Suchergebnisse

Auch die neuerdings viel diskutierte "politische Lösung" der Schuldenkrise ist keine Patentlösung, sondern ein langer, mühsamer Prozeß. Die Schuldnerländer haben erhebliche eigene Anstrengungen zur Sanierung ihrer Staatshaushalte als Bedingung für erneute Kreditwürdigkeit zu erbringen. Wichtig ist aber auch der Beitrag der Industriestaaten, deren hohes Realzinsniveau die Schuldnerländer unmittelbar belastet, während ihre protektionistische Handelspolitik die Zunahme der für den Schuldendienst notwendigen Exporterlöse behindert. Es muß aber auch ein weiterer kontinuierlicher Kapitalfluß in die Schuldnerländer seitens öffentlicher, bi- und multilateraler Kreditinstitutionen sowie der privaten Geschäftsbanken aufrechterhalten werden. (SWP-Spb)

"Dieses Essay zieht Lehren aus dem Vergleich der öffentlichen und privaten Bildungsfinanzierung in 28 OECD-Staaten. Es erörtert insbesondere Lehren für die Theorie und die Methodologie der vergleichenden Staatstätigkeitsforschung, benennt die wichtigsten Bestimmungsfaktoren der Variation der Bildungsausgaben im internationalen Vergleich, wendet das Erklärungsmodell auf die Bundesrepublik Deutschland an, leitet aus ihm eine Prognose der zukünftigen Entwicklung der Bildungsausgaben ab und verortet die Verantwortung für die Malaise der Bildungsfinanzen in Deutschland bei den hauptzuständigen Ländern, aber auch beim Bund." (Autorenreferat)

In this analytical essay, we advance a simple but powerful claim: scholars can better understand outcomes of international organizations (IOs) by developing theories that explicitly make assumptions about legislative process. Because process assumptions powerfully explain domestic legislative outcomes and many international assemblies demonstrate similarities to domestic legislatures, scholars could usefully employ legislative-process-centric approaches when theorizing about outcomes in world politics. Following an explication of why scholars might focus on legislative procedure, we describe several legislative procedures and highlight variance across those procedures within several well-known IOs. We also suggest that this variance and the shadow of power politics cast over IOs provides fertile ground for comparative legislative scholars—including scholars of the U.S. Congress—to develop and test new theories of legislative procedure.

In this analytical essay, we advance a simple but powerful claim: scholars can better understand outcomes of international organizations (IOs) by developing theories that explicitly make assumptions about legislative process. Because process assumptions powerfully explain domestic legislative outcomes and many international assemblies demonstrate similarities to domestic legislatures, scholars could usefully employ legislative-process-centric approaches when theorizing about outcomes in world politics. Following an explication of why scholars might focus on legislative procedure, we describe several legislative procedures and highlight variance across those procedures within several well-known IOs. We also suggest that this variance and the shadow of power politics cast over IOs provides fertile ground for comparative legislative scholars—including scholars of the U.S. Congress—to develop and test new theories of legislative procedure.

Summary
Since the beginning of 2021, 60 new emergencies have been declared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 39 different countries. Conflict, violence and persecution, which at times intersect with disasters and the effects of climate change, have contributed to record numbers of forcibly displaced persons. In often insecure conditions, and despite the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, UNHCR and partners were able to "stay and deliver" and to support States in providing protection and assistance to refugees, asylum-seekers, returnees, the internally displaced and stateless persons across the world.
UNHCR strives to promote respect for the rights of these populations on a non-discriminatory basis. This includes the fundamental right to seek and enjoy asylum, adequate standards of treatment and the fulfilment of certain safeguards, as reflected in relevant legal instruments. However, access to rights is hindered for many and exacerbated by factors such as a lack of fair and effective asylum or statelessness determination procedures, the unavailability of legal information, advice and representation, and denial of access to services.
This note outlines the challenges involved and the strategies employed by governments, UNHCR and partners to realize access to rights. It underscores the importance of solutions to displacement and highlights the opportunities created by the Global Compact on Refugees, with its emphasis on international cooperation, burden- and responsibility-sharing, and multi-stakeholder engagement.

The seventeenth plenary meeting of the International Cotton Advisory Committee was held in London June 2–8, 1958. Following discussion of a document on recent developments in the world cotton situation prepared by the standing committee and the secretariat's annual review of the world cotton situation, the meeting made the following statements. The world production of cotton during 1955–56 was an all-time record of 42.7 million bales; the production during 1956–57 was reduced to 41.3 million bales. Although there was an increase in production outside the United States in 1957–58, the reduction of about 2 million bales in the United States brought world production down to 39.3 million bales. The consumption of cotton exceeded production by about 1 million bales during 1956–57 and the current year's estimates pointed to a further disappearance of about 2 million bales in excess of current production. Delegates discussed cotton production in the United States, noting the drastic decline in production due to a reduction of acreage and, to a smaller extent, unfavorable growing conditions, the responsible and careful manner of surplus stock disposal, and the advantages which would follow from a lowering of the domestic cotton price. During the discussion reference was also made, inter alia, to the undesirable effects of dual pricing systems, export subsidies, and special currency arrangements.

Advisory OpinionsInterpretation of the Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania: Early in May the Secretary-General (Lie) advised the International Court of Justice that neither Bulgaria, Hungary or Rumania had designated its representatives to the commissions provided in the treaties before the deadline of within thirty days from March 30. Therefore the United Kingdom and United States deposited their written statements within the time limit of June 5 for the second phase of the case.1 The two questions under consideration were: 1) "If one party fails to appoint a representative to a Treaty Commission under the Treaties of Peace with Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania where that party is obligated to appoint a representative to the Treaty Commission, is the Secretary-General of the United Nations authorized to appoint the third member of the Commission upon the request of the other party to a dispute according to the provisions of the respective Treaties?" In the event of an affirmative reply to that question: 2) "Would a Treaty Commission composed of a representative of one party and a third member appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations constitute a Commission, within the meaning of the relevant Treaty articles, competent to make a definitive binding decision in settlement of a dispute?"

The twentieth annual report of the Bank for International Settlements, which reviewed the period from April 1, 1949, to March 30, 1950, noted that "despite much political anxiety, economic recovery has in general been achieved on a more substantial scale than seemed possible after the convulsions and destruction brought about by the second world war." World production levels stood 35 percent above pre-war, with the peak increase of 70 percent occurring in the United States. Given this increased production, however, the Bank pointed out that the increase in the total national income had not kept pace with the increase in population. Industrial production had risen more than the output in agriculture and other fields. Yet reconstruction needs and increased military expenditures resulting from the uncertain political situation prevented the full benefit of the increased production to be realized. Patterns of trade had also been disarranged as, for example, between eastern and western Europe; and disturbing influences and other forms of disorganization created by the war still affected the monetary system. In addition to considering the significance of mounting production, the report dealt also with 1) the return to a balanced system as between national receipts and expenditures; 2) the approach to more normal price relationships; 3) foreign trade in 1949; 4) the effects of the 1949 devaluation cycle; and 5) intra-European payments and compensation.

This winter the Council for Christian Social Action of the United Church of Christ opened an office for international development in Washington, D. C.—thc first such function to be sponsored by a Protestant denomination. The new office, established for the purpose of interpreting international development issues to the churches and educating them about the problems involved, will strive for further engagement of the churches in international development projects on three continents. The move reflects a growing trend among religious groups in this country to relate their commitments io organized efforts in international affairs and to take independent concrete actions, where necessary, in the interests of social justice.