Search results

Zu den besonderen Herausforderungen der Zeit nach dem Ende des Kalten Krieges gehören die grenzüberschreitende organisierte Kriminalität, die sich der einzelstaatlichen Kontrolle weithin entzieht. Entscheidend für das Gelingen solcher Aktivitäten ist das Verwischen der kriminellen Spuren, wie sie insbesondere mittels "Geldwäsche", d.h. einer scheinbaren Legalisierung der erwirtschafteten Beträge, erfolgt. (Aussenpolitik/DGAP)

The 40th session of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) consisted of twelve meetings held on April 27 and May 24 and between June 6 and 22, 1960. The Council examined the secretariat's draft of the preliminary study on supersonic aircraft and decided that the study should be issued on the responsibility of the ICAO Secretary-General, with suggestions made by representatives to the Council to be taken into account. The Council considered the reports of a working group on an investigation of major deficiencies in air navigation facilities and services on the main international air routes through Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Southeast Europe and the Middle East, and the Caribbean and south America. As recommended by the group, it approved for further investigation the following problems: 1) the lack of adequate flight testing of radio-navigation aids in all these areas; 2) the shortage of trained personnel in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey, and 3) the lack of proper transmitting and receiving facilities in Burma. The Council further decided that the machinery for promoting the implementation of regional plans should take the form of a standing group with a permanent membership of five—the President of the Council (chairman), the President of the Air Navigation Commission, and the chairmen of the Air Transport, Joint Support, and Finance Committees—and a floating membership to be selected on anad hocbasis by the President of the Council to act when needed after secretariat efforts had failed in the implementation of regional plans.

Following the judgments of the International Court of Justice on November 20, 1950 and November 27, 1950 (the request for an interpretation of the judgment), the government of Colombia filed a new claim requesting the Court to adjudge and declare the manner in which effect should be given to the judgment of November 20, and in particular whether Colombia was bound to deliver to the government of Peru Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre. As an alternative claim Colombia requested that the Court declare whether in accordance with the law in force between the parties and particularly American international law Colombia was or was not bound to deliver the refugee to the government of Peru. In a letter the Colombian agent informed the Court that his government relied on the Convention on Asylum signed at Havana on February 29, 1928; under Article 63 of the Statute of the Court, the government of Cuba as a signatory to that convention submitted a declaration of intervention which contained Cuba's views on the construction of the Convention of Havana of 1928 as well as its general attitude on asylum. A public hearing was held by the Court on May 15 to determine the admissibility of the Cuban intervention to which the government of Peru had objected on the ground that the Court had given a judgment on the construction of the Havana Convention of 1928, and that it was an attempt by a third state to appeal against the judgment of November 20.

The International Court of Justice handed down its decision in the Colombian-Peruvian asylum case on November 20, 1950. The application had been submitted by Colombia to the Court under article 7 of the Protocol of Friendship and Cooperation between Colombia and Peru, Articles 40 and 36, paragraph 1 of the Statute, and article 32 of the rules of procedure. Colombia submitted two questions for the Court's adjudication: 1) within the limits of the obligations resulting from the Bolivarian Agreement on Extradition of 1911 and the Havana Convention of 1938 in particular, and general American international law, was Colombia competent to qualify unilaterally and definitively the nature of the offense for which diplomatic asylum had been granted, and 2) was Peru, the territorial state, obliged to grant a safe-conduct to Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, the refugee who had been granted asylum in the Colombian embassy in Lima. The pertinent facts of the case were: 1) on October 3, 1948 there had been a military rebellion in Peru which had been put down immediately; 2) on October 4, 1948 the Peruvian government charged the American People's Revolutionary Alliance, a political party of which Haya de la Torre was the leader, with attempted rebellion and stated that its leaders would be brought to justice; 3) on October 27, 1948 there was a coup d'etat in Peru and a subsequent decree which prescribed summary procedure in cases of rebellion; and 4) on January 3, 1949 Haya de la Torre sought and was granted asylum in the Colombian embassy.

In June 1949, the International Tin Study Group appointed a working party to 1) prepare a statement on the position and prospects of the tin industry for the guidance of a proposed United Nations conference in determining whether, under Article 62 of the International Trade Organization's charter, a commodity control agreement on tin might be desirable; and 2) to prepare the draft of such an agreement. The working party met at The Hague in October and November 1949 for these purposes and submitted both the completed statement and the draft convention to the Study Group which subsequently met in its fifth meeting in Paris from March 20 to 29, 1950. At this meeting, attended by representatives of all fifteen members of the group, the draft agreement was considered, modified, and amended; the final draft text was completed on March 29. The agreement, as approved, set forth its objectives as follows: 1) to prevent or alleviate widespread difficulties arising from an inability of adjustment between tin production and consumption; 2) to prevent excessive fluctuations in the price of tin; 3) to ensure the availability of supplies of tin adequate at all times to satisfy world demand at reasonable prices; 4) to provide the framework for the consideration and development of measures to effect economic adjustments designed to promote the expansion of tin consumption and the development of secondary industries based upon domestic production of primary commodities; and 5) to maintain and develop natural tin resources. Any government accepting the agreement as either a producing country

"Die Terroranschläge des 11. September 2001 haben deutlich gemacht, dass extreme Globalisierungsgegner bis dahin unbekannte Gewaltakte anwenden, um gegen die ökonomischen Vorteile der Globalisierung vorzugehen. Der Terror selbst wie auch der Kampf gegen den Terror haben ökonomische Auswirkungen, die hier näher untersucht werden. Außerdem stellt sich in diesem Zusammenhang die Frage, welche ökonomischen Eigenschaften die Folgen des neuen globalen Terrorismus haben. Die indirekten Schäden der Anschläge sind unerwartet groß und betreffen ganz unterschiedliche Übertragungsmechanismen und Sektoren. Dies gilt für die Binnenwirtschaft ebenso wie für den internationalen Handel." (Autorenreferat)

AbstractThe author critically analyses in this article the status of incitement in international criminal law. After a discussion of the relevant judgments by the Nuremberg Tribunal and related courts, including German de-Nazification courts, the travaux préparatoires of the Genocide Convention and the case-law of the International Criminal Tribunals, the international approach is criticized, particularly its practice of regarding only direct and public incitement to genocide as inchoate, whilst instigation generally is treated as not inchoate. The author recommends the adoption of an approach modelled on German and Swiss domestic law and argues that instigation per se should also be regarded as an inchoate crime.

This is a significant contribution to the worldwide discussion of political self-determination as a source of socio-cultural and political hope, conflict and confusion. Inspired by Martin Ennals, long the quietly visionary Director-General of Amnesty International, the book consists of cases and penetratingly definitive analyses, culminating in trenchant recommendations for action by world bodies. With self-determination intensely at issue so widely, from the former Yugoslavia to Kashmir to Quebec, this distinguished book by a global group of experts is particularly timely

The fourteenth plenary meeting of the International Cotton Advisory Committee was held in Paris, France from June 20 through 25, 1955 under the chairmanship of Mr. Edouard J. Senn (France). Delegates from 30 member countries and observers from 18 countries and from 5 international organizations attended the meeting. Portugal announced its accession to the Committee effective July 1, 1955, bringing the total membership to 32 governments. The Committee heard reports from its officers, and a review of the world cotton situation and statements on the cotton situation in the various countries. Fifteen resolutions were adopted at the meeting, of which the first six related to the finances and organization of the Committee. In the other resolutions adopted the Commission inter alia: 1) provided for the continued publication of the Monthly Review and the Quarterly Statistical Bulletin, and authorized the Secretariat to publish a base book of cotton statistics as one issue of the Quarterly Statistical Bulletin; 2) stressed the importance of the statistics requested by it from member governments and asked members to review the availability of statistical information in their countries and to take steps to meet any deficiencies; 3) requested that, in addition to statistics already sent it by member governments on production, exports, imports, and prices of rayon and other synthetic fibers, there be added statistics on consumption, and in compiling such statistics, the Committee requested the Secretariat to make use of those already collected by other organizations;4) emphasized the importance of harsh short staple cotton to consuming countries, and requested that the attention of countries exporting this cotton be drawn to the desirability of increasing export availability and production wherever possible; 5) stressed the growing importance of laboratory testing of the fiber properties of commercial cottons, and requested the Secretariat to continue to maintain contacts with other organizations interested in fiber testing, while the standing committee was requested to consider what action, if any, the International Cotton Advisory Committee might appropriately take in this field; 6) requested the standing committee to examine the policies of governments in regard to the consumption of cotton and of competing fibers, and to submit a report on the matter to the fifteenth plenary meeting; and 7) paid tribute to Dr. Arthur W. Palmer, former General Secretary of the Committee and to Dr. Paolo N. Rogers, former vice- chairman of the Committee.

Erich Kaufer: Die Bedeutung internationaler Kurierdienste im internationalen Handel. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1985, 68 Seiten, 34 DM

International lawyers have traditionally been interested in public power, i.e. ability to influence substantive outcomes across national borders through state coercion or threat thereof. They have been (and continue to be) engaged in debates about ways in which that type of power can be limited or, at the very least, made accountable. More recently international lawyers have also developed an interest in private power, i.e. ability to influence substantive outcomes across national borders without the use of state coercion or threat thereof. This paper explains how accountability for exercise of private power is achieved using the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) as an example. ISDA's accountability consists of a combination of procedural Global Administrative Law-like standards applicable to ISDA itself as well as legislative, regulatory and judicial recognition of the market conventions developed by ISDA. This model of accountability makes ISDA responsive to both cosmopolitan and national constituencies.