In this context, government regulation should help to strengthen the institutional foundations of the stock market with the improvement of the processes of issuing government debt securities, as one of the most effective tools for attracting monetary resources to the country's economy at the present stage. However, this can be achieved by developing a comprehensive strategy for managing government debt securities and studying the possibility of their targeted use for those industries or projectsthat ensure economic development and create prerequisites for expandedreproduction. ; В статье раскрыты основы развития фондового рынка и понимание сущности инфраструктура фондового рынка на основе исследования существующих подходов к государственному регулированию деятельности по предоставлению финансовых услуг, в частности на фондовом рынке. Ключевой составляющей инфраструктуры фондового рынка выступает осуществление биржевой торговли ценными бумагами, что определяется объемом и количеством ценных бумаг на фондовых биржах. Проведен анализ условий развития и роста объема биржевой торговли ценными бумагами в рамках анализа динамики торгов на фондовом рынке Украины в 2014–2020 годах, что определяется стремлением к увеличению капитализации участников рынка. Указаны условия развития инфраструктуры фондового рынка и меры воздействия со стороны государства на участников финансовых отношений, которые будут включать достаточное институциональное, организационное, техническое, финансовое обеспечение для их взаимодействия на рынке.Отмечено, что ключевым в развитии фондового рынка выступает механизм государственного регулирования и саморегулирования. Определены направления государственного регулирования в развитии фондового рынка, что предполагает реализацию мероприятий по совершенствованию деятельности рынков капитала с целью привлечения дополнительных инвестиционных ресурсов в экономику страны и уменьшения барьеры доступа к фондовому рынку. В данном контексте государственное регулирование должно способствовать укреплению институциональных основ фондового рынка с совершенствованием процессов эмиссии государственных долговых ценных бумаг, как одного из самых эффективных инструментов привлечения денежных ресурсов в экономику страны на современном этапе. Однако достичь указанного возможно путем разработки комплексной стратегии управления государственными долговыми ценными бумагами и изучение возможности их целевого использования на те отрасли или проекты, обеспечивающие экономическое развитие и создающие предпосылки для расширенного воспроизводства. ; У статті розкриті засади розвитку фондового ринку та розуміння сутності інфраструктура фондового ринку на основі дослідження існуючих підходів до державне регулювання діяльності з надання фінансових послуг, зокрема на фондовому ринку. Зазначено умови розвитку інфраструктура фондового ринку та заходи впливу з боку держави на учасників фінансових відносин, що буде включати достатнє інституціональне, організаційне, технічне, фінансове забезпечення для їх взаємодії на ринку. Зазначено, що ключовим у розвитку фондового ринку виступає механізм державного регулювання та саморегулювання.Визначено напрями державного регулювання у розвитку фондового ринку, що передбачає реалізація заходів щодо удосконалення діяльності інфраструктури ринків капіталу з метою залучення додаткових інвестиційних ресурсів в економіку країни та зменшити бар'єри доступу до фондового ринку.

Social inequalities fuel a debate about the meaning of political equality. Formal procedural equality is criticised for reproducing discriminatory outcomes against disadvantaged groups but affirmative action, particularly in the form of group quotas, is also contested. When opposing conceptions of substantive equality support divergent views about which procedural rule genuinely respects political equality, democracies cannot identify a standard or rule of procedural fairness to be widely accepted as fair. This dispute over procedural fairness can carry on indefinitely and could challenge democracy's legitimacy claim. I argue that democracies can renew their legitimacy claim by embracing this debate and by accommodating it through constitutional deliberation that must be as impartial and meaningful as possible. Impartiality ideally requires the presence of every citizen in this process because each of them has a unique and evolving experience of inequality. Meaningful deliberation is about offering periodic opportunities for constitutional reform, allowing for continuous feedback, reflection, and learning.

Un elemento clave en el proceso de conformación de una sociedad letrada es la constitución de oficiales capaces de conferir fe pública a los documentos que escriben. En los reinos de León y Castilla, el momento canónico de ese proceso es la definición del notariado público en la obra legislativa de Alfonso X. Este artículo explora las raíces del fenómeno en las décadas anteriores, mediante el análisis del caso de los escribanos del concejo de Ribadavia, en Galicia. En una próspera comunidad urbana, durante la primera mitad del siglo XIII varios escribanos sucesivos se identifican progresivamente como escribanos al servicio de la comunidad concejil, a veces calificados como jurados y públicos. El estudio de la génesis documental permite constatar también la existencia de registros, y por tanto la descomposición del trabajo de escritura de documentos en la serie de etapas que son características de la configuración del instrumentum publicum. Su análisis diplomático evidencia igualmente la introducción progresiva de las cláusulas del derecho notarial, recibidas posiblemente a través de algunas instituciones eclesiásticas del entorno. ; Trabajo realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación Notariado y construcción social de la realidad. Hacia una codificación del documento notarial (siglos XII-XVII), ref. PGC2018-093495-B-I00, financiado por FEDER / Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación.

What factors might explain the cross-country variations in COVID-19 public performances and what lessons can be drawn to be better-prepared for future pandemics? This study focuses on the effects of policy stringency on COVID-19 public health outcomes to gain insights into national-level state responses to COVID-19 and the conditions for their effectiveness. Using data from 136 countries comprising 91.4% of the global population, we find that more stringent policies lead to lower infection and death rates. More importantly, the negative effects of restrictive policies on infection and death rates are moderated by political trust and democracy levels, possibly through the mechanism of popular compliance with government policies. Under conditions of higher political trust and lower democracy levels, the policy effects on infection and death rates are greater. However, while the results suggest the importance of policy stringency and political trust, we should not draw the conclusion that authoritarian political systems are more conducive to policy effectiveness. When comparing the moderating effects of political trust and democracy, political trust is more important as a facilitating factor. Therefore, in addition to making scientifically-supported policies, fostering political trust should be an important goal for governments to be better prepared for future pandemics.

Each agency submits to the Executive Budget Office a budget plan with a combination of forms which can include a summary of agency's requests or budget plans.